Normative Penile Anthropometry in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study

Normative penile anthropometry in term
newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross- sectional
prospective study
Serwah Bonsu Asafo-Agyei1*, Emmanuel Ameyaw1, Jean-Pierre Chanoine2 and Samuel Blay Nguah1
Abstract
Objective: This study was done to establish norms for genital sizes in term Ghanaian male newborn
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of all apparently well full-term newborns of postnatal ag
Results: 644 male newborns (May and September 2014). The mean penile length (MPL) was 3.3 ± 0.
Conclusions: Using the conventional definition of micropenis as stretched penile length (SPL) < 2.
Background
• Micropenis is an important sign in neonates, since it may be the only clue to the diagnosis of
hypopituitarism, a potentially lethal but treatable condition
It may also raise the clinical suspicion concerning the possibility of associated
hypoglycaemia, a life-threatening metabolic emergency associated with hypopituitarism or
isolated growth hormone deficiency
• Micropenis may also reflect an impairment specific to the hypothalamopituitary-gonadal axis,
including isolated hypogonadism, poorly functioning, dysgenetic testicular tissue with
malignant potential or partial androgen insensitivity
Early diagnosis of micropenis is important, because it allows for various treatment options to
be implemented early
• A possibly large penis with hyperpigmentation of the scrotum alerts the physician to the
possibility of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a condition that can be fatal if not identified
Macropenis has also been associated with rare syndromes like auriculo-condylar syndrome and
caudal dysplasia sequence
• No such comparable published data exist for Ghana. Hence, this study aimed at establishing
the reference ranges for penile sizes in apparently healthy term newborns in Ghana.
Method
• A cross-sectional prospective study
• Male newborns delivered at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) was carried out from May
2014 to September 2014
• All apparently well male term newborns with a gestational age of 40 ± 2 weeks and birth weight
between 2.5 and 4.0 kg were included.
• Newborns with major congenital anomalies/dysmorphism, genital anomalies, breech
presentation at birth, maternal pregnancy history of hormonal drug use, maternal signs of
virilisation during pregnancy, maternal pre-eclampsia or diabetes were all excluded.
• Recruitment was done within 48 h after delivery.
• The gestational age was determined by using the last menstrual period and early ultrasound
results and confirmed if necessary with Dubowitz/Ballard score
• The socio-economic status of the parents was determined using the Oyedeji classification
• A complete physical examination of each baby was done and anthropometric measurements taken.
• All anthropometric measurements were done by a 2-member team, with one person taking the
measurements while the other positioned the baby and helped enter the data onto the Case report
form
Method
• The SPL was measured by holding the glans gently between the thumb and forefinger and
measuring from the pubic ramus, along the dorsum, to the tip of the glans penis with a disposable
wooden spatula. The shaft of the penis was stretched to the point of resistance and the
suprapubic fat pad compressed as completely as possible. The foreskin was not included in the
measurement. The tip of the glans was marked on the spatula by a pencil. The distance between
the tip of the spatula and the marked point was then measured with a measuring tape/ ruler.
• The penile width was determined with a digital Vernier caliper (Resolution 0.01 mm, Accuracy
+/−0.02 mm) by measuring the widest diameter along the shaft to the nearest 0.01 mm. All
measurements were done twice and the mean value recorded. Majority (72.1%) of the
measurements was done by the principal investigator but fortnightly, genital measurements were
done on 5 randomly selected babies by both examiners to evaluate for inter-observer variability,
which remained insignificant through- out the study.
• The standard deviations for inter-observer variation were 0.04 cm and 0.13 mm and 95% of paired
measurements were within range of 0.09 cm and 0.26 mm for penile length and penile width
respectively.
Method
• The data was analyzed using R statistical software version 3.1.2. Continuous variables were
summarized and presented as means with standard deviation as well as median with their
corresponding ranges. Single categorical variables were tabulated and expressed as percentages.
The relationships between the genital measurements and the various categorical variables were
determined using an analysis of variance, correcting for possible confounders and reporting the
respective p-values as appropriate. Relationships between the genital measurement and other
continuous variables were however determined using linear regression. These analyses were
presented as their regression coefficient with their 95% confidence intervals. To establish the
various percentiles for the genital measurements they were each summarized for gestational age to
display the; 1st, 3rd, 50th, 97th, and the 99th age specific percentiles with the range. For all analysis a
two sided p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The distribution of maternal tribe was Akan

451 (70%), Mole- Dagomba 92 (14.3%), Ewe
20 (3.1%), Ga-Adangbe 7 (1.1%) and ‘Others’
(including Hausa, Grushie and Wangara
tribes) 74 (11.5%).
Results
The mean penile length (MPL) was 3.3

cm and the −2.5 SD and +2.5 SD for
MPL were 2.1 cm and 4.4 cm
respectively.
Results
• There was no significant difference in genital size by maternal tribe, parental
socioeconomic score or maternal herbal intake.
• Eighty-three mothers (12.9%) took herbs at varying periods during their
pregnancy.
• There was also no significant difference in genital measurements done in the
first 24 h of postnatal life and those done from 24 h up to 48 h. MPL, but not
mean penile width (MPW), was negatively correlated with maternal age
(Correlation Coefficient −0.062, 95% CI −0.121 to −0.002; p = 0.04) but
positively correlated with gestational age (Correlation Co- efficient 0.33, 95%
CI: 0.02–0.64, p-value=0.04).
• In an analysis of variance, only MPL was significantly different by mode of
delivery.
• A post hoc analysis found a difference between only the caesarean section
(C/S) group and the spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) group (p = 0.038).
Discussion
Table 3 shows the correlation between genital size and anthropometric

parameters.

Normative Penile Anthropometry in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study

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Normative Penile Anthropometry in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study

Uploaded by

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Normative penile anthropometry in term

newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross- sectional

The distribution of maternal tribe was Akan

The mean penile length (MPL) was 3.3

Table 3 shows the correlation between genital size and anthropometric

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