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    Photon Theory of Light

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    Shenami Sathurdei
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and properties of light. It describes light as both a wave and particle. As a wave, light travels at 3x10^8 m/s and has characteristics like wavelength and frequency. As a particle, light consists of massless photons that carry energy and momentum. The particle theory was strengthened by Einstein's work showing photons eject electrons from metals. Electron energy levels within atoms determine the atomic spectrum of wavelengths emitted during transitions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Photon Theory of Light

    Uploaded by

    Shenami Sathurdei
    251 views15 pages
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and properties of light. It describes light as both a wave and particle. As a wave, light travels at 3x10^8 m/s and has characteristics like wavelength and frequency. As a particle, light consists of massless photons that carry energy and momentum. The particle theory was strengthened by Einstein's work showing photons eject electrons from metals. Electron energy levels within atoms determine the atomic spectrum of wavelengths emitted during transitions.

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    Theory of Light

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    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and properties of light. It describes light as both a wave and particle. As a wave, light travels at 3x10^8 m/s and has characteristics like wavelength and frequency. As a particle, light consists of massless photons that carry energy and momentum. The particle theory was strengthened by Einstein's work showing photons eject electrons from metals. Electron energy levels within atoms determine the atomic spectrum of wavelengths emitted during transitions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    251 views15 pages

    Photon Theory of Light

    Uploaded by

    Shenami Sathurdei
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and properties of light. It describes light as both a wave and particle. As a wave, light travels at 3x10^8 m/s and has characteristics like wavelength and frequency. As a particle, light consists of massless photons that carry energy and momentum. The particle theory was strengthened by Einstein's work showing photons eject electrons from metals. Electron energy levels within atoms determine the atomic spectrum of wavelengths emitted during transitions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    PHOTON THEORY OF

    LIGHT
    P 175
    SPEED OF LIGHT
    • GALILEO GALILEI • OLE ROEMER
    ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
    • ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM DESCRIBES ALL THE
    WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT. FROM DARK NEBULAE TO
    EXPLODING STARS, IT REVEALS AN OTHERWISE
    INVISIBLE UNIVERSE. (Crocket 2017)
    • ALL EM WAVES TRAVELS IN A VACUUM AT A
    CONSTANT SPEED OF 3X108 M/S. THE REGIONS OF
    THE EM SPECTRUM ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO
    DECREASING WAVELENTHS AND INCREASING
    FREQUENCIES.

    • THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT IS INVERSELY


    PROPORTIONAL TO ITS FREQUENCY, MEASURED IN
    HERTZ.
    The wavelength
    𝜆 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑛𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
    (𝛼) to its frequency (f), measured in Hertz (Hz).
    1
    𝜆𝛼
    𝑓
    𝑘
    𝜆=
    𝑓
    𝜆𝑓 = 𝑘
    Using dimensional analysis
    1
    • [meter] =κ
    2
    • The constant k in the equation has the unit meter per second (m/s), and is always
    equal to 3 x 108 m/s, the speed of light in a vacuum (c) which is directly
    proportional to the frequency and wavelength.
    • 𝒸 = 𝜆𝑓
    • If light passes through a different medium, the speed of light (s) in a medium is
    directly proportional to the frequency and wavelength.
    • 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓
    Apply these relationships in problem solving.
    • What is the frequency of green light with a wavelength of 530nm?
    𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1ൗ𝑠 = 1𝐻𝑧
    • Solution: Given 𝜆 = 530𝑛𝑚 = 5.30 𝑥 10−7 𝑚
    𝑐 = 3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
    • To derive the equation for frequency f
    𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓
    𝑐
    𝑓=
    𝜆
    3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
    =
    5.30 𝑥 10−7 𝑚
    = 5.66 𝑥 1014 𝐻𝑧
    LIGHT AS A PARTICLE
    • WHEN ISAAC NEWTON WAS PERFORMING AN EXPERIMENT
    ON THE COLORS OF LIGHT, HE NOTICED THAT LIGHT CASTED
    SHARP SHADOWS. SO, HE THOUGHT OF LIGHT AS
    SOMETHING LIKE MATTER. THEN HE FORMULATED THE
    PARTICLE THEORY OF LIGHT WHICH STATED THAT VISIBLE
    LIGHT IS COMPOSED OF SUBMICROSCOPIC PARTICLES
    CALLED PHOTONS. PHOTONS ARE ELEMENTARY PARICLES
    OF LIGHT THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF A WAVE, THESE CARRY
    ENERGY THAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO OTHER PARTICLES
    DURING INTERACTIONS.
    PROPERTIES OF PHOTONS
    • 1. THEY MOVE AT CONSTANT SPEED OF 3X108 m/s IN A
    VACUUM.
    • 2. THEY ARE MASSLESS.
    • 3. THEY CARRY ENERGY AND MOMENTUM.
    • 4. THEY HAVE NO CHARGE LIKE A NEUTRON.
    • The particle theory of Newton cannot explain light
    interference or the interaction of correlated or coherent
    waves which are of the same frequencies or of different
    frequencies.

    • To demonstrate interference, you can try this: Get two


    light sources of the same color. Point them on a white
    wall and let them overlap. What do you see? Now, get
    another light source of different color and do the same.
    What do you observe?
    • When the two light sources of the same color overlapped, light
    became more intense or brighter. But, when another light source
    of different color overlapped with the two light sources of the
    same color, a new color was produced.
    • Since there are points that Newton’s particle theory cannot
    explain, it became weak until Albert Eintein (1879-1955) came
    into the picture and revived the theory. Einstein introduced the
    photoelectric effect, which gave him a Nobel Prize. According to
    Einstein, electrons are emitted from a metallic surface when
    subjected to an incident light consisting of photons. This occurs
    after the electrons absorb the energy that the incident light
    contains. After some calculations, Einstein proposed this
    mathematical equation:
    •𝐸 = 𝑓𝑓

    • Where E is the energy of each photon, h is the Planck’s


    constant (6.63 x 10-34 Joule.second), and f is the
    frequency. Thus, a photon’s energy us directly
    proportional to its frequency.
    𝑐
    Since the speed of light is 𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 =
    𝜆

    Substitute this to
    ℎ𝑐
    𝐸=
    𝜆
    THE ATOMIC SPECTRUM
    • The atomic spectrum is the spectrum of frequencies of
    electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorb during the
    transition of electrons between energy levels within an atom.
    Electrons that have absorb energy jump to higher energy level
    and are said to be in an excited state. However, they will not
    remain in an excited state. Eventually, they will return to their
    original energy level and emit light of a particle wavelength and
    frequency. Emitted light of a particular frequency is perceived by
    the eye as color. Each element emits a particular light when its
    electron is energized. The atomic spectrum can also be used to
    determine the wavelength emitted by an electron and identify
    the elements present in a substance.

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