Solar Presentation

CONCEPT OF SOLAR ENERGY
LOCATION-DATE
www.sterlingandwilson.com
Solar Energy – A Bright Idea!
“I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a
source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait ‘til oil and coal
run out before we tackle that.”
- Thomas Edison
Course Aim -
• The Training Program of the STERLING & WILSON organizing a
series of 3-days introductory courses and workshops on “Concept of
Solar Energy”.
• This program aims at training people in basic concept of solar
energy.
• The program is useful for supervising technicians working in the
field. The program is useful for technician trainers in various
disciplines: electrical, mechanical, civil, computer and systems.
• The main focus areas will be component specifications, system
design and integration, installation and testing technics as well as
operation and maintenance procedures.
Different types of “Solar”
• Light energy
Photovoltaic (PV)
Electricity produced directly from light
• Heat energy
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
• Water Heating
• Solar Water Heating (SWH or Solar Thermal)
Hot water for domestic use (DHW)
Types of Solar Cells
• Crystalline Silicon (Mono)
• Crystalline Silicon (Poly)
How a PV Cell Works
Solar Cells & the PV Effect
• Usually produced with semiconductor grade silicon

• P/N junction results in .5 volts per cell
• Sunlight knocks available electrons loose for potential electrical current
• Wire grid provides path for current
PV Terminology
Cell Module Array
Auto Reflective Coating

Cover Glass
Contact Grid
Silicon layers
Metal Backing
Layers of a Solar Cell
Grid-Tied And Off-Grid System
• Advantages  Disadvantages
– Low: Easy to install (less components)  No power when grid goes down
– Grid can supply power
Grid- Tied System Off- Grid System
International Certification Bodies
• IEC: International Electro-technical Commission

• UL: Underwriter Laboratories Inc.
• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
• CEN: European Committee for Standardization
Important Terms
• V : Open Circuit Voltage

OC
• I : Short Circuit Current

SC
• V : Voltage at Maximum Power

MP
• I : Current at Maximum Power

MP
• MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracker

• P : Maximum
Power=
Max
Watt (AC) Power
Power= Wattp (DC)
Module (RFID)
A module representation in the wiring

diagram
E.g., Module (Canadian Solar)
CERTIFICATES
• IEC 61215: Module’s mechanical stability and compliance with electrical parameters
• IEC 61730: Module meet the requirements for electrical and mechanical operating safety during it entire
expected service life.
• IEC 61701: Salt Mist Corrosion Test
Accelerated corrosion test to the coated PV modules to predict its suitability in use as a protective finish.
• IEC 62716: Ammonia Corrosion Test
In farms. Ammonia leads to ageing of PV modules. Degradation leads to lower energy yield and therefore, a lower
return rate for the operator.
• IEC 62804 : Potential Induced Degradation Test(PID)
PID test helps in the mounting of the modules. This test is done due to the contact with the ground.
Heat Effect
Crystalline PV Product vs. Thin-Film PV Product
o Firm, like crystals oCan be applied on many

o Longest track record, different materials
over 50 years oLongevity still to be proven
o Most common, over oProduction growing at high rate
85% of the market oLower efficiencies: avg. 7%, up
o Highest efficiencies: avg. to 15%
15%, up to 22% oHas potential for big cost
reduction
o Requires about 100 sf. oRequires about 200 sf. per
per kilowatt kilowatt
Site Selection – Tilt Angle
• Tilt = Angle at which the collectors are mounted relative

to 0º (flat horizontal surface)
Solar Site & Mounting
(2)
Mounting Systems Metal Roof
(Corrugated Iron)
Tiled Roof
Hanger Bolts
Roof Mounted
System
Building
Integrated
Clamp Mount
Non- Penetrating
Ballast Mount
Raked Systems
Small Fixed
Modular Systems
Ground Mounted
Fixed, Pile Driven
System
Tracking Systems
Sizing – Major Parameters
• Availability of Load.
• Availability of Shadow free Area.
• Climatic Conditions.
• Availability of products.
• Site Survey.
• Cost of Project.
Client Requirement Technology Selection
The PV System
Design
Electrical Design Layout and Shading
Technology Selection
Solar PV Panel
• PV Panels converts sunlight directly into electricity. PV gets its name from the process of
converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage), which is called the PV effect.
• Types
– Multi/Poly Crystalline Modules (Efficiency of 14%-16%)
– Mono Crystalline Modules (Efficiency of 15% -17%),High Efficiency Cell (17% to 20%)
– Thin Film Modules (Efficiency of 10%-12%)
■ It is always selected based upon site and client requirement.
■ Temperature coefficient of power plays an important role in hot climates.
■ PV panels will generate its Rated power (As Mentioned in Datasheets) only at Standard Test
Condition (STC).
Efficiency of the Solar PV Module
• High efficiency doesn’t mean better, it just means your panels use less space on your roof.
• Efficiency isn’t usually a critical concern unless you have an enough space on your roof to install
PV Panels.
• The most efficient solar panels cost a little more, so they’re a less common choice.
• When the Efficiency of the Solar panel is high means the area required to achieve Required
power will be less
• Example : I am Considering 38.4 kWp System with 120 Nos of 320Wp Modules
• PV Module 1 - 320Wp with 19.60% Efficiency
• PV Module 2 - 320Wp with 16.47% Efficiency
Modules with 19.6% Modules with 16.47%
Inverter Selection
• Inverter capacity selected based on Solar PV Panel capacity.
• First, determine the PV array’s location. The available area for the modules, shading issues, the need for using multiple roof
orientations, These site limitations will also play a role in determining what inverter is appropriate for your
location.
• PV arrays produce less than their STC rating, due mostly to conditions that differ from
STC—like higher cell temperatures, lower irradiance, and module soiling.
• When predictable system losses are taken into account, a PV array expect to operate at
around 70% to 80% of the STC rating, So the size of the PV array can be designed to
exceed the inverter’s power rating.
• Many inverter manufacturers specify simply that a PV array’s STC rating should be no
more than 125% of the inverter’s continuous output rating - known as the “sizing ratio”.
Inverter Selection
• Sizing Ratio = DC Capacity / AC Capacity = 37.5 kWp / 30 KW = 1.25
• For utility-scale power plants, central inverters are preferred over String Inverters.
• For different module specification, string inverters are recommended for minimizing
the mismatch losses.
• For sites with different shading conditions or orientations, string inverters are more
suitable.
• In cases where the panels are all oriented and angled the same way, Central
inverters offer the best optimal production with lower DC Watt unit cost.
String Inverter Advantage (Avoiding Mismatch Losses)
Losses Associated with Solar PV System
Pre Photovoltaic Reflection Losses due

Soiling Loss
Losses Loss to Shadow
Module and Conversion Thermal Loss due to

Thermal Losses Loss Loss Irradiation
Mismatch Inverter Transformer

System Losses Wiring Loss
Losses Loss Loss
Sample DC and AC Cable Loss Calculation
DC Voltage Drop Calculation
DC Side Voltage Drop should be maintained Less than 2%
Example :
• Voltage of the system = 730V
• Current of the system = 8.22A
• Resistance of 4Sqmm Cu Cable = 5.090 Ohm/Km
• Distance between PV Array and Inverter = 180Meter
• Voltage Drop (V= I x R) = (I x L x 2 x R)/1000= (8.22 x 180 x 2 x 5.090)/1000 = 15.06V
• Voltage Drop in % = (15.06/730) *100 = 2.063% ( Which is greater than 2 %)
• Resistance of 6Sqmm Cu Cable = 3.390 Ohm/Km
• Voltage Drop (V= I x R) = (I x L x 2 x R)/1000= (8.22 x 180 x 2 x 3.390)/1000 = 10.031V
• Voltage Drop in % = (10.031/730) *100 = 1.374% ( Which is Less than 2 %)
AC Voltage Drop Calculation
AC Side Voltage Drop should be maintained Less than 3%
Example :
• Full Load Current = 152 A
• Resistance = 0.198
• Power Factor = 1 (Unity)
• Reactance = 0.0744
• SinQ = 0.6
• Length = 300 Mtr
• Line Voltage = 400V
• Voltage Drop= 1.732 x (Current)x(RCosØ+j SinØ)xLengthx100) / Line VoltagexNo of Runx1000
• Voltage Drop in % = (1.732 x 152 x (0.198x1 + 0.0744x0.6)x300x100)/415x1x1000 = 2.30%
Layout and Shading
• The PV Module Layout helps us to arrive Total PV Capacity can be installed, cable length
and What kind of Module Mounting structure can be used.
• A Shadow from a pipe, tree or any other object that comes between the sun and PV
system decreases the power Output.
• The continuous shadow will create a Hotspot and damage the PV Modules.
• If the rows of tilted modules are too close to each other, one row will cause a shadow on
the next, causing additional losses. If the modules are spaced out a lot, there are fewer
shadows, but that comes at the cost of space optimization.
Shadow Caused by Water tank
How The Shadow Affects Panel Output
Case-1 (Power Output = 100%) Case-2 (Power Output = 66%)
Case-3 (Power Output = 33%) Case-4 (Power Output = 0%)
Module Inter-row Shadow
Case-1
Output power = 0 %
Case-2
Output power
= 66 %
Weight and Space Occupied by PV System.
• Area Required (1 kWp) – Multi And Mono Crystalline Modules

Rooftop - 90 to 110 Sq.Ft
Sheet Roof – 75 to 90 Sq.Ft
• The mounting structure should be designed to handle cyclones where wind
speeds can reach 100 to 200 km/
• Rooftop plants weight – 4.5 to 5 kgs/Sq.Ft (Module, Structures , PCC Foundation)
– Elevated Structure - 8 to 10 kgs/Sq.Ft (Module, Structures , PCC Foundation)
• Sheet Roof weight – 2.5 t0 3 kgs /Sq.Ft (Module, Structures )
IEC Standard to be followed
System Standard Standard Description
"Design qualification and type approval” includes the examination of all

IEC 61215
parameters which are responsible for the ageing of PV modules.
“Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification” has been issued to

SPV Modules IEC 61730 further examinations about the PV modules safety against electrical
shock hazard, fire hazard, mechanical and structural safety.
IEC 61701 has been issued for testing the salt mist corrosion with
IEC 61701
sodium chloride moisture
IEC 61683 Procedure for Measuring Efficiency

IEC 60068 Environmental testing
Inverters Test procedure to evaluate the performance of islanding prevention

IEC 62116
measures used with utility-interconnected PV systems.
IEC 62109 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems
Junction Box/Enclosure
IEC 529 Classifying the degrees of protection provided by the
for Inverter
enclosures of electrical equipment, IP 54 for Outdoor, IP 21 for Indoor.
This specification covers single core cables and three core armoured
or
unarmoured cables, Which tests Insulation, Armour, Sheath and
Cables
www.sterlingandwilson.com IEC 60502 Assembly
How To Decide Capacity of Gridtie System.
• Space available for SPV Installation.
– Rooftop - 90 to 110 Sqft per kWp
– Sheet Roof – 75 to 90 Sqft per kWp
■ Electricity Usage
■ Load Details
– Base Load
– Peak Load
■ Case :1 = Enough Roof Space to Install -100kWp, But the base load is around 60kW, Net Metering
is not applicable. – PV Capacity should be based on Base LOAD only.
■ Case :2 = Enough Roof Space to Install – 40 kWp, But the base load is around 60kW, Net Metering
is applicable - PV Capacity should be based on Free Space availability.
■ Case :3 = Enough Roof Space to Install -100kWp, Base load is around 250kW, Net Metering is
applicable. But the Client Requirement is 50kWp - PV Capacity should be based on Client
Requirement.
Load vs System Sizing
• Base Load is = 40KW

• Injecting power into Grid is not
allowed
• Enough Roof Space to Install
50kWp System
• PV Capacity sized based on
Base Load & Space Availability
• PV System Capacity = 36kWp
Site Inputs Received
SITE INPUTS
• Total PV Capacity required = 36 kWp
• Roof Space Available = 31 Mtr x 15.9Mtr(Shadow
Area)
• SPV to Inverter Distance = 30 Mtr
• Inverter to Existing LT Panel Distance = 80 Mtr.
• Earthing Conductor Required = 40 Mtr
• Spare Feeder Available- Yes 100A
• Inverter Placement on roof.
PV Panel Layout
Designing of Grid tied System
• The maximum Voc in the coldest daytime temperature must be less than the inverter
maximum DC input voltage.
– VOC < Inverter Max DC Voltage
• The Minimum Vmp in the hottest daytime temperature must be greater than the minimum
MPPT range of Inverter.
– Vmp > Min MPPT range of Inverter.
• The inverter must be able to safely withstand the maximum array current.
• DC PV Array Capacity should Exceed 125% of Inverter output capacity.
Inverter Specification
Input Side (DC) Output Side (AC)
Maximum DC Power – 37.5 kWp Rated Output Power - 30KVA
Maximum Input Voltage - 1000V Max Output Current - 50A
DC Voltage Range - 200-1000V Nominal Voltage - 3 Ph,400V
MPPT Voltage Range - 520V -800V AC Voltage Range – 400V (+/- 20%) – (320V-480V)
Number of MPPT- 2 Nos Nominal Frequency – 50Hz
Max Input current per MPPT – 30A Frequency - 45Hz – 55Hz
Total Input Current - 60A Power Factor @ Rated Power - Unity
Number of Input – 6 pair of MC4
Efficiency – 98.20%
Solar PV Panel Specification
• Module Power – 300 Wp at STC
• Type – Multi crystalline (HHV)
• Output Tolerance of Power – 0/+4.99
• Open Circuit Voltage – 45.5 V
• Maximum Power Voltage – 36.5 V
• Short Circuit Current - 8.65 A
• Maximum power Current – 8.22 A
• Cells per Module – 72 Nos
• Bypass Diodes - 3 Nos
Effect of Change in Temperature
• Minimum Site Temperature considered = 5 deg C
• Maximum Site Temperature considered = 50 deg C
• Maximum power voltage – Vmp of 300Wp is 36.5 V.
• Temperature Coefficient of Vmp = -0.45%
• 0.45% of 36.5 V is = 0.16425V
• Change in Operating Voltage due to Temp rise(50 Deg) is = 50 – 25(STC)= 25 Deg
= 25 * 0.164 = 4.1V
= 36.5 - 4.1V = 32.4V
• Open Circuit Voltage– Voc of 300Wp is 45.5 V.
• Temperature Coefficient of Voc = -0.34%
• 0.35% of 45.5 V is = 0.1547 V
• Change in Operating Voltage due to Temp rise(50 Deg) is = 25(STC) – 5 = 20 Deg
= 20 * 0.1547 = 3.094V
= 45.5+3.094 = 48.594V
Change In Temperature Change In Irradiance
Single Line Diagram
PV Array Design
• Total PV Capacity Required = 36 kWp
• Module selected to meet required Capacity = 300 Wp
• Total Number of Modules required = 36000/300 Wp = 120
• Minimum Number of Modules can be used in series = 520 V / 32.4V = 16.02
Nos
= 17 Nos.
• Maximum Number of Modules can be used in series = 1000 V / 48.59V = 20.2

Nos
= 20 Nos.
• To achieve desired capacity and to operate within MPPT range 20 nos Modules connected in series
• Total Number of Modules = 6 String x 20 Series = 120 Nos x 300Wp = 36kWp
• Number of MPPT per Inverter = 2 Nos
• Total Number of strings = 6 Nos ( 3 Strings/MPPT ).
• 3 String in 1st Mppt & 3 string in 2 MPPT.
• Maximum String Current per MPPT = 8 x 3 =24 A (Inverter Capability-30 A/MPPT)
Balance of System Selection
MODULE MOUNTING STRUCTURES
• Type of Structure
• RCC Roof (Normal/Elevated).
• Galvalume Shed.
• Ground Mount System.
• Material of the Structure ( Hot Dip Galvanised / Pre Galvanised Structures)
• Min Clearance between Roof/Ground to Panel.
AJB – ( 3 WAY IN / 3 WAY OUT) – 2 Nos
• Fuse Rating/MCB.
• Maximum Continuous Current = Short Circuit Current * 125 %
= 8.4 A * 125 %
= 10.5 A =12 A,
= 1000V,12A,2P Fuse/MCB .
DC Cables ( SPV Interconnection and SPV to AJB & AJB to INVERTER )
• String Current – 8.5 A

• String Voltage – 630 V
• Minimum DC Cable Size should be used is 4 mm2
• Current Carrying capacity of 4 mm2 Cable = 25 amps to 35 amps.
• For Longer distance 6 mm2 Cable may be used to reduce DC Cabling Loss.
INVERTER to ACDB
• Maximum Output Current from Inverter – 50 A

• Current carrying capacity of Copper cable / Sqmm – 4 A/mm2
• 50 A / 4 A = 12.5 Sqmm
• Current carrying capacity of 16 Sqmm Copper Cable = 80 amps – 90 amps.
• 4 C, 16 Sq.mm Flexible Copper Cable.
ACDB Switching
Maximum output Power = 50 A x 1.25 A continuous current
= 62.5 A = 63 A.
Preferably 4p 63 A,415 Vac MCB- 1 Nos
OFF GRID SYSTEM DESIGN
• Load Calculation :
– Computer - 250W x 3 Nos x 4 Hours = 3000Wh
– CFL lamp - 20W x 10 Nos x 6 Hours = 1200Wh
– Fan - 60W x 5 Nos x 4 Hours = 1200Wh
– Television - 150W x 2 Nos x 4 Hours = 1200Wh
Total Load = 6600Wh /Day
• Total Sun Hours Considered = 4 Hours

• Total PV Capacity Required = 6600/4 = 1650 x 1.3 = 2145 Wp
• Number of Modules Required = 2145/285 = 7.52 Nos = 8 Nos x 285Wp = 2280 Wp
• Inverter Selected = Peak Load x 1.3 = 1550 x 1.3 = 2015W = 2KVA Inverter
Selected.
• Inverter Specification
– Max VOC = 180V.
– Min Vmp = 62 V.
– Battery Voltage = 48 Vdc.
• Min Number of Panels can be connected in series = 62V/35.7V = 1.73 = 2 Nos
• PV Array Configuration = 2 Panels in Series x 4 String = 8 Nos x 285Wp =
2280Wp
• AJB Required = 4 In/1 Out
Battery Sizing vs Backup time
• Backup time required = 4 Hours.
• Total Load = 1550W
• System Voltage = 48Vdc
• Battery Sizing = Total Load x no of backup hours /(System

Voltage x DOD x inverter Efficiency)
• Battery = 1550 x 4 /( 48 V x 0.6 x 0.85) = 316 Ah =300 Ah
• Required Battery = 48 V,300 Ah ( 12 ,150 Ah -8 Nos)

Single Line Diagram of Off Grid System
Solar Feasibility Study
• The first step in obtaining solar energy is having a solar feasibility
study done.
• It plays very important role while designing Solar PV System.
• With the solar feasibility in hand, it is easier to prepare accurate Bill
Of Material (BOM).
• It is used to find out any problems associated with the project (and
Information to be collected during Site Survey
• Site Physical Details
– Reserved Roof space for Mounting Solar PV panels.
– Type of Mounting System required
• RCC Roof (Normal)
• RCC Roof (Elevated)
• Galvalume Sheet Mounted
– Orientation of the Building (True South or With some Azimuth angle).

– Tree shading and any other factors that will affect system production.
– Height of the Building.
– Exact Latitude & Longitude details.
RCC Roof Mounted (Normal)
RCC Roof Mounted (Elevated)
Galvalume Sheet
Roof Mounted
True South Orientation
With Azimuth Angle
Structure Details
• RCC Roof
– Existing Pillar/Column Position.
– Slab Thickness and Height of parapet wall
■ Galvalume Shed
– Sheet Profile.
– Existing Truss and Purlin details.
– Turbo vents and Skylight Position.

Component Placement Details
• Confirm Inverter Placement details with Client – It reflects in
DC cable Loss & Cost.
• Lightning Arrestor Placements
Measure
• Earth pittheLocation
Cable Distance
– This Should be confirmed & Approved
■ by Client.
Get the Exact Distance between Module Array & Inverter.
■ Cable Routing Confirmed by Client (From ACDB to Existing LT panel)
■ LA Down conductor length.
■ Earthing Cable Length from PV Array, Inverter to Earth pit
Electrical Details of the site
• Interfacing Voltage Range
– For Residential Purpose (1 Phase/3 phase)
– For Commercial purpose (LT Voltage/HT Voltage) with Voltage Range.
■ Get Client Electrical SLD ( where we need interface)
• Availability of Spare Feeder (to feed our generated solar energy)
- If Not, Check Provision (Space) to place new spare feeder
- Get the details about Spare feeder (Client Scope or Swelect
Scope)
• Existing DG Details (Make,Capacity, RPF Relay Availability)
• Load Details
– Base Load
– Peak Load
■ Power Shedding Time (if any)
Sample Client Electrical SLD
LT Panel With Spare Feeder
Provision for Spare
Load Curve
Ground Mount System
• Site Geographical Coordinate (Latitude & Longitude)
• Topographic Map/ Land Survey Details
• Tree or any other Shadow Objects (Transmission tower)
• Site Condition
– Any rocks available ( Which makes MMS Foundation work complicated)
– Land Levelling required or Not ? ( Scope of Land Levelling)
• Soil Test Report
• Interfacing Voltage Range (11KV/22KV/33KV)
• Distance between nearby substation and Plant
Example Site Survey
Example Site Survey
Way forward
 To ascertain exact quantification of cost, specific project costing and case studies to be done.

Thank You for Your Attention
Queries and suggestions

Contact:
[email protected]

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CONCEPT OF SOLAR ENERGY

• Crystalline Silicon (Mono)

• Crystalline Silicon (Poly)

• Usually produced with semiconductor grade silicon

Cell Module Array

Auto Reflective Coating

Layers of a Solar Cell

Grid- Tied System Off- Grid System

• IEC: International Electro-technical Commission

• V : Open Circuit Voltage

• I : Short Circuit Current

• V : Voltage at Maximum Power

• I : Current at Maximum Power

• MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracker

A module representation in the wiring

o Firm, like crystals oCan be applied on many

• Tilt = Angle at which the collectors are mounted relative

• Availability of Shadow free Area.

Electrical Design Layout and Shading

■ It is always selected based upon site and client requirement.

■ Temperature coefficient of power plays an important role in hot climates.

• PV Module 1 - 320Wp with 19.60% Efficiency

• PV Module 2 - 320Wp with 16.47% Efficiency

Pre Photovoltaic Reflection Losses due

Module and Conversion Thermal Loss due to

Mismatch Inverter Transformer

• Area Required (1 kWp) – Multi And Mono Crystalline Modules

"Design qualification and type approval” includes the examination of all

“Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification” has been issued to

IEC 61683 Procedure for Measuring Efficiency

Inverters Test procedure to evaluate the performance of islanding prevention

• Base Load is = 40KW

– VOC < Inverter Max DC Voltage

– Vmp > Min MPPT range of Inverter.

• DC PV Array Capacity should Exceed 125% of Inverter output capacity.

Maximum Input Voltage - 1000V Max Output Current - 50A

DC Voltage Range - 200-1000V Nominal Voltage - 3 Ph,400V

Number of MPPT- 2 Nos Nominal Frequency – 50Hz

Max Input current per MPPT – 30A Frequency - 45Hz – 55Hz

Total Input Current - 60A Power Factor @ Rated Power - Unity

Number of Input – 6 pair of MC4

• Maximum Number of Modules can be used in series = 1000 V / 48.59V = 20.2

• Total Number of Modules = 6 String x 20 Series = 120 Nos x 300Wp = 36kWp

• Total Number of strings = 6 Nos ( 3 Strings/MPPT ).

• 3 String in 1st Mppt & 3 string in 2 MPPT.

• Maximum String Current per MPPT = 8 x 3 =24 A (Inverter Capability-30 A/MPPT)

• String Current – 8.5 A

• Maximum Output Current from Inverter – 50 A

• Total Sun Hours Considered = 4 Hours

• Backup time required = 4 Hours.

• Total Load = 1550W

• System Voltage = 48Vdc

• Battery Sizing = Total Load x no of backup hours /(System

• Battery = 1550 x 4 /( 48 V x 0.6 x 0.85) = 316 Ah =300 Ah

• Required Battery = 48 V,300 Ah ( 12 ,150 Ah -8 Nos)

• The first step in obtaining solar energy is having a solar feasibility

• It plays very important role while designing Solar PV System.

• With the solar feasibility in hand, it is easier to prepare accurate Bill

– Orientation of the Building (True South or With some Azimuth angle).