Business Process Management (BPM)

Introduction to BPMN
 How to engage in BPM?

1. Process identification Process

2. Process discovery (as-is) Modeling
Tools
3. Process analysis
4. Process redesign (to-be)
5. Process implementation
Process
6. Process monitoring/controlling Management
Systems

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 Purposes of Process Modeling
Organizational
Analysis

“AS IS”
Process
Models
Communication,
simulation, activity-
based costing…
Process “TO BE”
Process Models
Improvement

Analysis & Design

Measures for

Target Values

Process Process Detailed Models

Evaluation Implementation including
Data types, conditions, data
Process Models mappings, fault handling…
Executable

Integration, testing,
deployment…
Process
Process
Metrics Enactment &
Monitoring
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 Business Process Modeling Notation
(BPMN)
• OMG Standard, supported by many tools:
– Bizagi Process Modeller
– Signavio (http://www.signavio.com/)
– TIBCO Business Studio (free download, quite large)
– IBM Websphere Business Modeler
– ARIS
– Oracle BPA
– Business Process Visual Architect (Visual Paradigm)
– Progress Savvion Business Modeller

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 BPMN Main Elements

• A BPMN process model is a graph consisting of

four types of elements (among others):

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Order Management Process in BPMN
First Try

Reject order

Check stock
Send invoice
availability

Confirm order

Ship goods

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 A little bit more on Gateways …
• Exclusive Decision / Merge
– Indicates locations within a business process where the
sequence flow can have two or more alternative paths.
– Only one of the paths can be taken.
– Depicted by a diamond shape that may contain a marker
that is shaped like an “X”.
• Parallel Fork / Join
– Provide a mechanism to synchronize parallel flow and
to create parallel flow.
– Depicted by a diamond shape that must contain a marker
that is shaped like a plus sign.

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Revised Order Management Process

Reject order

Check stock
Send invoice
availability

Confirm order

Ship goods

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 BPMN Exercise:
Simplified Insurance Claim Registration

When a claim is received, it is first checked whether the claimant

has a valid insurance policy. If not, the claimant is informed that the
claim is rejected due to an invalid policy.
Otherwise, the severity of the claim is evaluated. Based on the
outcome (simple or complex claims), relevant forms are sent to the
claimant. Once the forms are returned, they are checked for
completeness.
If the forms are complete, the claim is registered in the Claims
Management system and the evaluation of the claim may start.
Otherwise, the claimant is asked to update the forms. Upon
reception of the updated forms, they are checked again.

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 Process Modelling Viewpoints
Organization
Who?

What?
Function When?
Process

Which?

Data / Service / Product

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 Resource Modelling in BPMN

• In BPMN, resource classes are captured using:

– Pools – independent organizational entities, e.g.
• Customer, Supplier, East-Tallinn Hospital, Tartu Clinic
– Lanes – resource classes in the same organizational
space and sharing common systems
• Sales Department, Marketing Department
• Clerk, Manager, Engineer

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Lanes and Pools – Notation

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 Order Management Process with Pools
Customer

Place
Make
purchase
payment
order

Invoice

Order Rejection Notification Shipment notification

Purchase Order confirmation

order notification Send invoice

Confirm order
Supplier

Check stock
Ship goods
availability

Reject order

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Order Management Process with Lanes

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 BPMN Exercise: Lanes, Pools

• Claims Handling process at a car insurer

A customer submits a claim by sending in relevant
documentation. The Customer Service department
checks the documents for completeness and registers
the claim. The Claims Handling department picks up
the claim and first checks the insurance policy. Then,
an assessment is performed. If the assessment is
positive, a garage is phoned to authorise the repairs
and the payment is scheduled (in this order). In any
case (whether the outcome is positive or negative),
an e-mail is sent to the customer to notify the
outcome.

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 BPMN Information Artifacts

• Data Objects are a mechanism to show how

Data
Object
data is required or produced by activities.
– Are depicted by a rectangle that has its upper-right
corner folded over.
– Represent input and output of a process activity.
• Data stores are containers of data
Data objects that need be persisted beyond
Store the duration of a process instance

Directed association • Associations are used to link artifacts

such as data objects and data stores
Undirected association with flow objects (e.g. activities).

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Order Processing Model with Artifacts

Send invoice
Purchase
Order
Confirm order

Check stock Set PO to approved

Ship goods
availability
Set PO to rejected

Reject order

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 BPMN Exercise 3: Artifacts

When a claim related to a major car accident is evaluated, a clerk

first retrieves the corresponding car accident report in the Police
Reports database. If the report is retrieved, it is attached to the claim
file. The claim file and the police report serve as input to a claims
handler who calculates an initial claim estimate. Then, an “action
plan” is created based on a “checklist”. Based on the action plan and
the initial claims estimate, a claims manager negotiates a settlement
with the customer. After this negotiation, the claims manager makes
a final decision, updates the claim file to record this decision, and
sends a letter to the claimant to inform him/her of the decision.

Please depict all relevant documents in the model.

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 BPMN Main Elements - Recap

Connections Swimlanes

Pool
Message Association

Lane
Flow

Flow Objects Artifacts

Text Annotation
Activity

Gateway

Event
Data
Object
Data
Store

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 BPMN Flow Elements – Recap

Task End Event Flow

Start Event

AND-Join

~c
XOR Merge
AND-Split XOR-Decision

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 BPMN Gateways

Exclusive (XOR) Parallel (AND) Inclusive (OR)

• Exclusive decision • Parallel split • Inclusive
take one branch take all branches decision take
• Exclusive merge • Parallel join one or several
Proceed when proceed when all branches
one branch has incoming depending on
completed branches have conditions
completed • Inclusive merge
proceed when all
active incoming
branches have
completed

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Example: OR gateways

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 Exercise

Model the following fragment using OR gateways:

When a claim is received, it is registered. After
registration, the claim is classified leading to two
possible outcomes: simple or complex. If the claim is
simple, the policy is checked. For complex claims, both
the policy and the damage are checked independently.

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