Rotor-Earth-Fault

Protection
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 Power Transmission and Distribution

Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Generator Protection
Rotor-Earth-Fault Protection

Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann

PTD PA13
Phone +49 911 433 8266
E-Mail: Hans-
[email protected]

Power Automation 2
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Requirement for Rotor Earth Fault

Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
Protection
simple.
Rotor
+
Excitation
Earth fault in the rotor system
-
Stator

RE CE

 in case of an earth fault, only small currents flow due to the galvanical isolation
Problem:
Double earth faults and interturn faults as a consequence of an earth fault cause:
• magnetical unbalance (unbalanced forces; violent vibration)
• high currents at the fault location

 Destruction of the Rotor (Generator)

Task: Detection an earth fault already when it starts to build up

Power Automation 3
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Protection Principle
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

+ Coupling Voltage
Measuring Source
Unit
Excitation
system
-
„Earthing brush “

Principles:
- Incoupling of an AC voltage (50 Hz or 60 Hz) Higher
- Measuring of the earth fault current Sensitivity
- Measuring of the earth fault resistance
- Incoupling of low frequency square wave voltage

Power Automation 4
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Current Criterion

Power Automation
Principle (50 Hz/60Hz - Voltage Injection)
Progress. It‘s that
simple. Connection
on the earthing
L1 L2 L3 brush

>40V

105 4F
IE,Distr. IE

IE,Fault Pick-up
If disturbance influence from the excitation is to large
limit:
IE,Fault > IE,Dist...
0,75H

Coordinated Protection
resonant circuit to fN

Power Automation 5
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Current Measurement

Connection
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Connection on the
phase to phase
AC Voltage voltage 7UM6
Source
100 V - 125 V AC
appr. 42V or
65V Also IEE2
at 7UM62
1A3 is
7XR61
105 1A1 possible
+ 4A1 2B1 J7
J8
IEE1
Err. 3PP1336 1B3
4B1 1B1
-
105

External resistors
at excitation voltages
> 150 V (circulating current >0,2A)

Documentation for Coupling Device in the Internet

www.siprotec.com
Power Automation 6
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Gain Characteristic of the R, C, L-Circuit

Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Z( 50)  169.65 Z( 60)  69.531
Filterverhalten Bandpaß
2000

1500
Impedanz in Ohm

Z( f )
1000

500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
f
Frequenz in Hz

U
I 
ZCoupling  R f
45 V
I   27 mA Imax approx. 300 mA
170  1,5 k

Power Automation 7
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Current Criterion

Protection Settings
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Measuring circuit supervision

Protection with two stages:
U
I 
ZCoupling  R f ZCouplingl(50Hz) = 400
Imax ca. 100 mA
45 V ZCouplingl(60Hz) = 335 (voltage source decreases a little bit )
I   23mA
400  1,5 k

Note: Coupling impedance only with R and C

Finally setting during commissioning
Power Automation 8
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Current Criterion

Power Automation
Logic
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Power Automation 9
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation of the Fault Resistance RE

Power Automation

(50Hz/60Hz- Voltage Injection)

Progress. It‘s that
simple.
L1 L2 L3

100V 42V u

Digital
protection
(7UM62)
calculation
RV CK of RE
L1) i
RV CK

RE CE
1) Recommended
at static excitation
with inject harmonics
(3rd harm.; 6th harm.)

Power Automation 10
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation Formula of the Fault

Power Automation Resistance RE
Progress. It‘s that
simple. Model:
X*K R*V

Zers XE RE ZMess Z

 X E 
2 2

(2) Z Mess  Re  Z  j I m  Z 
RE X E  RE
(1) Z ers  R * V   j - X *K -
2  2 
RE  X E
2
 RE  X E 2 
2
R  XE
(3) R,  E  RE  Z - R * V
2
RE  X E 2

2
R  XE
(4) X ,  E2 2
 I m  Z - X * K
RE  X E

X ,2  - I m  Z - X * K   R  Z - R *
2
combining (3) and (4): RE  ,  R,  e
Re  Z  - R * V
V
R

Note: RV* and XK* are measured during commissioning

Power Automation 11
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Fault Resistance Calculation

Power Automation
Logic
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Power Automation 12
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Earth Fault Resistance Calculation

Settings
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Measured during commissioning

Measuring circuit supervision

Measured current can be influenced by disturbanc

Correction during primary test,
(in most case the alarm stage is concerned)

Power Automation 13
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low

Power Automation
Frequency Basic Diagram
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
7XR6004 Typical frequency:
1 - 3 Hz
RV
Controlling device
IE (7XT71)

RV
+
Excitation
UH
Ucontrol
- Digital
CE RE Protection
RM Umeas. (7UM62)

RE Fault resistance
RV Coupling resistor
UH Auxiliary supply (  50V) Measuring
transducer
RM Measuring shunt resistor
CE Rotor capacitance

Power Automation 14
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage

Power Automation
Connection Diagram (7UM62)
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Connection on the
phase to phase
voltage
7UM62
120 V
100 V
110 V
7
7XT71 9
11
40 k
+ 27 27 K13 +
TD1
Control voltage K14
25
Exc. 7XR6004
17 K15 +
-
TD2
Measuring voltage K16
40 k 15
25

Power Automation 15
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low

Power Automation
Frequency
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Basic Principle
Equivalent circuit: 50V
UH
RV
2 t

RE UH - 50V
CE
UM
RM UM 1,88V
  RV  CE
2
RE  
U M  0
iE t
UM  RM  iE
RV - 1,88V
 20k RE  5k
2 UM

RM  375  UM ~
1
0,75V RE
U H   50V t

- 0,75V

Power Automation 16
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Sources of Error and Error Compensation

Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple. Influence of field voltage and earth fault location

a) Earth fault location b) Jumps in the field voltage

Shifting of measuring voltage a change in the field voltage takes
with to jumps in the dc-voltage shifting
a positive or negative dc voltage
UM UM

Udc1
Udc
UM2
UM1 UM2 UM1 Udc2
UM3 UM4

Udc = dc voltage shifting U1 = |UM1 - UM2|  U3 = |UM3 - UM4|

 U2 = |UM2 - UM3|

Solution: Solution:
Calculation of the difference voltage Block of measuring
 U = |UM1 - UM2| at jumps (e.g. U1 = U2)

Power Automation 17
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation Formulas
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

RV
UH Voltage divider:
CE RE 2
RM UM RV
 RE  RM U 
UH 2 R
 RE   H - 1 RM - V
UM RM  UM  2
Algorithm
UM Filtering:
U1
1 N 1 N
U 1   u1,i ; U 2   u2,i
N i 1 N i 1
U2 Amplitude-log frequency curve: fA = 800 Hz; N = 64
U1 - U 2
UM :  U :  1
2
G(f)0.1
Continuity supervision: 0.01

Validity requirement 0.001

UIK  UIK 1
0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300
1 8
otherwise U   Uk f in Hz
8 k 1

Power Automation 18
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Logic Diagram Rotor Earth Fault

Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
Protection (1-3Hz)
simple.

Power Automation 19
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Rotor Earth Fault Protection (1-3Hz)

Setting Values
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Measuring circuit supervision

Advanced parameter
only visible in DIGSI If the integrated test function is used,
pick-up value of test resistor

Power Automation 20
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Connection of the Rotor Earth Fault

Power Automation Protection
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
EM
(50/60 Hz)
4µF
G RW
RE CE

(1 - 3 Hz)
40k

a) rotating diodes

L+ (50/60 Hz)
EX-T 4µF

UG RW

L- (1 - 3 Hz)
40k

b) separate Exciter RE CE
(static excitation)

Power Automation 21
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Generator with Rotating Excitation

Fault Free Condition (Square Wave Principle)
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

Chance of charge of Disturbances by

rotor earth capacitance the
excitation
generator Power Automation 22
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Generator with Rotating

Excitation
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Test Condition with a Fault
Resistor
Fault resistor is inverse proportional to the difference
voltage

Power Automation 23
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault

Power Automation Protections
Progress. It‘s that
simple.

1- 3 Hz principle 50 Hz principle

RV;40k CK;4µF RK;105

or
7UM61

7UM62 7UM62 nur

uControl RV;40k CK;4µF RK;105 iREF
iREF

RE 100V 42V
uMeas. uREF

Power Automation 24
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault

Power Automation
Protections
Progress. It‘s that
simple.
Measurement with the 50/60 Hz Principle
Measurement 7UM61 or 7UM62
(RV is earthed for an AC voltage) Measurement:

Equivalent circuit: measured as a fault resistance

RK * CK * RV
RE * :  RE ll
2

Case 1: RE  
RV
RE *   20k
RV 2
RE ( 20k) RE  5k
2 Case 2:
RE *  4k

seen from the 7UM6, RV already alarm stage becomes less sensitive
is interpreted as a rotor-to-earth
resistance  open brushes can not be find out

Power Automation 25
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault

Protections
Power Automation
Progress. It‘s that Measurement with the Square Wave
simple. Measurement 7UM62 (1- 3 Hz)
Principle
(C is earthed for a DC voltage)
K

Equivalent circuit:
Umeas
RV
2
U
2

2CK
RM RE
(8µF)

 seen from the 7UM6:   U ~ RE-1

high rotor capacitance under no-earth-fault conditions
a fault resistance is already measured
 capacitors will not be  alarm stage becomes less sensitive
completely loaded (approx. 50k)
 longer measuring time

Power Automation 26