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    Metode Penelitian Epidemiologi

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    Yudistira Wardana
    The document discusses research methods in epidemiology. It describes two main types of research: observational studies, which involve observing subjects, and experimental studies, which involve administering treatments to subjects. Within epidemiology, research is further divided into descriptive studies, which present data without analyzing relationships between variables, and analytical studies, which aim to find associations between independent and outcome variables. Some common study designs discussed include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Key concepts like bias, confounding, and measures of effect are also outlined.

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    Metode Penelitian Epidemiologi

    Uploaded by

    Yudistira Wardana
    9 views21 pages
    The document discusses research methods in epidemiology. It describes two main types of research: observational studies, which involve observing subjects, and experimental studies, which involve administering treatments to subjects. Within epidemiology, research is further divided into descriptive studies, which present data without analyzing relationships between variables, and analytical studies, which aim to find associations between independent and outcome variables. Some common study designs discussed include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Key concepts like bias, confounding, and measures of effect are also outlined.

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    The document discusses research methods in epidemiology. It describes two main types of research: observational studies, which involve observing subjects, and experimental studies, which involve administering treatments to subjects. Within epidemiology, research is further divided into descriptive studies, which present data without analyzing relationships between variables, and analytical studies, which aim to find associations between independent and outcome variables. Some common study designs discussed include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Key concepts like bias, confounding, and measures of effect are also outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    9 views21 pages

    Metode Penelitian Epidemiologi

    Uploaded by

    Yudistira Wardana
    The document discusses research methods in epidemiology. It describes two main types of research: observational studies, which involve observing subjects, and experimental studies, which involve administering treatments to subjects. Within epidemiology, research is further divided into descriptive studies, which present data without analyzing relationships between variables, and analytical studies, which aim to find associations between independent and outcome variables. Some common study designs discussed include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Key concepts like bias, confounding, and measures of effect are also outlined.

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    of 21

    METODE PENELITIAN EPIDEMIOLOGI

    SECARA GARIS BESAR PENELITIAN DIBAGI ATAS:

    * PENELITIAN OBSERVASI:
    - pengamatan oleh peneliti atas apa yang ter
    jadi pada subjek penelitian

    * PENELITIAN EKSPERIMENTAL:
    - peneliti memberikan perlakuan pada
    subyek penelitian
    DALAM BIDANG EPIDEMIOLOGI PENELITIAN
    DIBAGI ATAS:

    * PENELITIAN DESKRIPTIF:
    MEMAPARKAN DATA TANPA MELAKUKAN
    ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTAR VARIABEL

    * PENELITIAN ANALITIK:
    UNTUK MENCARI HUBUNGAN ANTARA
    VAR BEBAS DAN VAR OUTCOME
    Epidemiologic Studies
    Descriptive Epidemiology
    Baseline data on distribution of disease
    Surveillance

    Analytic Epidemiology Measure Effect


    Prospective Cohort Studies
    Cross-sectional Studies
    Retrospective Case-Control Studies
    Ecologic Studies Observational

    Randomized Controlled Trials

    Experimental
    PENELITIAN DESKRIPTIF
    CROSS SECTIONAL/ SURVEY
    CASE STUDY
    CASE SERIES
    PENELITIAN ANALITIK
    OBSERVASI:
    CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
    PENELITIAN EKOLOGIK
    CASE CONTROL STUDY
    COHORT STUDY

    EKSPERIMENTAL: - FIELD TRIAL


    - COMMUNITY TRIAL
    - CLINICAL TRIAL
    Cohort Studies
    Follow a selected population through time
    Establishes temporal relationships
    Can measure incidence

    Takes lots of resources, money, & time!

    Poor design for rare diseases.


    Cohort Data and Person-Time
    Relative Risk: Incidence Density Ratios

    Disease No Disease Total (Margins)

    Exposed a - PYe

    Not exposed c - PY0

    Total (Margins) a+c - PYe + PY0

    a
    Incidence Density Ratio is the ratio of incidence
    density of the exposed population to that of the PYe
    unexposed population. IDR
    c
    PY0
    IDR < 1 means exposure correlates with reduced risk of disease
    IDR > 1 means exposure correlates with increased risk of disease
    Cross-Sectional Studies
    Snapshot of diseases & risk factors.

    Cannot establish temporal relationship.

    Relatively cheap & easy.

    Population must be large to study rare disease

    Not great for diseases of short duration. Why?


    Case-Control Studies
    Compare diseased individuals to chosen
    controls.
    Quality of study depends entirely on how controls
    are chosen.
    Good for rare diseases.

    Relatively cheap & quick.


    Randomized Controlled Trials
    Experimental or Intervention Studies

    Establishes temporal relationships

    Addresses confounding (more to come)


    a
    PR a b Case Control Studies: Odds Ratios
    c
    Controls: Number chosen by researcher.
    cd Disease No Disease Total (Margins)

    Exposed a b a+b

    Not exposed c d c+d

    Total (Margins) a+c b+d a+b+c+d

    Odds ratio is the ratio of odds in the diseased


    population divided by the odds in the a /c ad
    non-diseased population. OR
    b /d bc

    OR < 1 means exposure correlates with reduced risk of disease


    OR > 1 means exposure correlates with increased risk of disease
    Ecologic Studies
    Measurements made at population rather
    than individual level.

    Weaker inference, but easier to gather data.


    Measures of Covariates (risk factors)
    Binary: gender, smoker, circumcised

    Nominal/Categorical: geographic region

    Continuous: birth weight, T-cell count

    Ordinal: education, socioeconomic status (SES)


    Random Error
    How many people must be in a study for the
    measure of effect to believable?

    Statistical Approach:
    Assign probabilities to
    our findings being a
    product of random
    error rather than a real
    phenomenon.
    Bias
    Difference between observed value and true
    value due to all causes other than random
    error.

    Bias does not go away with greater sample size!

    Bias must be dealt with during study design!


    Selection Bias
    Error due to systematic differences between
    those who take part in the study and those
    who do not.
    John Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology

    Information Bias
    A flaw in measuring exposure or outcome data that results in different
    quality (accuracy) of information between comparison groups.
    John Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology
    Confounding
    Literacy HIV Status

    HIV+ HIV-
    Literate 660 340

    Illiterate 180 820

    660 /1000
    PR 3.67
    180 /1000

    What if some of the study population were


    much younger than others?

    Confounding
    Pooled HIV+ HIV-
    Literate 660 340 660 /1000
    PRall 3.67
    Illiterate 180 820 180 /1000

    6-15 years old HIV+ HIV-


    Literate 30 270 30 /300
    Illiterate 90
    810
    PR615yrs 1
    90 /900
    16-24 years old HIV+ HIV-
    Literate 630 70 630 /700
    PR1624 yrs 1
    Illiterate 90 10 90 /100
    6-15 year olds: Literacy = 300/1200 = 25%

    16-24 year olds: Literacy = 700/800 = 87.5%



    Confounding
    HIV+ HIV-
    660 /1000
    Literate 660 340 PR 3.67
    180 /1000
    Illiterate 180 820

    30 /300
    PR 1
    90 /900
    Age
    630 /700
    PR 1
    90 /100
    CONFOUNDING

    Literacy HIV Status

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