Chapter 6

Business Strategy:
Differentiation, Cost Leadership, and Integration

Copyright 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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 Chapter Outline
6.1 Business-Level Strategy: How to Compete for Advantage
Strategic Position
Generic Business Strategies
6.2 Differentiation Strategy: Understanding Value Drivers
6.3 Cost-Leadership Strategy: Understanding Cost Drivers
6.4 Business-Level Strategy and the Five Forces: Benefits and Risks
Cost-Leadership Strategy: Benefits and Risks
Differentiation Strategy: Benefits and Risks
6.5 Integration Strategy: Combining Cost Leadership and Differentiation
Value and Cost Drivers of Integration Strategy
Integration Strategy Gone Bad: Stuck in the Middle
6.6 The Dynamics of Competitive Positioning
6.7 Implications for the Strategist

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 Strategy Smart Videos

HBS] Michael Porter on Competitive Strategy [Part 1]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4ZBVp8-9gA
1:12:18 Minutes

HBS] Michael Porter on Competitive Strategy [Part 2]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znzCtevIRLQ
1:17:58 Minutes

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 Strategy Smart Videos

Generic Strategies Mini-Lecture

David Kryscynski

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V14kuqYEsxE

4:48 Minutes
Topics: Overview of Porter's Generic Strategies

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 Strategy Smart Article

The Henry Ford of Heart Surgery

WSJ, November 21, 2009

A must read!

Topics: Learning Curves; Cost Leadership; Economies of Scale

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 ChapterCase 6
Diego Giudice/Corbis

P&Gs Strategic Position Weakens

Procter & Gamble (P&G), a differentiated firm, with 22

iconic brands, and $85 B Revenues
Current problems stem from strategic decisions made by
former CEO, A. G. Lafley:
1. P&Gs $57 billion acquisition of Gillette
2. U.S.-centric focus emerging markets to competitors
2009 CEO Robert McDonald installed
2013 Directors brought back A. G. Lafley as CEO
Differentiation Strategy = Perceived Value & Premium Pricing

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6.1 Business-Level Strategy: How to
Compete for Advantage
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY

The goal-directed actions managers take in their quest

for competitive advantage when competing in a single
product market
Who which customer segments will we serve?
What customer needs, wishes, and desires will we
satisfy?
Why do we want to satisfy them?
How will we satisfy our customers needs?

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 HOW TO COMPETE FOR ADVANTAGE
DIFFERENTIATION
Create higher value by delivering products/services with
unique features
COST LEADERSHIP
Create similar value by delivering products/services at a
lower cost and lower prices than competitors
INTEGRATION
Combination of differentiation and cost-leadership strategies

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 Exhibit 6.1 Industry and Firm Effects
Jointly Determine Competitive Advantage

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 Strategic Position

The greater the economic value created (V C), the

greater the firms competitive advantage.

A firms business-level strategy determines its

strategic position.

A business strategy is more likely to lead to a

competitive advantage if it allows firms to either
perform similar activities differently, or perform
different activities than their rivals.

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 Generic Business Strategies

Generic strategies (i.e., universal) independent of

industry can be used by any organization
manufacturing or service, large or small, for-profit or
non-profit, public or private, U.S. or non-U.S. in the
quest for competitive advantage.

Value creation and cost tend to be positively

correlated. Thus, there exist important trade-offs
between value creation and low cost.

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 Exhibit 6.2 Strategic Position and
Competitive Scope: Generic Business Strategies

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 6.2 Differentiation Strategy:
Understanding Value Drivers
Product Features
Most important & clearest drivers
Unique product features >> higher price
BMW M3
Customer Service
ID unmet customer needs & satisfy them
Zappos online retailer
Ritz-Carlton
Complements
Add value when consumed as a bundle
AT&T U-verse with a DVR add-on

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Exhibit 6.3 Differentiation Strategy:
Achieving Competitive Advantage

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 Strategy Highlight 6.1
Trimming Fat at Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods had lost its competitive advantage due to a
failure to control costs effectively.
Trim the fat:
Champion healthy living by offering natural and organic food
choices, while also educating consumers
Increase private label by 5% to include over 2,300 products
A clearly formulated business strategy enables Whole
Foods to increase the differentiation value gap and
command premium prices, while keeping its cost structure
in check.

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 6.3 Cost-Leadership Strategy:
Understanding Cost Drivers
A Cost-Leadership
Strategy With Cost Drivers
Adequate Value
Managers can Cost of input factors
manipulate cost Economies of scale
drivers to keep their Learning-curve
costs low. effects
Experience-curve
effects

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 Exhibit 6.4 Cost-Leadership
Strategy: Achieving Competitive Advantage

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 Strategy Highlight 6.2
Ryanair: Lower Cost than the Low-Cost Leader!

Ryanair has unbundled air travel to its extreme.

More than 20% of Ryanairs revenues flow from
ancillary services: premium-rate phone line to contact
them, checked bags, checking in, pillows, blankets,
water.
Ryanair offers the basic service (air travel only) for a
low price, but charges a steep premium for all other
items and upgrades.

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Exhibit 6.5 Economies of Scale, Minimum
Efficient Scale, and Diseconomies of Scale

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 Economies and Diseconomies
of Scale

Economies of Scale output up, cost per unit down

Spread fixed costs over large output
Microsoft upfront R&D for Windows upgrades
Specialized systems
ERP software or robots
Physical properties
Cube-square rule for "big box" stores

Minimum Efficient Scale (MES)

Lowest cost position constant returns to scale
Diseconomies of Scale
Complexity of management or physical limits
Gore Associates and aircraft aeronautics

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Cost Drivers: Learning & Experience
Curves
Learning Curves
Steeper curve = more learning
Aircraft manufacturing
Cardiac surgeons

Experience Curves
Combine economy of scale & learning curves.
Scale comes down a given learning curve.
Technology allows movement to steeper curve.
Combination can leapfrog in competitive advantage.
Walmart high volumes & technology leadership

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 Exhibit 6.6 Gaining Competitive Advantage
Through Leveraging Learning & Experience Curve Effects

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6.4 Business-Level Strategy and the
Five Forces: Benefits and Risks
Cost-Leadership Differentiation
Benefit: protected Benefit: reduced
from competitors if rivalry & high cost of
price war imitation
Risk: new entrant Risk: might overshoot
arrives and new features needed &
capabilities needed vulnerable to price-
sensitive customers

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Exhibit 6.7 Competitive Positioning
and the Five Forces:
Benefits and Risks of Cost-Leadership and Differentiation Business Strategies

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6.5 Integration Strategy: Combining
Cost Leadership and Differentiation
Firms skilled in both lowering costs and uniqueness
Difficult because the firm manages internal value chain
activities that are fundamentally different from one
another
Integration can work if investments are not substitutes
but rather complements.
Providing important spill-over effects
The goal of an integration strategy is a larger economic
value (V C) than that of rivals.

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Exhibit 6.8 Integration Strategy vs.
Stuck in the Middle

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 Exhibit 6.9 Targets Attempt at Achieving
Competitive Advantage by Pursuing an Integration Strategy

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 Value and Cost Drivers of
Integration Strategy
Quality
Can increase perceived value & lower cost (V C)
Economies of Scope
Starbucks adding hot tea to its menu
Customization
BMW, Threadless.com, Toyota all mass customization
Innovation
IKEA - stylist furniture in flat pack delivery
Structure, Culture, & Routines
Ambidextrous organization Intel

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Exhibit 6.10 Value and Cost Drivers

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6.6 The Dynamics of Competitive
Positioning
Strategic Positions Need to Change over Time
PC assemblers need to move to tablets or smartphones
Productivity Frontier
Value-cost relationship
Captures the best practices at a point in time
PC Industry
2010 Apple was a differentiator; HP & Lenovo were stuck in
middle.
2013 Lenovo was a differentiator in laptops and desktops, HP still
has problems with software transformation, Apple seems to be
moving into lower-end products and toward an integration strategy.

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 Exhibit 6.11 The Dynamics of
Competitive Positioning in the PC
Industry: Apple, Lenovo, HP, & Dell

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6.7 Implications for the Strategist
Well-formulated and implemented strategies =
Enhanced chances of superior performance

Integration strategies successful only if:

An innovation that reconciles the trade-offs, such as Toyota
lean-manufacturing approach in 80s & 90s

Goal is to stay on the productivity frontier.

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 ChapterCase 6
Diego Giudice/Corbis

Consider This
P&G generally charges a 2040% premium for its
products, reflecting higher value creation, consistent
with its differentiation strategy.
Recently, P&G lost market share because of its higher
prices, and its profit margins have also been squeezed by
the rising costs of input factors.
P&G has slashed its R&D spending in recent years by as
much as 50% in an attempt to bring in more innovation
from the outside through its Connect+Develop initiative.

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 Take-Away Concepts
Business-level strategy determines a firms strategic
position in its quest for competitive advantage when
LO 6-1 competing in a single industry or product market.
Define Strategic positioning requires that managers address
strategic trade-offs that arise between value and
business-level cost, because higher value tends to go along with
strategy and higher cost.
describe how it Differentiation and cost leadership are distinct
determines a strategic positions.
firms strategic Besides selecting an appropriate strategic position,
managers must also define the scope of competition
position. whether to pursue a specific market niche or go after the
broader market.

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 Take-Away Concepts
The goal of a differentiation strategy is to increase
the perceived value of goods and services so that
LO 6-2 customers will pay a higher price for additional
features.
Examine the
In a differentiation strategy, the focus of competition
relationship is on value-enhancing attributes and features, while
between value controlling costs.
drivers and Some of the unique value drivers managers can
differentiation manipulate are product features, customer service,
customization, and complements.
strategy.
Value drivers contribute to competitive advantage
only if their increase in value creation (V) exceeds
the increase in costs (C).

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 Take-Away Concepts

LO 6-3 The goal of a cost-leadership strategy is to reduce

the firms cost below that of its competitors.
Examine the In a cost-leadership strategy, the focus of
relationship competition is achieving the lowest possible cost
between cost position, which allows the firm to offer the lowest
drivers and price while maintaining acceptable value.
the cost- Some of the unique cost drivers that managers can
leadership manipulate are the cost of input factors, economies
strategy. of scale, and learning- and experience-curve effects.
No matter how low the price, if there is no
acceptable value proposition, the product or service
will not sell.

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 Take-Away Concepts
The five forces model helps managers
LO 6-4 use generic business strategies to
Assess the benefits protect themselves against the industry
and risks of cost- forces that drive down profitability.
leadership and
differentiation Differentiation and cost-leadership
business strategies strategies allow firms to carve out
vis--vis the five strong strategic positions, not only to
forces that shape protect themselves against the five
competition. forces, but also to benefit from them in
their quest for competitive advantage.

Exhibit 6.7 details the benefits and risks

of each business strategy.
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 Take-Away Concepts
LO 6-5 To address the trade-offs between
Evaluate value differentiation and cost leadership
and cost drivers at the business level, managers may
that may allow a leverage quality, economies of
firm to pursue scope, innovation, and the firms
an integration structure, culture, and routines.
strategy.
The trade-offs between
differentiation and low cost can
either be addressed at the business
level or at the corporate level.

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 Take-Away Concepts
A successful integration strategy requires
that trade-offs between differentiation
and low cost be reconciled.
LO 6-6
Integration strategy often is difficult
Explain why
because the two distinct strategic
it is difficult
positions require internal value chain
to succeed at activities that are fundamentally different
an integration from one another.
strategy. When firms fail to resolve strategic
trade-offs between differentiation and
cost, they end up being stuck in the
middle. They then succeed at neither
strategy, leading to a competitive
disadvantage.
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 Take-Away Concepts
The productivity frontier represents a
set of best in-class strategic positions
LO 6-7 the firm can take relating to value
Describe and creation and low cost at a given point in
evaluate the time.
dynamics of Reaching the productivity frontier
competitive enhances the likelihood of obtaining a
positioning. competitive advantage.
Not reaching the productivity frontier
implies competitive disadvantage if
other firms are positioned at the
productivity frontier.
Strategic positions need to change over
time as the environment changes.
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