System Implementation and

Maintenance
Seven major activities
Coding
Testing
Installation
Documentation
Training
Support
Maintenance
Purpose
To convert final physical system specifications into working and
reliable software
To document work that has been done
To provide help for current and future users

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 Why Implementation Sometimes
Fails
Two conditions necessary for a successful
implementation
Management support of the system under
development
No Involvement of users in the development
process

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 Why Implementation Sometimes
Fails
Insights about implementation process
Risk
Commitment to the project
Commitment to change
Extent of project definition and planning
Realistic user expectations
Implementation success factors
Extent to which system is used
Users satisfaction with system
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 The Process of Coding, Testing
Coding
and Installation
Physical design specifications are turned into working
computer code
Testing
Tests are performed using various strategies
Testing can be performed in parallel with coding
Installation
Process during which the current system is replaced
by the new system

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 The Process of Coding,
Testing and Installation:
Deliverables
Action Deliverable
Coding Code
Program Documentation
Testing Test scenarios (test plan) and test data
Results of program and system testing
Installation User guides
User training plans
Installation and conversion plan

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The Process of Documenting the System,
Training Users and Supporting Users

Two audiences for documentation

The information systems personnel who will
maintain the system throughout its productive life
The people who will use the system as part of their
daily lives

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 The Process of Documenting the System,
Training Users and Supporting Users
Deliverables
Documentation
System documentation
User documentation
User training plan
Classes
Tutorials(tutorial is a small class of one, or only a few, students , in
which the tutor (a lecturer other academic staff member) gives
individual attention to the students)
User training modules
Training materials
Computer-based training aids
User support plan
Help desk
On-line help
Bulletin boards and other support mechanisms
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 The Process of Maintaining
Information Systems
Process of returning to the beginning of the
SDLC and repeating development steps
focusing on system change until the change
is implemented
Four major activities
1.Obtaining maintenance requests
2.Transforming requests into changes
3.Designing changes
4.Implementing changes

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 The Process of Maintaining
Information Systems
Deliverables and Outcomes
Development of a new version of the software,
new versions of all design documents and
training materials created or modified during
the maintenance effort

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 System Implementation

The Process of Converting a New / Revised

System into an Operational One
Implementation of a Computer System to
replace a Manuel System
Implementation of a New Computer System
to replace an Existing System
Implementation of a Modified Application
to replace an Existing System

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 Conversion
Changing from One System to Another
Creating computer Compatible Files
Training the Operating Staff
Installing Terminals & Hardware

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 Activity N/W for Conversion
Review the Project Plan, The System
Documentation & Implementation Plan
Parties Involved
The User
The Project Team
Programmers
Operators
Finalize Conversion Portion & Approval
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 Continued
Files are Converted
Parallel Processing
Results Logged
If No Problems
Discontinue Parallel Processing
Prepare Documentation
Conversion is Completed
Plan for Post Implementation Review
Otherwise
Repeat The Process
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Combating Resistance to Change
Reasons
Change in Job Content
How to Think along New Lines
Change in Personal Relations Patterns
Possible Loss of Self esteem
Possible Loss of Ones Job
Loss of Control of Job Content

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 Some Strategies for Reducing
Resistance
Identify & Discuss the deficiency of Present
System
Motivation
Open Communication Channels
Employees Participation

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 Post Implementation Review
Request for Review
A Review Plan
Administrative Plan
User Objective
Operating Cost & Benefits
Personal Requirements Plan
Comparison of Personal performance Objective
& Current Performance Levels
Training Performance
Hardware Plan
Documentation Review Plan
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 Installation
The organizational process of changing over
from the current information system to a new
one
Four approaches
Direct Installation
Changing over from the old information system to a new one
by turning off the old system when the new one is turned on
Parallel Installation
Running the old information system and the new one at the
same time until management decides the old system can be
turned off

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 Installation
Single location installation
Trying out an information system at one site and
using the experience to decide if and how the new
system should be deployed throughout the
organization
Phased Installation
Changing from the old information system to the
new one incrementally, starting with one or a few
functional components and then gradually
extending the installation to cover the whole new
system
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 Planning Installation
Considerations
Data conversion
Error correction
Loading from current system
Planned system shutdown
Business cycle of organization

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 Documenting the System
System documentation
Detailed information about a systems design
specifications, its internal workings and its functionality
Internal documentation
System documentation that is part of the program source code
or is generated at compile time
External documentation
System documentation that includes the outcome of structured
diagramming techniques such as data flow and entity
relationship diagrams

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 Documenting the System
User Documentation
Written or other visual information about an
application system, how it works, and how to
use it
Preparing user documentation
Traditional source has been information
systems department
Application-oriented documentation is now
often supplied by vendors and users themselves
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Training Information System Users

Potential training topics

Use of the system
General computer concepts
Information system concepts
Organizational concepts
System management
System installation

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Training Information System Users

Training methods
Resident expert
Computer-aided instruction
Formal courses
Software help components
Tutorials
Interactive training manuals
External sources, such as vendors

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 Training Information System Users

Electronic performance support system

(EPSS)
Component of a software package or
application in which training and educational
information is embedded

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 Supporting Information System Users:
Information Center
An organizational unit whose mission is to support users in
exploiting information technology
Staff might perform the following tasks
Install new hardware or software and set up user accounts
Consult with users writing programs in fourth-generation
languages
Extract data from organizational databases onto personal
computers
Answer basic on-demand questions
Provide a demonstration site for viewing hardware and software
Work with users to submit system change requests

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 Supporting Information System Users:
Help Desk
A single point of contact for all user inquiries and
problems about a particular information system or
for all users in a particular department

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