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    Tumor Markers

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    iron
    Tumor markers are biochemical indicators of cancer that can be detected in body fluids. They include antigens, proteins, enzymes, and hormones. Common tumor markers are CEA (associated with colorectal, pancreatic, lung, stomach cancers), AFP (liver cancer, testicular germ cell tumors), PSA and PSMA (prostate cancer), and CA125 (ovarian cancer). Elevated levels can help diagnose cancer, determine response to treatment, and detect recurrence or residual disease. However, tumor marker levels may also be elevated in some benign conditions. Serial measurements are often used in monitoring cancer patients.

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    Tumor Markers

    Uploaded by

    iron
    85 views7 pages
    Tumor markers are biochemical indicators of cancer that can be detected in body fluids. They include antigens, proteins, enzymes, and hormones. Common tumor markers are CEA (associated with colorectal, pancreatic, lung, stomach cancers), AFP (liver cancer, testicular germ cell tumors), PSA and PSMA (prostate cancer), and CA125 (ovarian cancer). Elevated levels can help diagnose cancer, determine response to treatment, and detect recurrence or residual disease. However, tumor marker levels may also be elevated in some benign conditions. Serial measurements are often used in monitoring cancer patients.

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    Tumor markers are biochemical indicators of cancer that can be detected in body fluids. They include antigens, proteins, enzymes, and hormones. Common tumor markers are CEA (associated with colorectal, pancreatic, lung, stomach cancers), AFP (liver cancer, testicular germ cell tumors), PSA and PSMA (prostate cancer), and CA125 (ovarian cancer). Elevated levels can help diagnose cancer, determine response to treatment, and detect recurrence or residual disease. However, tumor marker levels may also be elevated in some benign conditions. Serial measurements are often used in monitoring cancer patients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    85 views7 pages

    Tumor Markers

    Uploaded by

    iron
    Tumor markers are biochemical indicators of cancer that can be detected in body fluids. They include antigens, proteins, enzymes, and hormones. Common tumor markers are CEA (associated with colorectal, pancreatic, lung, stomach cancers), AFP (liver cancer, testicular germ cell tumors), PSA and PSMA (prostate cancer), and CA125 (ovarian cancer). Elevated levels can help diagnose cancer, determine response to treatment, and detect recurrence or residual disease. However, tumor marker levels may also be elevated in some benign conditions. Serial measurements are often used in monitoring cancer patients.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    TUMOR MARKERS

    TUMOR MARKERS

    biochemical indicators of the presence of tumor


    Include cell-surface antigens ,cytoplasm protein, enzymes
    ,and hormones
    usually refers to a molecule that can be detected in the
    plasma or other body fluid
    as a laboratory test to support the diagnosis
    are also of value in determining the response to therapy
    Markers Associated Cancer

    Hormones
    Human chorionic gonadotropin Trophoblastic tumors, nonseminomatous testicular tumors
    Calcitonin Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
    Catecholamine and metabolites Pheochromocytoma and related tumors
    Ectopic hormones

    Oncofetal Antigens
    a-Fetoprotein Liver cell cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis
    Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, stomach, and heart

    Isoenzymes
    Prostatic acid phosphatase Prostate cancer
    Neuron-specific enolase Small cell cancer of lung, neuroblastoma

    Specific Proteins
    Immunoglobulins Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies
    Prostate-specific antigen and
    prostate-specific membrane antigen Prostate cancer

    Mucins and Other Glycoproteins


    CA-125 Ovarian cancer
    CA-19-9 Colon cancer, pancreatic cancer
    CA-15-3 Breast cancer

    New Molecular Markers


    p53, APC, RAS mutations in stool and serum Colon cancer
    p53 and RAS mutations in stool and serum Pancreatic cancer
    p53 and RAS mutations in sputum and serum Lung cancer
    p53 mutations in urine Bladder cancer
    CEA
    Produced in embryonic tissue of the gut, pancreas, and liver
    Complex glycoprotein that is elaborated by many neoplasms.

    Elevated CEA describe in other forms of cancer

    CEA elevation have also been reported in many benign disorders, such as
    Alcohol cirrhosis
    Hepatitis,
    Ulcerative colitis
    Crohn disease

    Preoperative CEA levels have some bearing on prognosis because the level of
    elevation is correlated with body burden tumor.

    Patients with CEA positive colon cancers, the presence of elevated CEA level
    6 weeks after therapy indicates the residual disease
    CEA

    Rising CEA level indicates recurrence w/ an increase in tumor


    marker level often preceding clinically detectable disease
    Serum CEA is also useful in monitoring the treatment of metastatic
    breast cancer
    AFP

    another well established tumor maker

    This glycoprotein synthesize normally early in fetal life by the yolk


    sac, fetal liver, and fetal gastrointestinal tract.

    Elevated plasma AFP is also found less regularly in carcinomas of


    the colon, lung, and the pancreas.

    AFP level proved to be a useful indicator of hepatocellular


    carcinomas and germ cell tumor of the testis
    Serial post- therapy measurements of AFP (and human chorionic
    gonodotropin) levels in patients with germ cell tumors of the testis
    provide a sensitive index in response to therapy and recurrence
    Other Tumor Markers

    PSA (Prostate- specific antigen) and PSMA (prostate specific


    membrane antigen are other widely used markers for prostate
    cancers, human chorionic gonodotropin for testicular tumor
    CA125 for ovarian tumors

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