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    Poxviruses: Smallpox and Cowpox: Suzan Matar PHD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology

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    Daniel Atieh
    Poxviruses include smallpox and cowpox. Smallpox has been eradicated through vaccination programs using vaccines derived from cowpox. Poxviruses are large, enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA that replicate in the cytoplasm. They have complex structures and replicate through the formation of virus factories. Early smallpox vaccination involved inoculation of cowpox or smallpox material, while later vaccines used vaccinia strains. Smallpox was successfully eradicated due to its exclusive human host, consistent symptoms, and the availability of an effective vaccine.

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    Poxviruses: Smallpox and Cowpox: Suzan Matar PHD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Atieh
    88 views21 pages
    Poxviruses include smallpox and cowpox. Smallpox has been eradicated through vaccination programs using vaccines derived from cowpox. Poxviruses are large, enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA that replicate in the cytoplasm. They have complex structures and replicate through the formation of virus factories. Early smallpox vaccination involved inoculation of cowpox or smallpox material, while later vaccines used vaccinia strains. Smallpox was successfully eradicated due to its exclusive human host, consistent symptoms, and the availability of an effective vaccine.

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    microbiology

    Original Title

    4._poxviruses (4)

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    Poxviruses include smallpox and cowpox. Smallpox has been eradicated through vaccination programs using vaccines derived from cowpox. Poxviruses are large, enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA that replicate in the cytoplasm. They have complex structures and replicate through the formation of virus factories. Early smallpox vaccination involved inoculation of cowpox or smallpox material, while later vaccines used vaccinia strains. Smallpox was successfully eradicated due to its exclusive human host, consistent symptoms, and the availability of an effective vaccine.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    88 views21 pages

    Poxviruses: Smallpox and Cowpox: Suzan Matar PHD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Atieh
    Poxviruses include smallpox and cowpox. Smallpox has been eradicated through vaccination programs using vaccines derived from cowpox. Poxviruses are large, enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA that replicate in the cytoplasm. They have complex structures and replicate through the formation of virus factories. Early smallpox vaccination involved inoculation of cowpox or smallpox material, while later vaccines used vaccinia strains. Smallpox was successfully eradicated due to its exclusive human host, consistent symptoms, and the availability of an effective vaccine.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    4.

    Poxviruses: Smallpox and Cowpox


    Suzan Matar
    PhD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology
    Smallpox

    Humans are the


    only natural
    hosts
    The early vaccines
    were derived from
    cowpox
    (vacca=cow)

    Later, other
    vaccines using
    strains of poxvirus
    (vaccinia) were
    used.
    Poxviruses

    Smallpox is considered a category A agent by


    the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    (CDC), with anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia
    because of their great potential as bioterrorism-
    biowarfare agents.
    Properties of Poxviruses
    Structure and composition
    Enveloped
    Largest viruses
    Linear dsDNA
    Brick shaped
    core (contains nucleic acid)
    Lateral bodies (unknown function)

    More than 100 polypeptides


    Many target the immune response
    Replicate in cytoplasm (too big to get into nucleus)
    Tend to be highly species-specific
    Some are being explored as gene therapy vectors
    Structure and Replication

    They replicate only in the cytoplasm and


    transport into the cell transcriptases,
    capping and methylating enzymes and
    poly(A) polymerase.

    Viral DNA then replicates in electron-dense


    cytoplasmic inclusions (Guarnieri's inclusion
    bodies), referred to as factories.
    Poxiviridiae
    Variolation

    An early approach to immunization, involved the


    inoculation of susceptible people with the virulent
    smallpox pus. It was first performed in the Far East
    and later in England.

    Variolation was associated with a fatality rate of


    approximately 1%, a better risk than that
    associated with smallpox itself.

    In 1796, Jenner developed and then popularized


    a vaccine using the less virulent cowpox virus,
    which shares antigenic determinants with
    smallpox.
    VACCINIA
    Vaccinia, a form of cowpox, was used for the
    smallpox vaccine.

    The vaccination procedure consisted of


    scratching live virus into the patient's skin and
    then observing for the development of vesicles
    and pustules.

    Encephalitis and progressive infection (vaccinia


    necrosum), the latter occurring occasionally in
    immunocompromised patients.
    Despite the severity of the disease and its
    tendency to spread, several factors contributed
    to its elimination.
    Properties of Natural Smallpox That Led
    to Its Eradication
    Viral Characteristics
    Exclusive human host range (no animal reservoirs or vectors)
    Single serotype (immunization protected against all
    infections)

    Disease Characteristics
    Consistent disease presentation with visible pustules
    (identification of sources of contagion allowed quarantine
    and vaccination of contacts) no asympotomatic carriers
    Short infectivity period (3-4 weeks)

    Vaccine
    Immunization with animal poxviruses protects against
    smallpox . Stable, inexpensive, and easy-to-administer
    vaccine . Presence of scar indicating successful
    vaccination
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    After being inhaled, smallpox virus replicates in the
    upper respiratory tract.

    Dissemination occurs via lymphatic and cell-


    associated viremic spread.

    Internal and dermal tissues are inoculated after a


    second viremia, causing the simultaneous eruption
    of the characteristic "pocks.
    Most infectious
    Might be contagious
    contagious
    Immune response
    - An early IgM response was followed by the
    appearance of IgG antibody, which persisted
    for many years.

    - An attack nearly always conferred lifelong


    immunity, mediated by neutralizing antibody.

    - Recovery from infection was, however, largely


    effected by cell-mediated responses.
    EM is the most important technique for
    diagnosing all poxvirus infections and
    units able to rapidly diagnose smallpox
    have been set up again to counter
    bioterrorism or natural emergence of
    monkey pox.

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