NIGCOMSAT ANTENNA

SUBSYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

The antenna is an energy transducer which

transforms guided electromagnetic signals
into electromagnetic waves propagating in
free space when it transmits, or transforms
received electromagnetic waves into guided
electromagnetic signals when It is used for
reception.
 INTRODUCTION
The antenna is the air interface of a
communication system

An antenna is an electrical conductor or system

of conductors that performs;
Reception collects electromagnetic energy
from space
Transmission radiates electromagnetic energy
into space
 INTRODUCTION

In two-way communication, the same

antenna can be used for transmission and
reception with the use of suitable receiver
protection

The principle of reciprocity states that the

transmit and receive characteristics of an
antenna are identical
 TYPES OF ANTENNA
Isotropic antenna
Radiates power equally in all directions
Dipole antennas
Half-wave dipole antenna (Hertz antenna)
Quarter-wave vertical antenna (monopole)
Aperture antennas
Parabolic reflective antenna
Horn antenna
Cassegrain antenna
Lens antenna
 TYPES OF ANTENNA
Directive beam antenna
Other variations
Folded dipoles
End-fed dipoles
Loop
Inverted Vee
Phase array
.
TYPES OF ANTENNA
TYPES OF ANTENNA
TYPES OF ANTENNA
TYPES OF ANTENNA
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
ANTENNA RADIATION REGIONS

Reactive-Field is the space immediately surrounding the antenna.

The extent of this region is 0 < r < /(2), where is the wavelength.
In this space the Poynting vector is predominantly reactive (non-
radiating), has all three components in spherical coordinates (r,,)
and decays more rapidly than 1/r.

Radiating Near-Field region .

Beyond the immediate neighborhood of the reactive field the
radiating field begins to dominate. The extent of this region is /(2)
< r < 2D2/, where D is the largest dimension of the antenna. In this
region the radiation pattern (relative angular distribution of the field)
is dependent on r.
 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

ANTENNA RADIATION REGIONS

Radiating Far-Field

Beyond the radiating Near-Field region, r > 2D2/ or r >

10 (criterion for small antennas) the Poynting vector is
real (only radiating fields) and has only two
components in spherical coordinates (,). The fields
decay as 1/r and the radiation pattern is independent of
r.
 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
POLARIZATION

Polarization is the property of the electric field vector that defines

variation in direction and magnitude with time. If we observe the field
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation at a fixed
location in space, the end point of the arrow representing the
instantaneous electric field magnitude traces a curve

The ellipse can be characterized by the axial ratio (AR), the ratio of
the two major axes and its tilt angle. Polarization may be classified
as linear, circular or elliptical according to the shape of the curve.

Linear and circular polarization are special cases of elliptical

polarization, when the ellipse becomes a straight line or circle,
respectively. Clockwise rotation of the electric field vector is
designated as right-hand polarization (RH) and counterclockwise
rotation is left-hand polarization (LH), for an observer looking along
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Input Impedance ,VSWR and Reflection Coefficient
Input impedance Z is defined as the impedance
presented by the antenna at its terminals or the ratio
of the voltage to current at its terminals. If the
antenna is not matched to the interconnecting
transmission line, a standing wave is induced along
the transmission line.
The ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum
voltage along the line is called the Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio (VSWR) k.
The reflection coefficient R is the ratio of the
reflective voltage to the input voltage.
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
RADIATION PATTERN
The antenna radiation pattern is the display of the
radiation properties of the antenna as a function of the
spherical coordinates (,).
In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the
Far-Field region for constant radial distance and
frequency. A typical radiation pattern is characterized by a
main beam with 3 dB beamwidth and sidelobes at
different levels.
The antenna performance is often described in terms of
its principal E- and H-plane patterns. For a linearly
polarized antenna, the E- and H-planes are defined as
the planes containing the direction of maximum radiation
in the electric and magnetic field vectors, respectively.
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
RADIATION PATTERN

Radiation patterns (a) Rectangular Form (b) Polar Form

ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
RADIATION PATTERN

3-D pattern contours pattern

ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

DIRECTIVITY

The directivity is a measure that describes the

directional transmitting properties of the antenna. It is
defined as the ratio of the antenna radiation intensity in
a specific direction in space over the radiation intensity
of an isotropic source for the same radiated power.
 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
ANTENNA GAIN
The gain of the antenna G is closely related to the
directivity, but takes into consideration the losses in the
antenna as well as its directional capabilities D.
G ( , ) D ( , )
Here expresses dissipative losses and reflective losses
in the antenna. It is called the efficiency of the antenna. If
the directivity D is calculated according to aperture uniform
distribution the should include the additional losses of
feed leakage, aperture taper, reflector error, subreflector
blockage, and so on.
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency and Bandwidth

The range of frequencies within which the performance

of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic,
conforms to a specified standard.
The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of
frequencies, on either side of a center frequency (usually
the resonance frequency for a dipole) where the antenna
characteristics such as input impedance, pattern, beam
width, polarization, side lobe level, gain, beam direction,
radiation efficiency) are within an acceptable value of
those at the Center frequency.
 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Other Parameters

Isolation between T-port and R-port

Antenna Effective Aperture
Antenna Temperature
Interference among beams for multibeam antenna
Power handling / Marge of multipaction valve
Passive intermodulation (PIM) level
Eigenfrequencies (stowed, deployed status)
Dimension
Mass
Power consumption
TM/TC
Interface (electric, mechanic, thermal)
Reliability
 ANTENNA TESTING
Antenna test ranges

The testing and evaluation of the antenna parameters is performed in

antenna ranges.
Outdoor ranges are not protected from environmental conditions,
while Indoor ranges are limited by space restrictions.
Indoor ranges make use of anechoic chambers, which are chambers
lined with absorbing material to eliminate reflections from the walls.
There are two basic forms of chambers: rectangular anechoic
chambers and tapered anechoic chambers.
Rectangular chambers are typically used for frequencies above 1
GHz, for frequencies below 1 GHz tapered chambers are used.
 ANTENNA TESTING
Various methods existed to measure the antenna
parameters: radiation pattern directivity, gain , polarization
and so on.
Some of parameters such as input impedance, vswr,
parameters of feed network can be measured by vector
network analyzer.
The radiation character measurement range include far-
field range, compact-range, plane near range (with
vertical scanner or horizontal scanner), cylinder near
range and spherical near range. They are suitable for
different antenna measurement requirements.
NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
The antenna subsystem of NIGCOMSAT-1 Satellite
consists of seven antennas:
C-band ECOWAS1 beam antenna (i.e. C-band
communications antenna)
Ku-band ECOWAS1 beam antenna (i.e. West
antenna)
Ku-band ECOWAS2 beam antenna (i.e. East
antenna)
Ka-band transmitting antenna
Ka-band receiving antenna
C-band navigations antenna
L-band navigation antenna.
NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

4.2 corrugated horn Ku W/E, Ka T/R, C communication feeds

Disadvantages: manufacture trouble (lathe, mill, electric
casting)
Advantages: Corrugated horns (also called hybrid mode horns
and scalar feeds) enjoy a great popularity as feed antennas due
to their low sidelobes, rotationally symmetric patterns, low cross
polarization and bandwidth. The first two properties were
achieved also by the multi-mode horns of the previous Section,
which used smooth-walled guides. In a sense the corrugated
guide or horn is also a multimode horn, but with a continuous
coupling along the structure, such that the in-phase condition at
the aperture is achieved over a large bandwidth. So the
corrugated horns mostly is used as feeds for reflector antennas.
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
A. Horn aperture field
B. Horn radiation field
C. Impedance matching

Propagation properties of a corrugated surface : Most of the

properties of a corrugated surface are well described by assuming
that there are many slots or teeth per wavelength, although in
practice one might end up with as few as two slots per wavelength.
In the limit of high corrugation density a simple network model leads
to an equivalent surface reactance, which we shall derive.
Series: Consider first the case where the electric surface field is in
the z-direction, normal to the slots. The equivalent network is a
series connection of the surface of the teeth (a short circuit) and the
input impedance of the shorted transmission line, so the average
surface impedance equals
NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

Types of corrugated horn

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

ku west antenna transmitting feed

Fog. 4.2-4 Amplitude & phase pattern of ku west antenna Transmit-
corrugated horn
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
single offset reflector antennaka 3-beam T/R antenna
Configuration: The offset-parabolic reflector is a part of parent
parabolic reflector which has found applications as an antenna for
many years and was certainly receiving some attention during the
1940s.
In the 1960s that development in digital-computer technology
provided a readily available and convenient means for accurate
modeling and optimization of the offset antenna's electrical
performance.
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

ka transmit 3-beam single offset reflector antenna

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

single-offset-reflector configuration
Ka-Band Coverage Areas

Channel 4 Channel 1
South
Europe Nigeria
Channel 3
Afica
Channel 2

Ka band payload trunking

Channel 5~8
Nigeria Nigeria

Ka band payload Broadcasting

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

advantages:
reduces blocking . Since the offset-parabolic reflector is a
somewhat more complicated structure to deal with both
structurally and analytically, it will be as well to briefly
review its principal advantages and disadvantages as an
antenna. First and foremost, the offset-reflector antenna
reduces aperture-blocking effects.
Aperture blocking by a primary feed or a subreflector,
with their supporting struts, leads to scattered radiation
which results in a loss of system gain on the one hand
and a general degradation in the suppression of sidelobe
and cross-polarized radiation on the other.
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
REDUCE MUTUAL COUPLING.
A second major advantage of the offset configuration is that the
reaction of the reflector upon the primary-feed can be reduced to a
very low order. The excellent isolation between reflector and primary-
feed which can be achieved implies that the primary-feed VSWR can
be made to be essentially independent of the reflector.
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
larger aperture feed. The use of larger aperture primary-
feed elements in certain cases can also provide an opportunity for
improved "shaping of the primary-feed radiation pattern and better
suppression of the cross-polarized radiation emanating from the
feed itself.
disadvantages :
cross-polarize & beam squint. The offset-reflector
configuration also has its disadvantages. When illuminated by a
conventional linearly polarized primary-feed, the offset reflector
will generate a cross-polarized component in the antenna radiation
field. When circular polarization is employed, the reflector does
not depolarize the radiated field, but the antenna beam is squinted
from the electrical boresight. For small offset reflectors this
squinting effect has also been observed with linear polarization.
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
4.5 shaped dual offset reflector antenna-E/W ku
antenna
The west antenna as a sample described is a shaped,
3.0m2.2m main reflector, Gregorian antenna, which is mounted
on the west panel of the spacecraft. The subreflector is a portion
of an ellipsoid. One of the focal points of the ellipsoid
corresponds with the focal point of the parent paraboloid of the
main reflector; two feeds phase centers are located in the
vicinity of the second focus of the subreflector. The subreflector
surface is defined by the portion of the ellipsoid which projects is
ellipse onto the focal plane. The offset of the main reflector is
selected to allow clear field of view for beams from the radiating
aperture to the coverage regions. The west antenna shall
include the following components:
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
Main Reflector
Subreflector
Feeds Assembly
Antenna Deployment Mechanism (ADM)
Antenna Deployment Mechanism Electronics (ADME)
Main reflector Hold down/Release Mechanism (HRM)
Antenna Support Structure(ASST)
The antenna structure will be described in next chapter 5, herein
the RF design are given simply.

2005-08-16 Page 41
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
Main Reflector Subreflector

Feed Assembly

ADM

Hinges Support Sructure

West ku antenna
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
Receiving Feed

Transmitting Feed

Feed Assemble Support Structu

West Antenna Feed Assembly

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
Radially Corrugated Horn

Square-to-Circular Transition

OMT

Feed Bracket

Low-Pass Filters

West Antenna Transmitting Feed Assembly

NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

Ku-Band ECOWAS 1 Beam Coverage

NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

Ku-Band ECOWAS 2 Beam Coverage

NIGCOMSAT-1R ANTENNA

Ku-Band Kashi Beam Coverage

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA
BACKFIRE ANTENNA EXCITED BY BACKFIRE HELIX

The Navigation Payload requires two (2) uplink channels at C-band

and two downlink channels at L-band. The coverage of L-band
navigation antenna is a global beam, defined as 8.7 boresight
angle, and shall be provided at the L1 and L5 frequencies. Global
coverage shall be achieved for all static and dynamic satellite pointing
errors in normal operations including during station keeping and in
eclipse.
L-band navigation antenna shall accommodate Right Hand Circular
Polarization (RHCP). This antenna is a dual-frequency helical antenna
with a backfire cavity, which is mounted on the earth deck of
spacecraft.
a backfire antenna excited by backfire helix is adopted as the L-band
navigation antenna
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

Backfire antenna excited by backfire helical feed

NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

C-Band Navigation Beam

NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

Navigation Beam (Global Beam)

NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

C-Band ECOWAS 1 Beam Coverage

 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

GROUND STATION ANTENNA

CONFIGURATION
FULL MOTION C-BAND TT&C
FULL MOTION Ka BAND
2 XLMA Ku- BAND
LMA C- BAND NAVIGATION
9M LMA C-BAND COMMUNICATION
IBS
 NIGCOMSAT-1 ANTENNA

ASSIGNMENT
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FULL MOTION
ANTENNA
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMITED MOTION
ANTENNA
DEFINE POLARIZATION AND MENTION THE TYPES YOU KNOW
EXPLAIN CROSS POLARIZATION
DIFFENTIATE BETWEEN MAIN AND SUB-REFLECTORS
WHAT IS ANTENNA SIDE-LOBE
THANK YOU