EET301 2016 Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Basic Principle of
Power System
1
Introduction
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our

most widely used forms of energy.
Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a
primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water
wheels to perform work.
Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago,
houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in
iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or
coal-burning stoves.
2
Introduction
Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a

kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of
electricity gradually became understood.
The greatest experiments
How the experiment worked ? When a storm cloud passed

over Franklin's kite the negative charges in the cloud
leaked onto his kite, his kite string, his key, and a Leyden
jar attached to the key by a thin metal wire. Franklin
however, was unaffected by the negative charges because
he was holding a dry silk string which insulated him from
the charges on the key. When Franklin reached out his
knuckle to touch the key he received a shock, because the
negative charges in the key were so strongly attracted to
the positive charges in his body that a spark jumped from
the key to his hand. Franklin's experiment successfully
showed that lightning was actually static electricity.
3
Introduction
Electricity is always energy produced by converting some

other form of energy (heat, mechanical motion, solar
light, moving wind, tidal, geothermal, nuclear reaction,
etc) into electric power.
4
Introduction
Electricity has 2 advantages over other forms of energy

that have led to its wide popularity.
Flexible: it can be transformed into heat, light,
mechanical motion, radio signals, television images, and
stereo sound.
Controllable: it can be turned on and off in a millionth

of a second, and metered out precisely, from an amount
so little that it would hardly move one grain of sand a
tenth of a millimeter, to quantities that can power entire
nations.
EET301/4 Power System

5
Engineering 2013/2014 Semester I
Introduction
Demand of electric power will every year progressively

increase.
For example in Malaysia, the maximum demand of the
grid system in Peninsular Malaysia increased by 5.8%
from 14,245 MW in the year 2009 to 15,072 MW
recorded on 2010.
The installed generation capacity are remain on 21,817
MW in the year 2009 to 2010 because there have no
additional generation at the duration.

6
Introduction
Maximum Demands and Installed Generation Capacity

in Peninsular Malaysia in the Year 2006 to 2010

7
Introduction

in Sarawak in the Year 2006 to 2010

8
Introduction

in Sabah in the Year 2006 to 2010

9
Review of Electrical System Concepts
Electrical engineers job responsibilities could

be divided into four categories:
The production of electrical energy
The transmission of electrical energy
The application of electrical energy
The control of electrical energy

10
Review of Electrical System Concepts
Four constituent parts of a basic electrical system

1. The Source
To provide the energy for the electrical system
2. The Transmission System
To transfer the energy from the source to the load such as
cables or wires as the transmission line
3. The Control Apparatus
To control the energy that provided by the source
Simplest example is switch, to permits or interrupts the
energy to flow
4. The Load
To utilize the electrical energy supplied by the source
Consume energy

11
System Voltages
Voltages Level in Electrical Power System
Voltage Level
120/240 V up to 1kV Low
up to 69kV Medium
up to 230 kV High
up to 765kV Extra High

12
System Voltages
Supply standards variation between continents by two general

standards have emerged as the dominant ones:
In Europe In North America
IEC governs supply IEEE/ANSI governs
standard supply standards
The frequency 50Hz The frequency 60Hz
LV voltage is LV voltage is 110/190
230/400V
Source: Practical Power Distribution for Industry , De Kock,J .
IDC Technologies 2004

13
System Voltages
The most-common LV supplies are within the range 120 V

single phase to 240/415 V 3-phase 4-wires.
Voltage of local LV network an their associated circuit
diagrams

14
System Voltages
Voltage of local LV network an their associated circuit

diagrams

15
General Layout of Power System

16
General Layout of the System
One line diagram

17
Large Generation Stations Overview Of The Electricity Infrastructure
Bulk Transmission 275 - 500 kV
Sub transmission 132kV
Primary Distribution 11 33 kV
Secondary Distribution 240/415 V

18
North American versus European distribution layouts.
North American Layout European Layout

19
Symbol for Representing The Components
of a Three-phase Power System

20
Per-Unit Method
The per-unit (p.u.) system is a widely system of

normalization. Being familiar with it is essential to
functioning in the world of electric power engineering.
What is per-unit
The per-unit system is a way to transform the numerical
quantities (voltages, currents, powers, and impedances) to gain
certain advantages while maintaining the basic relations between
them (Ohms laws).
The per unit system is very similar to the percent system, except
that when percentage quantities are to be multiplied or divided
additional factors of 100 must be brought in which are not in the
original equations.

21
Per-Unit Method
Some Of Advantages Of Per-unit System

It gives A clear idea of relative magnitudes of various
quantities such as voltage, current, power and
impedance.
The per unit impedance of equipment of the same
general type based on their own rating of the
equipment. Whereas their impedance in ohms vary
greatly with the rating.
The factors of 3 and 3 are eliminated in the per unit
system thus the circuit laws are valid in per unit
systems.

22
Per-Unit Method
Some Of Advantages Of Per-unit System

The per unit value of impedance, voltage and current
of a transformer are the same regardless of whether
they are referred to the primary or the secondary side.
This is greatly advantage since the different voltage
level disappear and the entire system reduces to a
system of simple impedance.
The per unit systems are ideal for the computerized
analysis and simulation of complex power system
problem.

23
Per-Unit Method
The basic per-unit scaling equation is
S, V , I and Z are expressed as a fraction of the actual or

base value
S V I Z
S p.u . V p.u . I p.u . Z p.u .
Sbase Vbase I base Z base

24
Per-Unit Method
Calculation for Single Phase Systems

If Sbase and Vbase are the selected base quantities of
power (complex, active or reactive) and voltage, then
Base current Sbase

I base
Vbase
2
Base Impedance Vbase Vbase
Z base
I base Sbase

25
Per-Unit Method
Calculation for Single Phase Systems

The extension to other related variables is routine. For
example,
P Q
S pu Ppu jQ pu Ppu Q pu
S base S base
In case of impedance,
R X
Z pu R pu jX pu R pu X pu
Z base Z base

26
Per-Unit Method
Calculations for Three Phase Systems

In three phase systems, the line to line voltage (LL)
and the total power are more important than the per
phase quantities. It is thus usual to express base
quantities in terms of these.
If Sbase3 and VbaseLL are the three phase base power and
line to line voltage respectively,
Base current S base S base 3
I base
Vbase 3VbaseLL
Base Impedance 2
Vbase 2
VbaseLL
Z base
S base S base 3
27
Per-Unit Method

Thus in three phase, the calculations of per unit
quantities becomes
S old Vold
S pu V pu
S base 3 VbaseLL
3VbaseLL S base 3
I pu I Z pu Z old 2
S base 3
VbaseLL

28
Per-Unit Method

P and Q have the same base as S, so that
P Q
Ppu Q pu
S base 3 S base 3
Similarly, R and X have the same base as Z, so that
S base 3 S base 3
R pu R 2
X pu X 2

V
baseLL V
baseLL
The power factor remains unchanged in per unit.

29
Per-Unit Method
Conversions From One Base To Another

It is usual to give data in per unit to its own rating.
As different components can have different ratings, it
is necessary to convert all quantities to a common
base to do arithmetic operations.
Additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions
will give meaningful results only if they are to the
same base. This can be done for three phase systems
as follows.

30
Per-Unit Method
Conversions From One Base To Another

The conversion from one base to another can be done for
three phase systems as follows
S base 3 ( old )
Ppu ( new) S pu ( old )
S
base 3 ( new)
VbaseLL ( old )
V pu ( new) V pu ( old )
V
baseLL ( new )
2
VbaseLL ( old ) S base 3 ( new)
Z pu ( new) Z pu ( old )
VbaseLL ( new) S base 3 ( old )
31
Per-Unit Method
Per Unit Quantities Across Transformer

Although the power rating on either side of a
transformer remains the same, the voltage rating
changes, and so does the base voltage across a
transformer
This is like saying that full or100% (or 1 pu) voltage

on the primary of a 220/33 kV transformer corresponds
to 220 kV while on the secondary it corresponds to 33
kV.

32
Per-Unit Method
Per Unit Quantities Across Transformer

Consider a single phase transformer in which the total
series impedance of the two windings referred to the
primary is Z1
The per unit impedance
Z1
Z p.u .
V1
I1
Where I1 and V1 are the base values of the primary

circuit

33
Per-Unit Method
The ohmic impedance referred to the secondary is

and this p.u. notation is
Z 2 Z1 N 2
Z1 N 2
Z p .u .
V2
I2
Z1 () 1:N
V1 V2

34
Per-Unit Method
V2 and I2 is the base voltage and current of the

secondary circuit.
if they are related to the base voltage and current of
the primary by the turns ratio of the transformer, then
I1 1 Z1 I 1
Z p.u . Z1 N 2

N V1 N V1
Z (p.u.)
V2 (p.u.)
V1 (p.u.)
35
Per-Unit Method
Example 1
Figure 1 (a) Circuit with elements in SI units.
Figure 1 (b) Circuit with elements in per-unit.
Figure 1

36
Per-Unit Method
Example 1
(a) Solve for Z, I, and S at Port ab in Figure 1 (a)

(b) Repeat (a) in per-unit on bases of Vbase=100 V and
Sbase=1000 V. Draw the corresponding per unit circuit.

37
Per-Unit Method
Example 1 Solution
(a) Solution for Z, I, and S at Port ab in Figure 1 (a)
Z ab 8 j12 j 6 8 j 6 1036.9
Vab 1000
I 10 36.9 A
Z ab 1036.9
S VI (1000)(10 36.9)
100036.9 800 j 600VA
P 800W Q 600 var

38
Per-Unit Method
Example 1 Solution
(b) Answer in per-unit on bases of Vbase=100 V and
Sbase=1000 V
2
Vbase (100) 2
Z base 10
Sbase 1000
Sbase 1000
I base 10 A
Vbase 100
1000
V pu 10 p.u.
100

39
Per-Unit Method
Example 1 Solution
(b) Answer in per-unit on bases of VB=100 V and SB=1000 V
8 j12 j 6
Z pu 0.8 j 0.6 pu 1.036.9 pu
10
V pu 10
I pu 1 36.9 pu
Z pu 136.9

S pu V pu I pu (10)(1 36.9) 136.9 pu
0.8 j 0.6 pu

40
Per-Unit Method
Example 1 Solution
(b) Converting result in (b) into SI unit
I ( I pu ) I base (1 36.9)(10) 10 36.9A

Z ( Z pu ) Z base (0.8 j 0.6)(10) 8 j 6
S ( S pu ) Sbase (0.8 j 0.6)(1000) 800 j 600 VA
It shows that the results of (a) and (b) are identical.

41
Per-Unit Method
Example 2
A 200 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a reactance of 0.85 p.u.
and is generating 1.15 p.u. voltage.
Determine:-
(a) the actual values of the line voltage, phase voltage
and reactance, and
(b) the corresponding quantities to a new base of
500 MVA, 13.5 kV.

42
Per-Unit Method
Example 2 Solution
(a)
Line voltage p.u. voltage base line voltage
1.15 13.8kV
15.87kV
Phase voltage p.u. voltage base phase voltage
13.8kV
1.15
3
9.16kV
Reactance p.u. reactance
base line voltage
2
0.85
13.8kV
2
200 MVA
0.809 43
Per-Unit Method
Example 2 Solution
VbaseLL old
(b) Line voltage pu (new) V p.u .LL ( old )
VbaseLL new
13.8kV
1.15
13.5kV
1.176 p.u.
Vbase old
Phase voltage pu (new) V p.u.LL ( old )
Vbase new
13.8kV
1.15 3
13.5kV
3
1.176 p.u.
44
Per-Unit Method
Example 2 Solution
2
VbaseLL old Sbase new
Reactance pu (new) X p.u .( old )
V S
baseLL new base old
2
13.8kV 500MVA
0.85
13.5kV 200 MVA
2.22 p.u.

45
Per-Unit Method
Example 3
Three zone of a single-phase circuit are identified in the Figure 3. The
zones are connected by transformer T1 and T2, which ratings are also
shown. Using base values of 30 kVA and 240 V in zone 1, determine the
per unit impedance, the per unit source voltage and draw the single line
diagram of the circuit in per unit. Then calculate the load current in per unit
and in amperes.
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
G
Xline = 2
T1 T2
Vs 2200 V Zload = 0.9 + j0.2
30 kVA 20 kVA
240/480 V 460/115 V
X = j0.10 p.u X = j0.10 p.u 46
Figure 3
Per-Unit Method
Solution
First the base values in each zone are determined. S base = 30 kVA is the
same for the entire network. Also, Vbase1 = 240 V as specified for zone 1.
When moving across a transformer, the voltage base is changed in
proportion to the transformer voltage rating. Thus, the base voltage of
each zone

G
T2 20 kVA
T1 Xline = 2
460/115 kV
X = j0.10 p.u
480 115
Vbase1 240 V Vbase 2 240 480 V Vbase 3 480 120 V
240 460
47
Per-Unit Method
The base impedances in zones 2 and 3 are

2 2
Vbase 480 V
Z base 2 2
7.68
Sbase 30 kVA
2
Vbase 120 V 2
Z base 3 3
0.48
Sbase 30 kVA
And the base current in zone 3 (single phase)

S base 30 kVA
I base 3 250 A
Vbase3 120 V
48
Per-Unit Method
The per unit source voltage

Vs 220
Vs p.u . 0.9167 p.u.
Vbase 1 240
The per-unit reactance of transformer

2 2
Vold Sbase 240 30 kVA
X T 1( p.u .) X T 1( old ) j 0. 1 j 0.1 p.u.
Vbase 2 S old 240 30 kVA
2 2
V S 460 30 kVA
X T 2 ( p.u .) X T 2 ( old ) old base j 0.1 j 0.1378 p.u.
Vbase 3 S old 480 20 kVA
49
Per-Unit Method
The line, which is located in zone 2, has the per unit reactance
X line j2
X line p.u . j 0.2604p.u.
Z base 2 7.68
and, the load, which is located in zone 3 has the per-unit

impedances
Z load 0.9 j 0.2
Z load p.u . 1.875 j 0.4167p.u.
Z base3 0.48
50
Per-Unit Method
The single line diagram of the circuit in per unit
X T1= j0.10 p.u Xline = j0.2604 p.u. X T2= j0.1378 p.u
Iload
Zload = 1.875 + j0.4167 p.u.
Vs p.u. 0.91670 p.u.
51
Per-Unit Method
The per unit load current

Vs p.u.
I load p.u. I s p.u .
X T 1p.u. X line p.u. X T 2 p.u. Z load
0.91670

j 0.1 0.2604 0.1378 1.875 j 0.4167
0.91670

1.875 j 0.9149
0.91670

2.086026.01
0.4395 26.01 p.u.
52
Per-Unit Method
The actual load current
I load I load p.u. I base 3

0.4395 26.01 250 A
109.9 26.01 A
53
Per-Unit Method
Example 4
Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of a three-phase radial
transmission system. The ratings and reactances of the various
components are shown. A load of 50 MW at 0.8 pf lagging is taken
from the 33 kV substation which is to be maintained at 30 kV. The
line and transformers may be represented by series reactances.
Calculate the magnitude of terminal voltage of the synchronous
machine. Choose a power of 100 MVA and base voltage of 11 kV on
the synchronous machine side.
1 2
G T1 T2 load
j100 50 MW
0.8 pf
lagging
11/132 kV 132/33 kV
50 MVA 50 MVA 30 kV
X = j0.10 p.u Figure 4 X = j0.12 p.u 54
Per-Unit Method
Solution
A base of 100 MVA will be used for circuits. The base voltage of
each zone are

1 2
G T1 T2 load
j100
50 MW
0.8 pf
lagging
132 33
Vbase1 = 11 kV Vbase 2 11 132 kV Vbase 3 132 33 kV
11 132
55
Per-Unit Method
base impedance of the transmission line
Z base 2
2
Vbase 2

132 kV
2
174
Sbase 3 100 MVA
Hence, the p.u. reactance of transmission line
Z line , j100
Z line , pu j 0.575 p.u.
Z base 2 174

56
Per-Unit Method
Per-unit reactance of the sending end transformer
100
ZT 1 p.u . j 0 .1 j 0.2 p.u.
50
Per-unit reactance of the receiving end transformer
100
ZT 2 p.u . j 0.12 j 0.24 p.u.
50

57
Per-Unit Method
The load current

Pload 3 50 MW
I load 1203 A
3Vload , LL cos 3 30 kV 0.8
The base current on the zone 3
Sbase 3 100 MVA
I base 3 1750 A
3Vbase , LL 3 33 kV
Hence, the p.u. load current

I load 1203
I load , pu 0.687 p.u.
I base 1750
58
Per-Unit Method
Impedance diagram in per unit

j0.2 p.u. j0.575 p.u. j0.24 p.u.
Ip.u. = 0.687 p.u.
XG
VS VR = 0.91
ES

59
Per-Unit Method
Solution Example 4
The terminal voltage of the synchronous machine
VS I pu Z pu VR
0.687 0.8 j 0.6 j0.2 j0.575 j0.24 0.91 j 0
1.328 j 0.558 p.u.
VS 1.44p.u.
1.44 11 kV
15.84 kV

60

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Chapter 2

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our

Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a

How the experiment worked ? When a storm cloud passed

Electricity is always energy produced by converting some

Electricity has 2 advantages over other forms of energy

Controllable: it can be turned on and off in a millionth

EET301/4 Power System

Demand of electric power will every year progressively

EET301/4 Power System

Maximum Demands and Installed Generation Capacity

EET301/4 Power System

Maximum Demands and Installed Generation Capacity

EET301/4 Power System

Maximum Demands and Installed Generation Capacity

EET301/4 Power System

Electrical engineers job responsibilities could

EET301/4 Power System

Four constituent parts of a basic electrical system

EET301/4 Power System

Voltages Level in Electrical Power System

EET301/4 Power System

Supply standards variation between continents by two general

EET301/4 Power System

The most-common LV supplies are within the range 120 V

EET301/4 Power System

Voltage of local LV network an their associated circuit

EET301/4 Power System

EET301/4 Power System

One line diagram

EET301/4 Power System

Large Generation Stations Overview Of The Electricity Infrastructure

Bulk Transmission 275 - 500 kV

Sub transmission 132kV

Secondary Distribution 240/415 V

EET301/4 Power System

North American versus European distribution layouts.

North American Layout European Layout

EET301/4 Power System

EET301/4 Power System

The per-unit (p.u.) system is a widely system of

EET301/4 Power System

Some Of Advantages Of Per-unit System

EET301/4 Power System

Some Of Advantages Of Per-unit System

EET301/4 Power System

The basic per-unit scaling equation is

S, V , I and Z are expressed as a fraction of the actual or

EET301/4 Power System

Calculation for Single Phase Systems

Base current Sbase

EET301/4 Power System

Calculation for Single Phase Systems

EET301/4 Power System

Calculations for Three Phase Systems

Calculations for Three Phase Systems

EET301/4 Power System

Calculations for Three Phase Systems

EET301/4 Power System