APPLIED

THERMAL
ENGINEERING
Prof. K. K.SHARMA

Internal combustion
engine

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
a) According to number of stroke
1.

Two stroke engine

2.

Four stroke engine

b) According to cycle of combustion

1.

Otto cycle engine

2.

Diesel cycle engine

3.

Dual cycle engine

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
c) According to fuel used
1. Petrol engine
2. Gas engine
3. Diesel engine
d) According to method of ignition
1. S.I. engine
2. C.I. engine

Classification of I.C. engine

e) According cooling system
1. Air cooled engine

2.Water cooled engine

Classification of i.C. Engine

f) According to speed of engine
1. Low speed engine
2. Medium speed engine
3. High speed engine

Classification of I.C. engine

g) According to arrangement of cylinder

1. Horizontal engine

3. V-type engine

2. Vertical engine

4. Radial engine

Classification of I.C. engine

h) According to number of cylinder
1.

Single cylinder engine

2. Multicylinder engine

Classification of I.C. engine

I) According to their use
1. Stationary
2. Marine

engine

engine

3. Automobile
4. Aero

engine

engine

CONSTRUCTION OF I.C.
ENGINE

A. Parts common to both Petrol and Diesel

engine:
1.Cylinder,
3. Piston,

2.Cylinder head,
4.Piston rings,

5.Gudgeon pin,
7.Crankshaft,
9.Engine bearing,
11.Flywheel,

6.Connecting rod,
8.Crank,
10.Crank case.
12.Governor,

13. Valves and valve operating mechanism.

B. Parts for Petrol engines only:

1. Spark plug,
2. Carburetor,
C. Parts for Diesel engine only :
1. Fuel pump,
2. Injector.

PARTS OF
I.C.
ENGINE
Cylinder

Piston

Cylinder
It

is heart of the engine, in which the piston

reciprocates (moves to and fro) in order to develop
power. It is made of C.I.

Piston
It is reciprocating member of an I.C. engine.
Main function is to transmit the force exerted by the
burning of charge to the connecting rod. The piston
are generally made of aluminum alloys which are light
in weight.

PARTS OF I.C. ENGINE

Piston
Ring

Piston

Piston Ring

Generally, there are two sets of rings mounted for the

piston.
The function of the upper rings is to provide air tight
seal to prevent leakage of the burnt gases into the
lower portion.
Similarly, the function of the lower rings is to provide
effective seal to prevent leakage of the oil into the
engine cylinder

Fuel
Injector
Cylinder
Head

Cylinder
Head

Head

It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, while

other end is open to crank case.

The cylinder head contains inlet and exit

valves for admitting fresh charge and
exhausting the burnt gases

Connecting Rod

Gudgeon
Pin

Connecting
Rod

CrankShaft

Connecting Rod

It is a link between the

piston and crankshaft.

whose main function is

to transmit force from
the piston to the
crankshaft.

Moreover, it converts
reciprocating motion of
the piston into circular
motion of the crankshaft.

Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon pin is used to connect piston and

connecting rod

Crank & Crank Shaft

Crank-Shaft

Crank shaft

It is considered as the backbone of an I.C.

engine.
The power developed by the engine is
transmitted outside by this shaft.

Valves

Inlet valve
Exhaust valve

Valves Inlet valve

Inlet Cam
& Valve

Exhaust valve

Exhaust Cam
& Valve

Spring

Inlet
Passage

Exhaust
Passage

Valves

Two types of valves are

used in I.C engine :1) Inlet valve :This valve is used to admit
charge into cylinders.
2) Outlet valve :This valve is used to
remove exhaust gases from
the cylinder.

Flywheel

CrankShaft

Flywheel

It is a big wheel, mounted on the crankshaft.

It is done by storing excess energy during power
stroke, which is returned during other stroke.

PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY

Carburetor

Carburetor

Main function of carburetor is to supply limited

quantity of fuel to engine

Spark
PARTS
FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY
plug

plug
It

is provided on
petrol engine.
Main function is
ignite
air
fuel
mixture
by
producing spark at
the
end
of
compression stroke

PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY

Fuel Injector

Nozzle tip with

several small
holes for fuel
spray

Fuel Injector
It

is provided on Diesel
Engine.

Its

function is to inject
diesel at the end of
compression stroke at
very high pressure

PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY

Fuel Pump
It
It

is used in diesel engine

forces the fuel at high pressure

through

fuel

injector

in

to

the

cylinder at the end of compression

stroke.

I . C. engine
terminology

1.Bore

The inside
diameter of the
cylinder is called
bore.

2. Top dead centre (TDC)

The top most
position

of

piston

towards the cylinder

head is called top
dead centre.

3. Bottom dead centre (BDC)

The
Lowest
position

of

piston

towards the crank case

is called bottom dead
centre.

4. Stroke
The maximum
distance travel by
the piston during
its motion from
TDC to BDC is
called stroke.

5. Clearance Volume
The

volume
contained in the
cylinder above the
top of the piston,
when the piston is at
top dead centre, is
called the clearance
volume.

Four Stroke petrol Engine

(S.I. Engine)
The four strokes of a internal combustion engine are:
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

Each stroke = 180 of

crankshaft revolution.
Each

cycle

requires

two

revolutions of the crankshaft (720

rotation),

and one revolution of

the camshaft to complete (360
rotation).

Intake Stroke

First Stroke

The piston moves down the

cylinder from TDC (Top Dead
Center) to BDC (Bottom Dead
Center).
This movement of piston causes
low air pressure in the cylinder
(vacuum)
Mixture of Air and Fuel in the
ratio of 14.7 : 1 (air : fuel) is drawn
into the cylinder.
Intake valve stays open and the
Exhaust valve stays closed during
this stroke.

Compression stroke

Second stroke

The piston moves from BDC to TDC

Intake and exhaust valves stay closed
Air and fuel mixture is compressed
8:1 to 12:1
The pressure in the cylinder is raised

Power stroke

Third stroke

At the end of compression

stroke the sparkplug fires, igniting
the air/fuel mixture.
Both the valves stay closed
in this stroke.
The expanding gases from
the combustion in the cylinder
(with no escape) push the piston
down.
The piston travels from TDC
to BDC.

Exhaust stroke
Fourth and last stroke
The
momentum
created by the Counterweights on the crank shaft,
move the piston from BDC
to TDC.
The
exhaust
valve
opens and the burned gases
escape into the exhaust
system.
Intake valve remains closed.

Four strokes
All four strokes :-

1.Suction
2.Compression
3.Power
4.Exhaust

Four Stroke Diesel Engine

(C.I. Engine)
The only difference
between diesel engine and a
four-stroke gasoline engine
is:
No sparkplug on Diesel
engine.
Has a higher compression
ratio(14:1 to 25:1)
Better fuel mileage.

Diesel Engine
Intake Stroke:
Piston moves from
TDC to BDC creating
vacuum in the cylinder
Intake valve opens
allowing only air to enter
the cylinder and exhaust
valve remains closed

Diesel Engine

Compression Stroke

Both valves stay closed

Piston moves from
BDC to TDC , compressing
air to 22:1
Compressing the air
to this extent increases the
temperature inside the
cylinder to above 1000
degree F.

Diesel Engine

Power Stroke

Both valves stay closed

When the piston is at the
end of compression stroke(TDC)
the injector sprays a mist of
diesel fuel into the cylinder.
When hot air mixes with
diesel fuel an explosion takes
place in the cylinder.
Expanding gases push the
piston from TDC to BDC

Diesel Engine
Exhaust Stroke
Piston moves from
BDC to TDC
Exhaust
valve
opens and the exhaust
gases escape
Intake valve remains
closed

Diesel Engine Operation

Stroke 1
(intake)
only air
enters
cylinder.
Stroke 2
(compression
) air is
compressed to
high extent,
raising its
temperature.

Stroke 3
(power)
diesel is
injected, high
air
temperature
ignites diesel.

Stroke 4
(exhaust)
burnt gases are
expelled from
the engine.

Diesel Engine

Four Strokes of Diesel Engine

Operation of two-stroke engine

The two stroke engine
employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to
achieve all the elements of
the cycle in only two
strokes of the piston.
360 degrees rotation
of crankshaft completes
the cycle.

Intake &
Compression stroke
Intake:- The fuel/air mixture is
first drawn into the crankcase by
the vacuum created during the
upward stroke of the piston
through the reed valve.

Compression:- The piston then

rises,
driven
by
flywheel
momentum, and compresses the
fuel mixture. (At the same time,
another intake stroke is happening
beneath the piston).

Power & Exhaust/Transfer

Stroke
Power:- At the top of the stroke the
spark plug ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands, driving
the piston downward.

Exhaust/Transfer :- Toward the

end of the stroke, the piston exposes
the intake port, allowing the
compressed fuel/air mixture in the
crankcase to escape around the
piston into the main cylinder. This
expels the exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder.

Operation of Two-stroke

Operation of Two-stroke

Sr.
no.

PETROL ENGINE
(S.I. ENGINE)

DIESEL ENGINE
(C.I. ENGINE)

01

Based on Otto cycle

Based on diesel cycle

02

Petrol used as fuel.

Diesel used as fuel .

03

For ignition Spark plug

is required.

Spark plug is not

required.

04

In these engine, air

fuel mixture is sucked
during suction stroke.

In these engine, only

air is sucked during
suction stroke.

Sr.
no.

PETROL ENGINE
(S.I. ENGINE)

DIESEL ENGINE
(C.I. ENGINE)

05

Compression ratio is low

(about 6 to 12)

Compression ratio is high

(about 14 to 22)

06
07

Light in weight.

Heavier in weight.

08

The operation of these

engine is silent

The operation of these

engine is noisy.

09
10

Initial cost is low.

Initial cost is high.

These engines are used in

light duty vehicle like
motor cycle, scooters,
cars etc.

These engines are used

heavy duty vehicle like
buses, trucks etc.

Due to light in weight threes Due to heavy in weight

engines can rotate at high
threes engines can not
speed.
rotate at high speed

SR.
NO.

TWO STROKE
ENGINE

FOUR STROKE
ENGINE

01

The cycle is completed in

two stroke of piston or
one revolution of crank
shaft.

02

One power stroke is

One power stroke is
obtained in each
obtained in every two
revolution of crank shaft. revolution of crank shaft

03

2- stroke engine have port 4- stroke engine have valve

mechanism.
mechanism.

04

The piston head has

crown shape.

The cycle is completed in

four stroke of piston or
two revolution of crank
shaft.

The piston head is flat.

SR.
NO.

TWO STROKE
ENGINE

FOUR STROKE
ENGINE

05

Engine is lighter.

Engine is heavier.

06

Construction is
simple.

Construction is
complicated.

07

Initial cost is less.

Initial cost is high.

08

Efficiency is low

Efficiency is high.

Two-stroke engines have three

important advantages over four-stroke
engines:

Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which

simplifies their construction and lowers their
weight.
Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution,
while four-stroke engines fire once every other
revolution. This gives two-stroke engines a
significant power boost.
Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation,
which can be important in something like a
chainsaw. A standard four-stroke engine may
have problems with oil flow unless it is upright,
and solving this problem can add complexity to
the engine.

Two Stroke Advantages

These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter,

simpler and less expensive to manufacture.
Two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack
about twice the power into the same space because
there are twice as many power strokes per
revolution.
The combination of light weight and twice the power
gives two-stroke engines a great power-to-weight
ratio compared to many four-stroke engine designs.
You don't normally see two-stroke engines in cars,
however. That's because two-stroke engines have a
couple of significant disadvantages that will make
more sense once we look at how it operates.

You can see that the piston is really

doing three different things in a twostroke engine:

On one side of the piston is the combustion

chamber, where the piston is compressing the
air/fuel mixture and capturing the energy
released by the ignition of the fuel.
On the other side of the piston is the crankcase,
where the piston is creating a vacuum to suck in
air/fuel from the carburetor through the reed
valve and then pressurizing the crankcase so that
air/fuel is forced into the combustion chamber.
Meanwhile, the sides of the piston are acting like
valves, covering and uncovering the intake and
exhaust ports drilled into the side of the cylinder
wall.

Oil Requirements
It's really pretty neat to see the piston
doing so many different things! That's
what makes two-stroke engines so
simple and lightweight.
If you have ever used a two-stroke
engine, you know that you have to mix
special two-stroke oil in with the
gasoline.

Now that you understand the twostroke cycle you can see why.

In a four-stroke engine, the crankcase is completely

separate from the combustion chamber, so you can
fill the crankcase with heavy oil to lubricate the
crankshaft bearings, the bearings on either end of
the piston's connecting rod and the cylinder wall.
In a two-stroke engine, on the other hand, the
crankcase is serving as a pressurization chamber
to force air/fuel into the cylinder, so it can't hold a
thick oil. Instead, you mix oil in with the gas to
lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod and
cylinder walls.
If you forget to mix in the oil, the engine isn't going
to last very long!

Two-Strokes Usage

You can now see that two-stroke

engines have two important
advantages over four-stroke
engines: They are simpler and
lighter, and they produce about
twice as much power. So why do
cars and trucks use four-stroke
engines?

There are four main reasons:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke

engines. The lack of a dedicated lubrication system means that
the parts of a two-stroke engine wear a lot faster.
Two-stroke oil is expensive, and you need about 4 ounces of it
per gallon of gas. You would burn about a gallon of oil every
1,000 miles if you used a two-stroke engine in a car.
Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would
get fewer miles per gallon.
Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution -- so much, in
fact, that it is likely that you won't see them around too much
longer. The pollution comes from two sources. The first is the
combustion of the oil. The oil makes all two-stroke engines
smoky to some extent, and a badly worn two-stroke engine can
emit huge clouds of oily smoke.