The Fundamental of Earth Science: Man 2 Model Pekanbaru

THE FUNDAMENTAL OF
EARTH SCIENCE
Ekrar Winata
MAN 2 MODEL PEKANBARU

1/10/17
INTRODUCTION
Overview of Earth Science
Earth science includes
1. geology, the study of Earth
2. geophysics, the study of Earth using physics
3. oceanography, the study of the ocean
4. meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that
produce weather
5. astronomy, the study of the universe
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INTRODUCTION
Formation of Earth
Most researchers conclude that Earth and the other planets
formed at essentially the same time.

Nebular Hypothesis
The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula.
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INTRODUCTION
Formation of Earth
Nebular Hypothesis
The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula.
The nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
About 5 billion years ago, the nebula began to contract.
It assumed a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre-Sun) at the center.
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INTRODUCTION
Formation of Earth
Nebular Hypothesis
Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps.
Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices.
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INTRODUCTION
Formation of Earth
Layers Form on Earth
As Earth formed, the decay of radioactive elements and heat from high-velocity
impacts caused the temperature to increase.

Lighter rocky components floated outward, toward the surface.
Gaseous material escaped from Earths interior to produce the primitive atmosphere.
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A VIEW OF EARTH
Earth's Major Spheres
Hydrosphere
Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere.
Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface
Holds about 97% of Earth's water
Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found
underground
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A VIEW OF EARTH
Atmosphere
Thin, tenuous blanket of air
One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)
Biosphere
Includes all life.
Concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean
floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere

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A VIEW OF EARTH
Geosphere
Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and
core
Crustthe thin, rocky outer layer of Earth.
Mantlethe 2890-kilometer-thick layer of
Earth located below the crust.

Corethe innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.
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INTRODUCTION
The
historical of earth
The Earth is a dynamic planet
Its surface is constantly being altered by endogenic processes (Both
Internal: resulting in volcanism and tectonism and external: erosion and

deposition)
Besides that, we have Tectonic forces cause mountains to rise at similar
uplift rates mm
On a larger scale the continents move relative to each other at speeds of
up to several cm
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10
INTRODUCTION
Continental Drift
The displacement
hypothesis of continental
movements
In 1912 Wegener
suggested that all of the

continents were together in
the Late Paleozoic
He coined the name
Pangaea for the land

area of the Earth formed,
while he also named
Panthalassa for single ocean
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11
INTRODUCTION
Earth structure
Early in the twentieth
century it became evident

from the study of seismic
waves that the interior of
the Earth has a radially
layered structure
In 1990 A. Mohorovii,
represents the boundary

between the crust and
mantle
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12
INTRODUCTION
Lithospheric plates
The crust and
uppermost mantle down

to a depth of about 70100
km under deep ocean
basins and 100150 km
under continents are rigid,
forming a hard outer shell
called the lithosphere
Beneath the lithosphere
lies the asthenosphere, It

is about 150 km thick
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13
INTRODUCTION
Sea-floor spreading
Wegener had invoked forces
to drive the continents

related to gravity and the
Earths rotation, but its to
weak to drive the continents
through the resistant basaltic
The important role of
oceanic ridges was first

recognized by H. Hess in 1962
He suggested that new
oceanic crust is generated

from upwelling hot mantle
material at the ridges.
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14
INTRODUCTION
Rates of sea-floor
spreading
Paleomagnetic studies in
the late 1950s and early

1960s of radiometrically dated
continental lavas showed
that the geomagnetic field
has changed polarity
In the late 1950s magnetic
surveys over the oceans

revealed remarkable striped
patterns of alternately
positive and negative
magnetic anomalies over
large areas of oceanic crust
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15
INTRODUCTION
Rates of sea-floor
spreading
In 1963 the English
geophysicists F. J. Vine
and D. H. Matthews and,
independently, the
Canadian geologist L.W.
Morley, formulated a
landmark hypothesis that
explains the origin of the
oceanic magnetic
anomaly patterns
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16
INTRODUCTION
Rates of sea-floor spreading
They said that The
basaltic lava is extruded

in a molten state. When it
solidifies and its
temperature cools below
the Curie temperature of
its magnetic minerals, the
basalt becomes strongly
magnetized in the
direction of the Earths
magnetic field
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17
PLEASE RISE YOUR HAND !!!
1/10/17
18

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THE FUNDAMENTAL OF

MAN 2 MODEL PEKANBARU

formed at essentially the same time.

impacts caused the temperature to increase.

floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere

Earth located below the crust.

Internal: resulting in volcanism and tectonism and external: erosion and

Besides that, we have Tectonic forces cause mountains to rise at similar

On a larger scale the continents move relative to each other at speeds of

suggested that all of the

He coined the name

Pangaea for the land

century it became evident

represents the boundary

uppermost mantle down

Beneath the lithosphere

lies the asthenosphere, It

to drive the continents

The important role of

oceanic ridges was first

He suggested that new

oceanic crust is generated

the late 1950s and early

In the late 1950s magnetic

surveys over the oceans

basaltic lava is extruded

PLEASE RISE YOUR HAND !!!

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