Chi-Square Tests: Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

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CHAPTER 11

CHI-SQUARE TESTS

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Opening Example

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

Definition
The chi-square distribution has only one
parameter called the degrees of freedom. The
shape of a chi-squared distribution curve is skewed
to the right for small df and becomes symmetric for
large df. The entire chi-square distribution curve
lies to the right of the vertical axis. The chi-square
distribution assumes nonnegative values only, and
these are denoted by the symbol 2 (read as chisquare).

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.1 Three chi-square


distribution curves.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-1

Find the value of for 7 degrees of


freedom and an area of .10 in the right tail
of the chi-square distribution curve.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.1 2 for df = 7 and .10 Area in


the Right Tail

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-2

Find the value of for 12 degrees of


freedom and an area of .05 in the left tail of
the chi-square distribution curve.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-2: Solution

Area in the right tail


= 1 Area in the left tail
= 1 .05 = .95

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.2 2 for df = 12 and .95 Area


in the Right
Tail

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.3

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST

Definition
An experiment with the following characteristics is
called a multinomial experiment.

1.

It consists of n identical trials (repetitions).

Each trial results in one of k possible outcomes (or


categories), where k > 2.
3. The trials are independent.
4. The probabilities of the various outcomes remain
constant for each trial.
2.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST

Definition
The frequencies obtained from the performance of
an experiment are called the observed
frequencies and are denoted by O. The expected
frequencies, denoted by E, are the frequencies
that we expect to obtain if the null hypothesis is
true. The expected frequency for a category is
obtained as
E = np
where n is the sample size and p is the probability
that an element belongs to that category if the null
hypothesis is true.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST

Degrees of Freedom for a Goodness-of-Fit


Test
In a goodness-of-fit test, the degrees of
freedom are
df = k 1
where k denotes the number of possible
outcomes (or categories) for the
experiment.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Test Statistic for a Goodness-of-Fit


Test

The test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test is 2


and its value is calculated as
2
(
O

E
)
2
E

where
O = observed frequency for a category
E = expected frequency for a category = np
Remember that a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is
always right-tailed.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3

A bank has an ATM installed inside the bank, and


it is available to its customers only from 7 AM to 6
PM Monday through Friday. The manager of the
bank wanted to investigate if the percentage of
transactions made on this ATM is the same for
each of the 5 days (Monday through Friday) of the
week. She randomly selected one week and
counted the number of transactions made on this
ATM on each of the 5 days during this week. The
information she obtained is given in the following
table, where the number of users represents the
number of transactions on this ATM on these days.
For convenience, we will refer to these
transactions as people or users.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3

At the 1% level of significance, can we reject the


null hypothesis that the number of people who
use this ATM each of the 5 days of the week is the
same? Assume that this week is typical of all
weeks in regard to the use of this ATM.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 1:
H0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = .20

H1 : At least two of the five proportions are


not equal to .20

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 2:
There are 5 categories

5 days on which the ATM is used


Multinomial experiment

We use the chi-square distribution to make


this test.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 3:
Area in the right tail = = .01
k = number of categories = 5
df = k 1 = 5 1 = 4
The critical value of 2 = 13.277

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.4

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.3 Calculating the Value of the


Test Statistic

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 4:
All the required calculations to find the
value of the test statistic 2 are shown in
Table 11.3.

(O E )

23.184
E
2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 23.184 is
larger than the critical value of 2 = 13.277

It falls in the rejection region

Hence, we reject the null hypothesis


We state that the number of persons who
use this ATM is not the same for the 5 days
of the week.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4

In a July 23, 2009, Harris Interactive Poll, 1015


advertisers were asked about their opinions of
Twitter. The percentage distribution of their
responses is shown in the following table.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4
Assume that these percentage hold true for the
2009 population of advertisers. Recently 800
randomly selected advertisers were asked the
same question. The following table lists the
number of advertisers in this sample who gave
each response.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4
Test at the 2.5% level of significance whether the
current distribution of opinions is different from
that for 2009.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4: Solution


Step 1:
H0 : The
opinions
H1 : The
opinions

current percentage distribution of


is the same as for 2009.
current percentage distribution of
is different from that for 2009.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4: Solution


Step 2:
There are 4 categories

5 days on opinion
Multinomial experiment

We use the chi-square distribution to make


this test.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4: Solution


Step 3:
Area in the right tail = = .025
k = number of categories = 4
df = k 1 = 4 1 = 3
The critical value of 2 = 9.348

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.5

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.4 Calculating the Value of the


Test Statistic

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-4: Solution


Step 4:
All the required calculations to find the
value of the test statistic 2 are shown in
Table 11.4.

(O E )

6.420
E
2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-3: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 5.420 is
smaller than the critical value of 2 = 9.348

It falls in the nonrejection region

Hence, we fail to reject the null hypothesis


We state that the current percentage
distribution of opinions is the same as for
2009.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Case Study 11-1 What Is Your


Favorite Season?

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

CONTINGENCY TABLES

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A TEST OF INDEPENDENCE OR
HOMOGENEITY
A Test of Independence
A Test of Homogeneity

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A Test of Independence

Definition
A test of independence involves a test of the
null hypothesis that two attributes of a
population are not related. The degrees of
freedom for a test of independence are
df = (R 1)(C 1)
Where R and C are the number of rows and
the number of columns, respectively, in the
given contingency table.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A Test of Independence

Test Statistic for a Test of Independence


The value of the test statistic 2 for a test
of independence is calculated as
2
(
O

E
)
2
E

where O and E are the observed and


expected frequencies, respectively, for a
cell.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-5

Violence and lack of discipline have become


major problems in schools in the United
States. A random sample of 300 adults was
selected, and these adults were asked if
they favor giving more freedom to
schoolteachers to punish students for
violence and lack of discipline. The two-way
classification of the responses of these
adults is represented in the following table.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-5

Calculate the expected frequencies for


this table, assuming that the two
attributes, gender and opinions on the
issue, are independent.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-5: Solution


Table 11.6 Observed Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Expected Frequencies for a Test


of Independence

The expected frequency E for a cell is


calculated as

(Row total)(Column total)


E
sample size

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-5: Solution


Table 11.7 Observed and Expected Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-6

Reconsider the two-way classification table given in


Example 11-5. In that example, a random sample
of 300 adults was selected, and they were asked if
they favor giving more freedom to schoolteachers
to punish students for violence and lack of
discipline. Based on the results of the survey, a
two-way classification table was prepared and
presented in Example 11-5. Does the sample
provide sufficient information to conclude that the
two attributes, gender and opinions of adults, are
dependent? Use a 1% significance level.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-6: Solution


Step 1:
H0: Gender and opinions of adults are
independent
H1: Gender and opinions of adults are
dependent

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-6: Solution

Step 2: We use the chi-square distribution


to make a test of independence for a
contingency table.

Step 3:
= .01
df = (R 1)(C 1) = (2 1)(3 1) = 2
The critical value of 2 = 9.210

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.6

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.8 Observed and Expected


Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-6: Solution


Step 4:
2
(
O

E
)
2
E

93 105.00
105.00

70 59.50

59.50

12 10.50

10.50

87 75.00
32 42.50
6 7.50

75.00
42.50
7.50
1.371 1.853 .214 1.920 2.594 .300 8.252
2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-6: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 8.252

It is less than the critical value of 2 = 9.210


It falls in the nonrejection region

Hence, we fail to reject the null hypothesis


We state that there is not enough evidence
from the sample to conclude that the two
characteristics, gender and opinions of
adults, are dependent for this issue.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-7

A researcher wanted to study the relationship


between gender and owning cell phones. She took
a sample of 2000 adults and obtained the
information given in the following table.

At the 5% level of significance, can you conclude


that gender and owning cell phones are related for
all adults?
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-7: Solution


Step 1:
H0: Gender and owning a cell phone are
not related
H1: Gender and owning a cell phone are
related

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-7: Solution


Step 2:
We are performing a test of independence
We use the chi-square distribution

Step 3:
= .05.
df = (R 1)(C 1) = (2 1)(2 1) = 1
The critical value of 2 = 3.841

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.7

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Table 11.9 Observed and Expected


Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-7: Solution


Step 4:
2
(
O

E
)
2
E

640 588.60

450 501.40

588.60

501.40

440 491.40

470 418.60

491.40
481.60
4.489 5.269 5.376 6.311 21.445
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-7: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 21.445

It is larger than the critical value of 2 = 3.841


It falls in the rejection region

Hence, we reject the null hypothesis

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

A Test of Homogeneity

Definition
A test of homogeneity involves testing the
null hypothesis that the proportions of
elements with certain characteristics in two
or more different populations are the same
against the alternative hypothesis that these
proportions are not the same.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8

Consider the data on income distributions


for households in California and Wisconsin
given in Table 11.10. Using the 2.5%
significance level, test the null hypothesis
that the distribution of households with
regard to income levels is similar
(homogeneous) for the two states.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8

Table 11.10 Observed Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8: Solution


Step 1:
H0: The proportions of households that
belong to different income groups are the
same in both states
H1: The proportions of households that
belong to different income groups are not the
same in both states

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8: Solution

Step 2: We use the chi-square distribution


to make a homogeneity test.

Step 3:
= .025
df = (R 1)(C 1) = (3 1)(2 1) = 2
The critical value of 2 = 7.378

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.8

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


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Table 11.11 Observed and Expected


Frequencies

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8: Solution


Step 4:
2
(
O

E
)
2
E

70 65
34 39
80 75

65
39
75
2

40 45
100 110
76 66

45
110
66
.385 .641 .333 .566 .909 1.515 4.339
2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-8: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 4.339

It is less than the critical value of 2


It falls in the nonrejection region

Hence, we fail to reject the null hypothesis


We state that the distribution of households
with regard to income appears to be similar
(homogeneous) in California and Wisconsin.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

INFERENCES ABOUT THE


POPULATION VARIANCE
Estimation of the Population Variance
Hypothesis Tests About the Population
Variance

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

INFERENCES ABOUT THE


POPULATION VARIANCE

Sampling Distribution of (n 1)s2 / 2


If the population from which the sample is
selected is (approximately) normally
distributed, then

(n 1)s 2
2

has a chi-square distribution with n 1


degrees of freedom.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Estimation of the Population Variance

Confidence interval for the


population variance 2
Assuming that the population from which
the sample is selected is (approximately)
normally distributed, we obtain the (1
)100% confidence interval for the
population variance 2 as

(n 1)s
2 / 2

to

(n 1)s
12 / 2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Estimation of the Population Variance

and 1 / 2 are obtained from the

where
chi-square distribution for /2 and 1- /2
areas in the right tail of the chi-square
distribution curve, respectively, and for n1 degrees of freedom. The confidence
interval for the population standard
deviation can be obtained by simply
taking the positive square roots of the
two limits of the confidence interval for
the population variance.
2
/2

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-9

One type of cookie manufactured by Haddad


Food Company is Cocoa Cookies. The
machine that fills packages of these cookies
is set up in such a way that the average net
weight of these packages is 32 ounces with a
variance of .015 square ounce. From time to
time the quality control inspector at the
company selects a sample of a few such
packages, calculates the variance of the net
weights of these packages, and construct a
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-9

95% confidence interval for the population


variance. If either both or one of the two
limits of this confidence interval is not the
interval .008 to .030, the machine is
stopped and adjusted. A recently taken
random sample of 25 packages from the
production line gave a sample variance of
.029 square ounce. Based on this sample
information, do you think the machine
needs an adjustment? Assume that the
net weights of cookies in all packages are
normally distributed.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-9: Solution

Step 1:
n = 25 and s2 = .029
Step 2:
= 1 - .95 = .05
/2 = .05/2 = .025
1 /2 = 1 .025 = .975
df = n 1 = 25 1 = 24
2 for 24 df and .025 area in the right tail = 39.364
2 for 24 df and .975 area in the right tail = 12.401
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.9

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-9: Solution


Step 3:

(n 1)s
2 / 2

(25 1)(.029)
39.364
.0177

to

(n 1)s
12 / 2

(25 1)(.029)
to
12.401
to .0561

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-9: Solution

Thus, with 95% confidence, we can state


that the variance for all packages of Cocoa
Cookies lies between .0177 and .0561
square ounce.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Hypothesis Tests About the Population


Variance

Test statistic for a Test of Hypothesis


About 2

The value of the test statistic 2 is calculated as

(n 1)s

2

where s2 is the sample variance, 2 is the


hypothesized value of the population variance, and
n 1 represents the degrees of freedom. The
population from which the sample is selected is
assumed to be (approximately) normally
distributed.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10

One type of cookie manufactured by Haddad Food


Company is Cocoa Cookies. The machine that fills
packages of these cookies is set up in such a way
that the average net weight of these packages is
32 ounces with a variance of .015 square ounce.
From time to time the quality control inspector at
the company selects a sample of a few such
packages, calculates the variance of the net
weights of these packages, and makes a test of
hypothesis about the population variance. She
always uses = .01. The acceptable value of the
population variance is .015 square ounce or less.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10

If the conclusion from the test of


hypothesis is that the population variance
is not within the acceptable limit, the
machine is stopped and adjusted. A
recently taken random sample of 25
packages from the production line gave a
sample variance of .029 square ounce.
Based on this sample information, do you
think the machine needs an adjustment?
Assume that the net weights of cookies in
all packages are normally distributed.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10: Solution


Step 1:
H0 :2 .015

The population variance is within the acceptable


limit

H1: 2 >.015

The population variance exceeds the acceptable


limit

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10: Solution

Step 2: We use the chi-square distribution


to test a hypothesis about 2

Step 3:
= .01.
df = n 1 = 25 1 = 24
The critical value of 2 = 42.980

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.10

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10: Solution


Step 4:

(n 1)s
(25 1)(.029)

46.400
2

.015
2

From H0

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-10: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 46.400

It is greater than the critical value of


It falls in the rejection region

Hence, we reject the null hypothesis H0

We conclude that the population variance is


not within the acceptable limit. The
machine should be stopped and adjusted.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-11

The variance of scores on a standardized


mathematics test for all high school seniors was
150 in 2009. A sample of scores for 20 high
school seniors who took this test this year gave a
variance of 170. Test at the 5% significance level if
the variance of current scores of all high school
seniors on this test is different from 150. Assume
that the scores of all high school seniors on this
test are (approximately) normally distributed.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-11: Solution


Step 1:
H0: 2 = 150

The population variance is not different from


150

H1: 2 150

The population variance is different from 150

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-11: Solution

Step 2: We use the chi-square distribution


to test a hypothesis about 2

Step 3:
= .05
Area in the each tail = .025
df = n 1 = 20 1 = 19
The critical values of 2 32.852 and 8.907

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Figure 11.11

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-11: Solution


Step 4:
2
(
n

1)
s
(20 1)(170)
2

21.533
2

150

From H0

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

Example 11-11: Solution


Step 5:
The value of the test statistic 2 = 21.533

It is between the two critical values of 2


It falls in the nonrejection region

Consequently, we fail to reject H0.

We conclude that the population variance of


the current scores of high school seniors on
this standardized mathematics test does
not appear to be different from 150.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved

TI-84

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TI-84

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Minitab

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Excel

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