CCNA Presentation

Ciscos Market Share
CISCO 60%
40%
D-Link
3 Com
Nortel
Cygnus
Etc..
Router is an internetworking
component, that connects networks
which are at different geographical
locations.
Diagram of 2501 series Router

Telephone
modem
Serial 1
Serial 0
V.35 modem
AUI
E0
Console AUX
PC
Interfaces on a Router
1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an

RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin
female connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).
2. Serial
It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased

line
3. BRI/PRI
It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN
4. Async
It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.
5. Console
It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the

Router for the first time.
6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access

administration.
Routers
Modular
Fixed
Modular Routers
These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number
of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.
Fixed Routers
These types of routers have fixed number of ports.
Cisco Routers Series

Cisco 700, 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600,
3600, 4000, 5000, 7000,10000, 12000.
Fixed
700, 800,.2500
Modular
2600,.., 12000
1750 & 1751 exceptionally are Modular Routers.
Ciscos Hierarchical Model
Access Layer
700, , 2500
Distribution Layer
2600, , 5000
Core Layer
7000, , 12000
Transceiver
Internal Components of a Router
Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating

System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and
POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.
FLASH
: It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS
Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.
RAM
: RAM holds running IOS configurations and
provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its
information when router is turned off. The configuration present
in RAM is called Running configuration.
NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds routers
configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever
router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in
NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.
Configuration of a Router
Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE
port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router
with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a
tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the
router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,
POST
BOOT STRAP
FLASH
NVRAM
Setup Mode
ROM (mini IOS)

If IOS is Corrupted
In Setup mode, there will be a message,

Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N] :
If Y then, initial configuration starts.
If N would you like to terminate the auto installation?
Press RETURN to get startedYou will land on the default prompt
of the Router ROUTER >.
Router>_
Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)
2. Privilege or Administrative Mode
3. Global Configuration Mode
4. Interface Configuration Mode
5. Line Configuration Mode
6. Router Mode
7. Sub-Interface Mode
USER MODE
Router> is the user mode, I,e the default prompt. It
means that when ever a router boots successfully it
lands into the user mode. Router cannot be
configured from this mode, but it is used for just
monitoring purpose. Router> en
Router #
PREVILEGE MODE
Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check
whether the settings and configurations made have been
implemented or not. Eg. Router # Sh int e0. If it is new
router all the interfaces are by default shut down, so the
message will be, Ethernet 0 is administratively down,
line protocol is down.
Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode
I,e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just
by entering into the interface mode.
Router# Config t
Router (Config)#
The Clock Command

The clock command is used to set the clock of Router.
Syntax.
Router# clock set hh:mm:ss Day of week Month Year
E.g.
Router#clock set 16:35:00 1 April 2003
Note* This is the only configuration which can be done from
privilege mode,every other configuration should be done at global
configuration mode only.
Some of the important show commands in privilege

mode
Router# sh clock
sh int (interface name eg e0)
Sh history
Sh memory
Sh running-config
Sh startup-config
To save configuration from RAM TO NVRAM
Router#Copy Running-config Startup-config (or)
Router#Write Memory
To configure Hostname (or) Identification of

Router over the network.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Hostname R_2503
Router(config)#^Z
To configure Logging banner.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Banner Motd #
Enter text message.#
Router(config)#^Z
Router Password Configuration

1. Previlege Password
2. Virtual Terminal Password
3. Console Password
4. Auxillary Password
Previlege PASSWORDS
Enable Password
Enable Secret
Enable Password:- It is global command restricts access to

the previlege mode, the password is in clear text.
Router(config)#Enable password 123
Enable Secret:-Here the password is in encrypted form.
Router(config)#Enable secret cisco
Virtual Terminal Password

It establishes a login password on incoming Telnet
sessions.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#Login
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Router(config-line)#^Z
Console Password
It establishes a login password on the console terminal.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line Console 0
Router(config-line)#Password cisco
Auxillary Password
It establishes a login password to remote administration.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line Aux 0
Router(config-line)#Password cisco
CONFIGURING INTERFACES
LAN interface (ETHERNET Port)
WAN interface (SERIAL Port)
ETHERNET
Router(config)#Interface Ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 200.150.1.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#Show Int E0
SERIAL
Router(config)#Interface Serial 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config)#clock rate 56000
Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#No shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
Interpretring The Interface Status

Router# show int s0
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if
the interface is operational.
Serial0 is up, line protocol is down.. This is if
there is any connection problem.
Serial0 is down, line protocol is down.. This is if
there is any interface problem.
Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is
down.. This is if the interface is disabled.
The CDP
Its a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco
Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the
directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol,
that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite
they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDP
is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.
* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only
The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switch
configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg.
Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device
can act as a sourcr route bridge as well as a router),
Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).
CDP (Ciscos Discovery Protocol)
Using CDP
Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices)
Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed
information about this perticular neighbor.)
Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interface
of the local decive.)
Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received,
lost etc.)
To disable CDP.,
Router(config)#no cdp run
Router(config)#int s0
Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image

Using TFTP
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save
your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a
software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that
TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer).
C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP
* Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP
software should execute on that particular computer.
Backup Sources :
1. Through Telnet Session.
2. Through Console Session.
3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)
Backup of IOS Image

Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp
Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)
Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name)
Backup of Configuration
Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp
Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)
Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)
Upgrading IOS Image

Note: This process can only be done by Console Session.
Router#Copy tftp Flash:
Address or name of remote host []?
Source file name []?
Destination file name []?
Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?
Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue?
[confirm]
Erasing device eeeeeeee.eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee
Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!.!!!!!!
Leased line WAN Setup

Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km.
Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35,
Pair of G.703 Modem.
Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.
Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.
Leased line Setup( > 5km)

V.35
modem
V.35 Cable
G.703
G.703
Leased line
V.35
modem
Csu/
Dsu
Mux/
Mux/
Dmux
S0
Dmux
Csu channel service unit
S0
Dsu data service unit
E0
E0
S0 Serial port of router
E0 Ethernet port of a router
Router
Switch/hub
Switch/hub
Internal Network
Internal Network
Leased line Setup (< 5 km)

V.35
modem
V.35 Cable
Leased line
V.35
modem
Csu/
Dsu
S0
E0
Switch/hub
Internal Network
S0
Telephone
Exchange
Router
E0
Switch/hub
Internal Network
Routing
Routing is of three types.

Static
Dynamic and
Default
When the destination is known, static and dynamic

routing is done. For unknown destinations, default
routing is employed.
In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the
protocol. The paths will be changing depending on the
length of the path. Always the shortest path is preferred.
Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored
in the routing table.
Example:
10.0.0.1/8
S0
E 0 192.168.1.150/24
Switch/hub
192.168.1.0/24
Location A
S0
10.0.0.2/8
E 0 192.168.2.150/24
Switch/hub
192.168.2.0/24
Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected
networks).
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8
S0
C indicates connected networks.

Static Routing
Syntax
Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask)
(next hop address)
Location A
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Note* if we dont know the address of next hop, we can just
write the name of the hop.
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0
Location B
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
Router# sh ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8
S0
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

S represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the
administrative distance value and b has no significance in
static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1.
lesser the administrative distance value, higher the
preference.
Tracert, Trace Route and Route

print.
C:\> tracert
C:\> route print

Router# trace route (gives the complete route)
Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)
Default Routing
Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop
address)
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
Router# sh ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8
to S0
S* 0.0.0.0/0
to S0
Dynamic Routing
It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and
IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and
maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router
can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad
casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The
routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.
Classification Of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector
Hybrid Routing
Link State
Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the
direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork.
When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol
changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This
update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP
and IGRP.
Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire
network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is
situated). Eg . OSPF.
Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the

distance vector algorithm.
Functions of a distance vector routing

protocol.
Identification of source of information
Discovering routes
Select the best route
Maintain Route information
Enabling RIP Configuration

Note:
Maximum 6 paths (Default 4).
Hop count metric selects the path
Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds.
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network (network ip)
Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol)
Router# sh ip route
172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1
10.2.2.2
E0
S2 S2
S3
S3
10.1.1.2
10.2.2.3
172.16.1.1
Router rip
Network 172.16.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
E0
192.168.1.1
Router rip
Network 10.0.0.0
Router rip
Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Autonomous Systems
An autonomous system is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within
an autonomous system where as EGP connects different
autonomous systems.
Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible
for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.
We can use any number unless the organization plans
for an EGP.
Configuring IGRP
Syntaxes.
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number
This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.
Router(config-router)#Network network-ip
Selects directly connected networks.
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference
between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.
Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)
Autonomous System 100

172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1
10.2.2.2
E0
S2 S2
S3
S3
10.1.1.2
10.2.2.3
172.16.1.1
Router igrp 100

Network 172.16.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
E0
192.168.1.1
Router igrp 100

Network 10.0.0.0
Router igrp 100

Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
IP Classless Command
Router(config)# ip classless
A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a
directly connected network should be present in the
routing table. If a packet is received with a destination
address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached
network, the router assumes that the subnet does not
exists and drops the packet. This happens even if
routing table has a default route.For the above condition
if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is
received, then the router will match it to the default
route and forword it to the next hop specified by the
default route.
EIGRP
Calculation of Wildcard Mask

WCM = BCM-SNM
1. 192.168.1.0/24
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255. 0
0 . 0 . 0 .255
2. 192.168.1.0/27
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.224
0 . 0 . 0 . 31
3. 192.160.1.10
0.0.0.0
OSPF
OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and
2) Multi Area OSPF.
Area0
S0
S0
Area2
IR
ABR
ABR
Internal Routers
IR
Area1
Area Border Router
OSPF under Single Area
S 0 192.168.1.194/252
Router A
E 0 1.33
192.168.1.32/
255.255.255.224
192.168.1.193/252 S 0
Router B
E 0 1.65
192.168.1.64/
255.255.255.224
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.252
OSPF under Different Areas
Area 0
Area 2
Area 1
192.168.1.0
Router A
Router B
E0
E0
1.50
5.50
192.168.5.0
Configuration of Router A
-------------------------------(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
-------------------------------(Config)# ip routing
Access Control List

It is also called Network Traffic Control
Management (NTCM). We can provide restrictions to
individual users, subnets and services etc.
ACL
Standard ACL
Extended ACL
Any access list is identified by its number.

S. A. L
1 99
Ex. A. L
100 - 199
Rules for creating and implementing

Access List
1. Access list must begin with the Deny Statements (If
exists) then Permit Statements must follow.
2. There must be at least one Permit Statement as an
Implicit Deny All always exists.
3. While Implementation of Access list, There must be
only one Access list per Interface, per direction and
per protocol.
Standard Access List

S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
E 0 1.50
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.2
Syntax
Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src
Src-WCM
Router(config)# Int <name of interface>

Router(Config-if)#Ip Access-Group <Direction>
Configuration Standard Access-list For

Router A
Restricting particular user

(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
or
Access-list 1 permit any
Restricting a Network
(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
(Config)# Access-list 1 permit any
Extended Access List
S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
1.20
(Config)# Access-list 101 deny TCP 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255
192.168.1.20 0.0.0.0 eq FTP
(Config)# Access-list 101 permit IP any any
Implementation
(Config)#int E0
(config-if)# IP Access-group 101 Out
NAT(Network Address Translation)
S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
E 0 1.50
1.4
192.168.1.3
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.2
5.3
5.2
Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter
with mask.
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# access-list 10 permit any
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out
Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.
A Scenario of providing Net access to the IP's of Router B
172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2
Routing
1.50
Router A
5.50
Routing
Switch
Leased line
192.168.1.99
Natting
Router B
5.0
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
((Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload
PPP(Point-to-Point) using PAP protocol
Internet based leased line

S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
(ISDN)
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
(Zoom)
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username zoom password cisco
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username ISP password cisco
PPP(Point-to-Point) using CHAP protocol
Internet based leased line

S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
(ISDN)
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
(Zoom)
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP
DDR(Dial on Demand Routing)

ISP
S 0 172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A
E 0 1.50
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
# Config t
(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3
(Config)# int E 0/1
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int Bri 1/0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# no cdp enable
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int dialer 1
(Config-if)# ip address negotiated
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname unicomin@hd2
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password password
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password

(Config-if)# dialer in-band
(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400
(Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180
(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
((Config)# int bri 1/0
(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# dialer-group 1
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2

(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int Bri 1/0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int dialer 1 overload
Backup Interface for a Leased Line
ISP
S 0 172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2 S 0
Bri 0
CPE/DTE
ISP
E 0 1.50
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
CPE -Customer Premises Equipment

DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end
# Config t
(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3
(Config)# int E 0/1
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# ip address negotiated
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco
(Config-if)# dialer in-band
(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400
(Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180
(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
((Config)# int bri 1/ 0
(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# dialer-group 1
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0
(Config-if)# backup delay 30 60
Frame Relay
Point - to - Point
frame-relay Network
Router A
S 0 172.16.1.1
Dlci 101
E 0 1.50
PVC
Fr-Switch
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
Dlci 102
Fr-Switch
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point
(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102
(or)
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
Point - to - Multi Point
4.0
10.0.0.1
D
1.0
10.0.0.4
10.0.0.2
103
104
102
101
10.0.0.3
2.0
3.0
-------------------------------Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3
(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point
4.0
172.16.1.2
1.0
172.16.1.1
10.0.0.2
103
104
102
10.0.0.1
161.16.1.1
101
10.0.0.3
2.0
3.0
-------------------------------Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103
broadcast
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102
broadcast
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Iso
International organization for standardization
Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model
(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that
Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers
1. Application layer
The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols
@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.
2. Presentation layer
Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present
In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @
This layer are
Compression decompression
Coding decoding
Encryption - decryption
3. Session layer
Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done
By the session layer.
It
1. Establishes a session
2. maintains it &
3. Terminates it b/w the application
4. Transport layer
End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done
By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp
or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.
Services:
Sequencing
Flow ctrl, error detection & correction
Transport layer info + data is called segment.
5. Netwrok layer
Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &
destination address are attached to the data.
Protocols @network layer
Routed protocols
Eg: ip,ipx
routing protocols
eg: rip,igrp,ospf
Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them
Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to
carry the data
At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.
Data link layer

MAC
Media access control
data
LLC
logical link control framing of
Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.
Here layer2 switches are used.
Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.
Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets
DLL info+ packets --> frames
7 physical layer
Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here
Frames are converted to bits (1s & 0s).
The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at
this layer.
I P Addressing
Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme.
32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.
i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s).
(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.
In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.
Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
A
B
C
D
E
0
128
192
224
240
127
191
223
239
255
8-8-8-8
M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO
Through out class A, the MSB 0 is constant in class B the

Msbs are 101 constant through out.
Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for
Multicast network.
E research.
class A
0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice
127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback
127-0-0-1
127-0-0-
127-0-0-
usually reserved for loopback
127-0-0-
127-255-255-254
Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be
1 to 126.
All ip addresses are divided into two.
1.network I.d
2.host I.d
in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e
N-H-H-H..
Class A
N-H-H-H
Class B
N-N-H-H
Class C
N-N-N-H
Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.
Types of ip adresses
IP address
public ip address
private ip address
Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the
Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.
Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses
Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia
Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.
We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice
But it should not be connected to internet.
Range of addresses for private network

Class A
10.0.0.0
to
10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0
to
172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.255
Private ip addresses donot have routing.
To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken
Into smaller networks called subnets.
Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addresses
For a class c address.
192.168.1.0/24
24 shows the network bits
24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to
borrow
Any bits from host position.
=24 network & no host
Default subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are
Switch
An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like
Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5..
Layer 2 switch :
Switch
hub
Layer 2
layer 1
b.w is equal @ all ports
b.w is shared
Identifies source with MAC
cannot identifiy the source
Broad cast occur, till mac table
alwaysbroad cast
Is built
Collision occur when both A&B
Many collisions
Wants to reach D.
1 broad cast domain 4 collision
1 broad cast domain 1 collision
Domains
domain
Switches
Access layer
Distribution layer
Core layer
Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912

Catalyst manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco.
12 port switch
Switch
standard edition
enterprise edition
To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard edition

Will not support VLAN.
For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required.
Functions of switch
1. Adress learning
2. Filter & forwarding
3. Loop avoidance
1. Address learning
Booting
1.blocking state (15 secs)
2.Listening state (15 secs)
3.Learning stage (20 secs)
4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)
The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself
The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address
2. Filter & forwarding :
store & forward
cut through
fragment free
On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any
Of the3 mentioned above.
1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes
Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination
In MAC table and then forward.
2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrives
It looks into MAC table & forward.
3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate

To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a new
Switch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is called
Initial flood or broad cast storm.
STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded
Switch stp is enabled by default.
Parameters to select a switch
1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355)
2. MAC address
Bridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address.
Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root
Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used
For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated ports
Will be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports
one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the
cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port
will be blocked.
The hello packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to inform
that it is working properly are called BPDUS;
(bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive
10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge has
Failed.
20secs max age time
Then a new root bridge is selected.
In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B
Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest paths
For high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port
& the other will be blocked.
ISDN
Integreted services digital network.
It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT.
ISDN
PSTN
Digital
analog
More bandwidth
less
Multiple services like,
Voice,data,video etc.
ISDN
BRI
PRI
(Basic rate interface
2b channels & id chennel)
european standard
north american
standard
30 bchannels
23 bchannels
&
&
id channel
id channel
Bchannel it is a bearer channel for data.

Dchannel it is a delta channel for synchronization
In bri each B channel = 64 kbps
d channel = 16kbps
Max 128 kbps BW in isdn
In PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps.
European 2mbps
North american 1.54 mbps
ISDN will have a voltage of 90-110v
SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link.

Types of ISDN switches
Euro-basic net3
U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standard
U.K-basic net3 & basic net5
France-vn3 & vn4
Ss7 (signalling system7)
Will be configured at the back bone side.
telco
vn3/vn4
France
ss7
basic net3
India
E-series, I-series & Q-series

E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network
I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN
Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN
DDR
Dail on Demand Routing
The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request &
Discounects when no data transfer is taking place.
nat (network address translation
IP NAT inside
IP NAT out side
overload
IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED

To public Ip address sending the request from internal network
To Bri interface is overloading.
When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table.
Nat table:
When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port
Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for other
Services. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.
Configuring a DDR for ISDN

Config#int e0
Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0
Config#ip nat inside
Config#exit
Config-if#int bri 0
Config-if#ip address negotiated
Config-if#encapsulation PPP
Config-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collin
Config-if#PPP chap hostname (username)
Config-if#PPP chap password (password)
Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.)
Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs)
Config-if#dialer group
Config-if#ip nat outside
Config-if#exit
Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamicall

From ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress
Dialer list range 1-10
to configure router as a DHCP server
Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip.
Some ISDN command
Sh int bri0
Sh isdn status
(layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost)
Sh isdn active
Sh isdn history
Sh ip network translaiton

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Ciscos Market Share

Diagram of 2501 series Router

1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an

It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased

It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN

It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.

It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the

6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access

Cisco Routers Series

1750 & 1751 exceptionally are Modular Routers.

Ciscos Hierarchical Model

Internal Components of a Router

Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating

ROM (mini IOS)

In Setup mode, there will be a message,

Working Modes Of a Router

Global Configuration Mode

The Clock Command

Some of the important show commands in privilege

To configure Hostname (or) Identification of

Router Password Configuration

Enable Password:- It is global command restricts access to

Virtual Terminal Password

Interpretring The Interface Status

CDP (Ciscos Discovery Protocol)

Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image

Backup of IOS Image

Upgrading IOS Image

Leased line WAN Setup

Leased line Setup( > 5km)

Leased line Setup (< 5 km)

Routing is of three types.

When the destination is known, static and dynamic

C indicates connected networks.

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

Tracert, Trace Route and Route

C:\> route print

Classification Of Routing Protocols

Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the

Functions of a distance vector routing

Enabling RIP Configuration

Autonomous System 100

Router igrp 100

Router igrp 100

Router igrp 100

Calculation of Wildcard Mask

Area Border Router

OSPF under Single Area

OSPF under Different Areas

Access Control List

Any access list is identified by its number.

Rules for creating and implementing

Standard Access List

Router(config)# Int <name of interface>

Configuration Standard Access-list For

Restricting particular user

Extended Access List

NAT(Network Address Translation)

Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.