Our Expanding Universe

Universe
Presented
by: Evolution
DHRUVofJOSHI,
Affiliation
Structure and
the Universe
Workshop

Location and Date here

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Our Expanding Universe

What is Cosmology?

The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin, evolution, and

destiny
Our universal world view
Our cosmological model

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Our Expanding Universe

Cosmology through the ages

Universe models formed in many cultures

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Our Expanding Universe

Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models

Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology

2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of

Aristotle)
Model: Earth-centered Cosmology
Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos

16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of

Newton)
Model: Sun-centered Cosmology
Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere

20th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein)

Model: Big Bang Cosmology
Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving

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Our Expanding Universe

Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100-170 AD

the natural motion of the Earth .is towards the center of the
universe; that is the reason it is now lying at the center.
Aristotle, On the Heavens
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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Earth-centered model

Prediction: Future planetary positions

Observation: retrograde motion of planets
Refine: epicycles

Success! For 1500 years

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Earth-centered model

Prediction: Phases of Venus
Observation: Full set of phases

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Crisis!

Our Expanding Universe

Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543

At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the

Sun.
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Nicholaus Copernicus, de Revolutionibus

Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Sun-centered model

Prediction: Future planetary positions

Observation: No better than Ptolemy

Refine: elliptical orbits (Johannes Kepler 1571-163

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Sun-centered model

Prediction: Observed shift in position of stars (parallax) as the earth

Moves around the Sun.
Observation: No shift.
Crisis? No, but we had to wait until 1838 (Friedrich Bessel)

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Sun-centered model

Prediction:

Sun at center of Cosmos

Observation:

Sun is not at center of universe (1918)

Observation:

The galaxy is not the entire universe (1923)

Crisis!

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Our Expanding Universe

Big Bang Cosmology: Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

A human being is part of a whole, called by us

universe, a part limited in time and space.

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Prediction:

The universe is expanding

Observation:

Galaxies are moving apart from each other (1929)

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

The spectrum of hydrogen gas is the unique
fingerprint of that element

Hydrogen lamp

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

When we see a repeat of the pattern we
saw in the lab, we know hydrogen is
present

Orion Nebula

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

We see the same repeating pattern of lines in
a galaxy, but displaced to the red

Galaxy UGC 12915

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

The further the galaxy,
the more the shift to the red

Galaxy UGC 12508

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

The greater the red shift,
the faster the galaxy is receding

Galaxy KUG 1750

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

The red shift is caused
by the expansion of space.

Galaxy KUG 1217

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for an expanding universe

The red shift is evidence
for an expanding universe

Galaxy IRAS F09159

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Prediction: If the universe was denser, hotter, in past, we should se

evidence of left-over heat from early universe.

Observation: Left-over heat from the early universe. (Penzias and Wilso

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Prediction: A hot, dense expanding universe, should be
predominantly hydrogen, helium.
Observation: Universe is ~75% hydrogen, ~25% helium by mass

The Sun: 74.5% H, 24% He by mass

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Cecilia Payne

Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Prediction: An expanding universe is evolving over time. If we
look at the early universe, it should appear different.

Observation: Distant galaxies less evolved, physically and chemical

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Observation: 90% of matter is an unknown form: Dark Matter.
Refine: A new and unknown form of matter exists. But its gravity
works the same way, and its presence is needed to explain how
the universe looks.

Vera Rubin

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Our Expanding Universe

Testing the Big Bang model

Observation: Expansion is
accelerating.
Refine: Extra energy content.
A recent discovery and of unknown
origin,the concept of Dark Energy is
actually an integral part of Einsteins
theory of gravity.

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators step 1

A dying star becomes a white dwarf.

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators step 2

The white dwarf strips gas from its stellar companion.

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators step 3

.and uses it to become a hydrogen bomb. Bang!

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators step 4

The explosion is as bright as an entire galaxy of stars.

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Our Expanding Universe

Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators step 5

..and can be seen in galaxies across the universe.

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Our Expanding Universe

Normal Matter
4%
Dark Energy
73%

Dark Matter
23%

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Our Expanding Universe

Conclusions
Big Bang model describes our current
understanding of the universe.
New discoveries, such as dark matter and
accelerating
expansion (Dark Energy), lead us to refine our model,
but there is no crisis in our understanding (yet).
Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to
test
our model through prediction and observation.
The
more tests it passes, the greater is our
confidence in it.
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Our Expanding Universe

The Future of Cosmology: Beyond Einstein

What powered the Big Bang?

What is Dark Energy?

How did the Universe begin?

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Our Expanding Universe

Credits
Colliding galaxies: NASA & the Hubble Heritage
Team (STScI)

Edge-on galaxy: Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul, Adam

Block (KPNO Visitor Program), NOAO, AURA, NSF

Phases of Venus: Albert Van Helden

Ring nebula: H. Bond et al., Hubble Heritage Team

(STScI / AURA), NASA

Star field: NASA/GSFC

Andromeda: Palomar Observatory, P. Challis, CfA

White dwarf accretion: STScI, NASA

HGC 87: Gemini Observatory/GMOS-S

Supernova Remnant: NASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit

& W.Blair

Galaxy cluster: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT),

Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT

Galaxy and supernova data: High-Z Supernova

Search Team, HST, NASA

Orion nebula: MicroObservatory, SAO

Composition of the universe: SAO

Galaxy data: courtesy Emilio Falco, CfA

Spacecraft and Einstein probes: NASA

Comic microwave background: NASA/WMAP

ALBERT EINSTEIN and related rights / of The

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, used under
license. Represented by the Roger Richman
Agency, Inc., www.albert-einstein.net

Sun: SOHO/NASA/ESA
Cecilia Payne: President and Fellows of Harvard
College
Early galaxies: NASA, Richard Griffiths/JHU, Medium
Deep Survey Team

Please contact [email protected] for

more information about non-credited historical
images.

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URL
http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/
or program name here

Our Expanding Universe

Additional Credits
This presentation was initially developed for the Modeling the Universe
educator workshop by the Universe Education Forum and our NASA mission
partners.
For additional information and activities related to the themes of this
presentation, please visit the Modeling the Universe web site:
http://www.universeforum.org/mtu/
This collaboration is part of the education and public outreach program from
NASAs Science Mission Directorate.

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URL
http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/
or program name here