Fundamental of Management Chap 16

PowerPoint Presentation
to Accompany
Management, 10/e
John R. Schermerhorn, Jr.
Chapter 16:
Essentials of Leadership
Prepared by: Jim LoPresti

University of Colorado, Boulder
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planning Ahead Chapter 16 Study Questions
What is the nature of leadership?

What are the important leadership
traits and behaviors?
What are the contingency
approaches to leadership?
What are some current issues in
leadership development?
Management 10/e - Chapter 16
Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?
Leadership.
The process of inspiring others to work hard to

accomplish important tasks.
Contemporary leadership challenges:
Shorter time frames for accomplishing things.

Expectations for success on the first attempt.
Complex, ambiguous, and multidimensional
problems.
Taking a long-term view while meeting shortterm demands.
Figure 16.1 Leading viewed in relationship to the

other management functions.
Power.
Ability to get someone else to do something

you want done or make things happen the way
you want.
Power should be used to influence and

control others for the common good
rather seeking to exercise control for
personal satisfaction.
Two sources of managerial power:
Position power.
Personal power.
Position power.
Based on a managers official status in the

organizations hierarchy of authority.
Sources of position power:
Reward power.
Capability to offer something of value.
Coercive power.
Capability to punish or withhold positive
outcomes.
Legitimate power.
Organizational position or status confers the
right to control those in subordinate positions.
Personal power.
Based on the unique personal qualities that a

person brings to the leadership situation.
Sources of personal power:
Expert power.
Capacity to influence others because of ones
knowledge and skills.
Referent power.
Capacity to influence others because they
admire you and want to identify positively
with you.
Figure 16.2 Sources of position power and personal

power used by managers.
Visionary leadership.
Vision
A future that one hopes to create or

achieve in order to improve upon the
present state of affairs.
Visionary
leadership
A leader who brings to the situation a

clear and compelling sense of the future
as well as an understanding of the actions
needed to get there successfully.
Meeting the challenges of visionary

leadership:
Challenge
Show
Help
Set
the process.
enthusiasm.
others to act.
the example.
Celebrate
achievements.
10
Servant leadership
Commitment
Followers
Other
Power
to serving others.
more important than leader.
centered not self-centered.

not a zero-sum quantity.
Focuses
on empowerment, not power.
11
Servant Leadership and

empowerment.
Empowerment.
The process through which managers enable
and help others to gain power and achieve
influence.
Effective leaders empower others by providing
them with:
Information.
Responsibility.
Authority.
Trust.
12
Study Question 2: What are the important leadership

Traits that are important for

leadership success:
Drive
Self-confidence
Creativity
Cognitive ability
Business knowledge
Motivation
Flexibility
Honesty and integrity
13

Leadership behavior
Leadership behavior theories focus on how

leaders behave when working with followers.
Leadership styles are recurring patterns of

behaviors exhibited by leaders.
Basic dimensions of leadership behaviors:
Concern for the task to be accomplished.
Concern for the people doing the work.
14

Task concerns
Plans and defines

work to be done.
Assigns task
responsibilities.
Sets clear work
standards.
Urges task
completion.
Monitors
performance
results.
People concerns
Acts warm and

supportive toward
followers.
Develops social
rapport with
followers.
Respects the feelings
of followers.
Is sensitive to
followers needs.
Shows trust in
followers.
15

Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid
Team management.
Authority-obedience management.
High people concern; low task concern.
Impoverished management.
High task concern; low people concern.
Country club management.
High task concern; high people concern.
Low task concern; low people concern.
Middle of the road management.
Non-committal for both task concern and people

concern.
16
Figure 16.3 Managerial styles in Blake and Moutons

Leadership Grid.
17

Classic leadership styles:
Autocratic style.
Laissez-faire style.
Emphasizes task over people, keeps authority and

information within the leaders tight control, and acts in
a unilateral command-and-control fashion.
Shows little concern for task, lets the group make
decisions, and acts with a do the best you can and
dont bother me attitude.
Democratic style.
Committed to task and people, getting things done

while sharing information, encouraging participation in
decision making, and helping people develop skills and
competencies.
18
Study Question 3: What are the contingency

Fiedlers Contingency Model.
Good leadership depends on a match between

leadership and situational demands.
Determining leadership style:
Low LPC
High LPC
task-motivated leaders.
relationship-motivated leaders.
Leadership is part of ones personality, and

therefore relatively enduring and difficult to
change.
Leadership style must be fit to the situation.

19

Fiedlers contingency model (cont.).
Diagnosing situational control:

Quality of leader-member relations (good or
poor).
Degree of task structure (high or low).
Amount of position power (strong or weak).
Task oriented leaders are most successful in:
Very favorable (high control) situations.
Very unfavorable (low control) situations.
Relationship-oriented leaders are most
successful in:
Situations of moderate control.
20
Figure 16.4 Matching leadership style and situation:

summary predictions from Fiedlers contingency theory.
21

Hersey-Blanchard situational
leadership model.
Leaders
adjust their styles depending

on the readiness of their followers to
perform in a given situation.
Readiness how able, willing and

confident followers are in performing
tasks.
22
Figure 16.5 Leadership implications of the HerseyBlanchard situational leadership model.
23

Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles:

Delegating.
Low-task, low-relationship style.
Works best in high readiness-situations
Participating.
Low-task, high-relationship style.
Works best in low- to moderate-readiness

situations.
24

theories of leadership?
Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles:

Selling.
High-task, high-relationship style.
Work best in moderate- to high-readiness

situations.
Telling.
High-task, low-relationship style.
Work best in low-readiness situations.
25

Houses path-goal leadership theory.

Effective
leadership deals with the

paths through which followers can
achieve goals.
Leadership styles for dealing with pathgoal relationships:
Directive leadership.
Supportive leadership.
Achievement-oriented leadership.
Participative leadership.
26
Figure 16.6 Contingency relationships in the pathgoal leadership theory.
27

Houses leadership styles:
Directive leadership.
Communicate expectations.
Give directions.
Schedule work.
Maintain performance standards.
Clarify leaders role.
Supportive leadership.
Make work pleasant.

Treat group members as equals.
Be friendly and approachable.
Show concern for subordinates well-being.
28

Houses leadership styles:
Achievement-oriented leadership.
Set challenging goals.
Expect high performance levels.
Emphasize continuous improvement.
Display confidence in meeting high standards.
Participative leadership.
Involve subordinates in decision making.
Consult with subordinates.
Ask for subordinates suggestions.
Use subordinates suggestions.
29

When to use Houses leadership

styles:
Use
directive leadership when job

assignments are ambiguous.
Use supportive leadership when worker
self-confidence is low.
Use participative leadership when
performance incentives are poor.
Use achievement-oriented leadership
when task challenge is insufficient.
30

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

(LMX)
Not all people are treated the same by

leaders in leadership situations
In
groups
High
Out
LMX
groups
Low
LMX
31

Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX)

Nature of the exchange is based on presumed
characteristics by the leader
High LMX relationship:
favorable personality
competency
compatibility
Low LMX relationship:
low competency
unfavorable personality
low compatibility
32
Figure 16.7 Elements of leader exchange theory.
33

Vroom-Jago leader-participation
theory.
Helps
leaders choose the method of

decision making that best fits the
nature of the problem situation.
Basic
decision-making choices:
Authority
decision.
Consultative
Group
decision.
decision.
34
Figure 16.8 Leadership implications of Vroom-Jago

leader-participation model.
35

Decision-making options in the

Vroom-Jago leader-participation
theory:
Decide
alone.
Consult
individually.
Consult
with group.
Facilitate.
Delegate.
36

Contingency factors in the VroomJago leader-participation theory:
Decision quality.
Decision acceptance.
Who has the information needed for problem

solving.
Importance of subordinate acceptance to
eventual implementation.
Decision time.
Time available to make and implement the

decision.
37

According to Vroom-Jago leaderparticipation theory, a leader should

use authority-oriented decision
methods when
The leader has greater expertise to solve a

problem.
The leader is confident and capable of acting
alone.
Others are likely to accept and implement the
decision.
Little or no time is available for discussion.
38

According to Vroom-Jago leaderparticipation theory, a leader should

use group-oriented and participative
decision methods when
the leader lacks sufficient information to solve a

problem by himself/herself.
the problem is unclear and help is needed to
clarify the situation.
acceptance of the decision and commitment by
others is necessary for implementation.
adequate time is available for true participation.
39

Benefits of participative decision

methods:
Help
improve decision quality.

Help improve decision acceptance.
Helps develop leadership potential.
Potential disadvantages of
participative decision methods:
Lost
efficiency.
Not particularly useful when problems
must be solved immediately.
40
Study Question 4: What are current issues in

Superleaders.
Persons
whose vision and strength of

personality have an extraordinary impact
on others.
Charismatic leaders.
Develop
special leader-follower
relationships and inspire others in
extraordinary ways.
41

Transactional leadership
Someone
who directs the efforts of others

through tasks, rewards, and structures
Transformational leadership
Someone
who is truly inspirational as a

leader and who arouses others to seek
extraordinary performance
accomplishments.
42

Characteristics of transformational
leaders:
Vision.
Charisma.
Symbolism.
Empowerment.
Intellectual
stimulation.
Integrity.
43

Emotional intelligence.
The
ability of people to manage

themselves and their relationships
effectively.
Components of emotional intelligence:
Self-awareness.
Self-regulation.
Motivation.
Empathy.
Social skill.
44

Gender and leadership.

Both
women and men can be effective

leaders.
Women tend to use interactive
leadership.
A style that shares qualities with
transformational leadership.
Men tend to use transactional
leadership.
Interactive leadership provides a good
fit with the demands of a diverse
workforce and the new workplace.
45

Gender and leadership

Future
leadership success will depend

on a persons capacity to lead through:
Openness.
Positive relationships.
Support.
Empowerment.
46

Druckers old-fashioned leadership.

Leadership
is more than charisma; it is

good old-fashioned hard work.
Essentials
of old-fashioned leadership:
Defining and establishing a sense of mission.
Accepting leadership as a responsibility

rather than a rank.
Earning and keeping the trust of others.
47

Moral leadership.
Ethical leadership adheres to moral standards

meeting the test of good rather than bad
and right rather than wrong.
All leaders are expected to maintain high
ethical standards.
Long-term, sustainable success requires ethical
behavior.
Integrity involves the leaders honesty,
credibility, and consistency in putting values
into action.
48

Moral leadership
Leaders with integrity earn the trust of their

followers.
Leaders have a moral obligation to build
performance capacities by awakening peoples
potential.
Authentic leadership activates performance
through the positive psychological states of
confidence, hope, optimism, and resilience.
Authentic leadership helps in clearly framing
and responding to moral dilemmas, and
serving as ethical role models.
49
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PowerPoint Presentation

Prepared by: Jim LoPresti

Planning Ahead Chapter 16 Study Questions

What is the nature of leadership?

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

The process of inspiring others to work hard to

Contemporary leadership challenges:

Shorter time frames for accomplishing things.

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Leading viewed in relationship to the

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

Ability to get someone else to do something

Power should be used to influence and

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

Based on a managers official status in the

Sources of position power:

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

Based on the unique personal qualities that a

Sources of personal power:

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Figure 16.2 Sources of position power and personal

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

A future that one hopes to create or

A leader who brings to the situation a

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

Meeting the challenges of visionary

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

more important than leader.

centered not self-centered.

on empowerment, not power.

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 1: What is the nature of leadership?

Servant Leadership and

Study Question 2: What are the important leadership

Traits that are important for

Study Question 2: What are the important leadership

Leadership behavior theories focus on how

Leadership styles are recurring patterns of

Basic dimensions of leadership behaviors:

Concern for the task to be accomplished.

Concern for the people doing the work.

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Study Question 2: What are the important leadership

Plans and defines

Management 10/e - Chapter 16

Acts warm and

Study Question 2: What are the important leadership

Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid

High people concern; low task concern.

High task concern; low people concern.

Country club management.

High task concern; high people concern.

Low task concern; low people concern.

Middle of the road management.

Non-committal for both task concern and people