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    AP Chapter 4

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    The document discusses forces and Newton's laws of motion. It defines key terms like force, inertia, mass, acceleration, friction, and free body diagrams. It then provides examples of applying Newton's laws to calculate acceleration, force, tension, and coefficient of friction in various physical situations involving objects on inclined planes or interacting with each other. Free body diagrams are drawn to represent the forces acting on objects in different problem scenarios.

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    AP Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Esparza Georgen
    323 views56 pages
    The document discusses forces and Newton's laws of motion. It defines key terms like force, inertia, mass, acceleration, friction, and free body diagrams. It then provides examples of applying Newton's laws to calculate acceleration, force, tension, and coefficient of friction in various physical situations involving objects on inclined planes or interacting with each other. Free body diagrams are drawn to represent the forces acting on objects in different problem scenarios.

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    The document discusses forces and Newton's laws of motion. It defines key terms like force, inertia, mass, acceleration, friction, and free body diagrams. It then provides examples of applying Newton's laws to calculate acceleration, force, tension, and coefficient of friction in various physical situations involving objects on inclined planes or interacting with each other. Free body diagrams are drawn to represent the forces acting on objects in different problem scenarios.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    323 views56 pages

    AP Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Esparza Georgen
    The document discusses forces and Newton's laws of motion. It defines key terms like force, inertia, mass, acceleration, friction, and free body diagrams. It then provides examples of applying Newton's laws to calculate acceleration, force, tension, and coefficient of friction in various physical situations involving objects on inclined planes or interacting with each other. Free body diagrams are drawn to represent the forces acting on objects in different problem scenarios.

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    of 56

    FORCE

    A force is any influence that can change the velocity of a


    body. Forces can act either through the physical contact
    of two objects (contact forces: push or pull) or at a
    distance (field forces: magnetic force, gravitational
    force).

    FREE BODY DIAGRAMS


    In all but the simplest
    problems that involve forces, it
    is helpful to draw a free body
    diagram (FBD) of the situation.
    This is a vector diagram that
    shows all the forces that act
    on the body whose motion is
    being studied. Forces that the
    body exerts on anything else
    should not be included, since
    such forces do not affect the
    body's motion.

    4.1 Complete the free body diagram


    showing all of the forces acting on the
    mass M. Be sure to show the direction of
    each force as an arrow and label each force
    clearly!

    FT force due to tension: a rope or


    cord
    FN force normal: acting perpendicular
    to
    a surface
    Ff force of friction: opposes motion
    Fg gravitational force or weight,
    always
    downward
    Fa applied force: push or pull

    Example:

    FN
    Fa

    Ff
    Fg

    Fs

    Fg

    FN1

    FN2

    Fa

    Ff
    FT

    Fg1

    FT
    Fg2

    FN
    Fa
    Ff

    Fg

    FN
    Fa
    Ff
    Fg

    FN2

    FN1
    FT

    Ff

    Fg1

    Ff

    Fa

    Fg1+ Fg2

    FIRST LAW OF MOTION


    According to Newton's
    First Law of Motion:

    Isaac Newton
    (1642-1727)

    " If no net force acts on it, a


    body at rest remains at rest and
    a body in motion remains in
    motion at constant speed in a
    straight line."

    MASS
    The property a body has of resisting any change in its
    state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia. The
    inertia of a body is related to the amount of matter it
    contains. A quantitative measure of inertia is mass.
    The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

    Motion tends to continue


    unchanged.
    The elephant at rest tends
    to remain at rest.

    Tablecloth trick:
    Too little force, too little time to
    overcome "inertia" of tableware.

    SECOND LAW OF MOTION


    According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the net
    force acting on a body equals the product of the mass
    and the acceleration of the body. The direction of the
    force is the
    same as that of the acceleration. In equation form:
    F = ma
    In the SI system, the unit for force is the newton (N): A
    newton is that net force which, when applied to a 1-kg
    mass, gives it an acceleration of 1 m/s2.

    Net force is sometimes designated F.


    The second law of motion is the key to understanding
    the behavior of moving bodies since it links cause
    (force) and effect (acceleration) in a definite way.

    4.2 A force of 3000 N is applied to a 1500-kg car at rest.


    a. What is its acceleration?
    F = 3000 N
    m = 1500 kg
    vo = 0 m/s

    F = ma
    3000
    F
    = 2 m/s2

    a
    m 1500

    b. What will its velocity be 5 s later?

    vf = vo + at
    = 2(5)
    = 10 m/s

    4.3 A 1000 kg car goes from 10 to 20 m/s in 5 s. What force is acting


    on it?
    m = 1000 kg
    vo = 10 m/s
    vf = 20 m/s
    t=5s

    v
    20 10
    F = ma m
    1000

    5
    t

    = 2000 N

    4.4 A 60-g tennis ball approaches a racket at 15 m/s, is in contact


    with the racket for 0.005 s, and then rebounds at 20 m/s. Find the
    average force exerted by the racket.
    m = 0.06 kg
    vo = 15 m/s
    t = 0.005 s
    vf = - 20 m/s

    v
    20 15
    F = ma m 0.06
    = - 420 N
    t
    0.005

    4.5 The brakes of a 1000-kg car exert 3000 N.


    a. How long will it take the car to come to a stop from a velocity of
    30 m/s?
    m = 1000 kg
    F 3000
    F = -3000 N
    2
    a
    =
    3
    m/s
    vo = 30 m/s
    m 1000
    vf = 0 m/s
    v f vo 0 30
    = 10 s

    t
    3
    a
    b. How far will the car travel during this time?

    x = vot+at2
    = 30(10)+ (-3)(10)2
    = 150 m

    THIRD LAW OF MOTION


    According to Newton's third law of motion, when one
    body exerts a force on another body, the second body
    exerts on the first an equal force in opposite direction.
    The Third Law of Motion applies
    to two different forces on two
    different objects: "The action
    force one object exerts on the
    other, and the equal but
    opposite reaction force the
    second object exerts on the
    first."
    Action and reaction forces never
    balance out because they act on
    different objects.

    Action-Reaction Pair Examples

    4.6 A book rests on a table.


    a. Show the forces acting on the table and the corresponding
    reaction forces.
    b. Why do the forces acting on the table not cause it to move?

    ACTION: FTB
    REACTION: FBT

    The forces FN and Fg


    are balanced.

    WEIGHT
    The weight of a body is the gravitational force with
    which the Earth attracts the body. Weight (a vector
    quantity) is different from mass (a scalar quantity). The
    weight of a body varies with its location near the Earth
    (or other astronomical body), whereas its mass is the
    same everywhere in the universe. The weight of a body
    is the force that causes it to be accelerated downward
    with the acceleration of gravity g.
    From the Second Law of Motion:
    W = mg
    Units: Newtons (N)

    THE NORMAL FORCE


    A normal force is a force exerted by one surface on
    another in a direction perpendicular to the surface of
    contact.
    Note: The gravitational force and the normal force are
    not an action-reaction pair.

    4.7 A net horizontal force of 4000 N is applied to a car at rest whose


    weight is 10,000 N. What will the car's speed be after 8 s?
    Fa = 4000 N
    Fg = 10,000 N
    t = 8s

    Fg

    10000
    m

    9.8 = 1020.4 kg
    g

    F
    a 4000 = 3.92 m/s2
    m 1020.4
    vf = vo + at
    = 0 +3.92(8)
    = 3.14 m/s

    4.8 A 5.0-kg object is to be given an upward acceleration of 0.3 m/s2


    by a rope pulling straight upward on it. What must be the tension in
    the rope?
    m = 5 kg
    a = 0.3 m/s2

    FT
    a (+)

    Fg

    Fg = mg
    = 5(9.8)
    = 49.1 N

    Fy = FT - Fg = ma
    FT = ma + Fg
    = 5(0.3) + 49.1
    = 50.5 N

    4.9 A 200-N wagon is to be pulled up a 30 incline at constant


    speed. How large a force parallel to the incline is needed if friction
    is negligible?
    Fg = 200 N

    FN

    Fa

    Fg

    Fgy
    Fg
    x

    Fx = Fa Fgx = ma = 0
    Fa = Fgx = Fgsin 30
    = 200(sin30)
    = 100 N

    4.10 A cord passing over a frictionless pulley has a 7.0 kg mass


    hanging from one end and a 9.0-kg mass hanging from the other.
    (This arrangement is called Atwood's machine).
    a. Find the acceleration of the masses.
    m = 7 kg
    1

    m2 = 9 kg

    FT

    FT

    a (+)

    a (+)
    Fg1

    Fg2

    FT
    a (+)

    FT
    a (+)

    Fg1

    Fg2

    Fg 2 Fg1
    mT

    F = FT Fg1 -FT + Fg2 = mTa

    9(9.8) 7(9.8)
    = 1.22 m/s2

    97

    FT
    a (+)

    FT

    b. Find the tension of the


    cord

    a (+)
    Fg1

    Fg2

    Use either side of the


    pulley:
    you get the same answer!
    FT Fg1 = m1a
    FT = m1a+ Fg1
    = m1(a+g)
    = 7(1.22+9.8)
    = 77.1 N

    4.11 A crate, which has a mass of m = 45.0 kg, is being pulled up a


    frictionless inclined plane, at an angle of 35 by a rope.
    a. What will be the magnitude of the normal force (FN) acting on the
    crate?
    m = 45.0 kg

    FN

    FT
    Fgy

    Fg

    Fg
    x

    Fg = mg
    = 45(9.8)
    = 441 N
    Fy = FN Fgy = 0
    FN = Fgy=Fg(cos35)
    = 441cos 35
    = 361.2 N

    b. What will be the magnitude of the tension force (FT) in the rope?

    Fx = FT Fgx = 0
    FN

    FT
    Fgy

    Fg

    Fg
    x

    FT = Fgx=Fg(sin35)
    = 441(sin 35)
    = 252.9 N

    FRICTION: STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION


    Frictional forces act to oppose relative motion between
    surfaces that are in contact. Such forces act parallel to
    the surfaces.
    Static friction occurs between surfaces at rest relative to
    each other. When an increasing force is applied to a
    book resting on a table, for instance, the force of static
    friction at first increases as well to prevent motion. In a
    given situation, static friction has a certain maximum
    value called starting friction. When the force applied to
    the book is greater than the starting friction, the book
    begins to move across the table.

    FRICTION: STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION


    The kinetic friction (or sliding friction) that occurs
    afterward is usually less than the starting friction, so
    less force is needed to keep the book moving than to
    start it moving.

    COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
    The frictional force between two surfaces depends on
    the normal (perpendicular) force N pressing them
    together and on the natures of the surfaces. The latter
    factor is expressed quantitatively in the coefficient of
    friction (mu) whose value depends on the materials in
    contact. The frictional force is experimentally found to
    be:
    Ff s FN
    Ff k FN

    Static friction
    Kinetic friction

    4.12 A horizontal force of 140 N is needed to pull a 60.0 kg box


    across the horizontal floor at constant speed. What is the
    coefficient of friction between floor and box?

    FN
    Ff

    Fa

    Fa = 140 N
    m = 60 kg

    Fy = FN Fg = 0
    Fg
    FN = Fg =mg
    = 60(9.8)
    = 588 N
    Fx = Fa Ff = ma = 0
    Fa 140

    = 0.24
    Fa = Ff = FN
    FN

    588

    4.13 A 400-g block with an initial speed of 80 cm/s slides along a


    tabletop against a friction force of 0.70 N.
    a. How far will it slide before stopping?
    m = 400x10-3 kg
    vo = 0.8 m/s
    Ff = 0.7 N

    FN

    Ff

    Fx = Ff = ma
    Ff

    0 .7
    2
    a

    =
    1.75
    m/s
    m
    400 x10 3

    Fg

    FN
    Ff

    v 2f vo2 2ax
    Fg

    vo2
    (0.8) 2
    x
    = 0.18 m

    2(1.75)
    2a

    b. What is the coefficient of friction between the block and the


    tabletop?

    Fy = FN Fg = 0
    FN = Fg =mg
    = 400x103
    (9.8)
    = 3.92 N
    Fx = Ff = ma = 0
    Ff = FN

    Ff

    0.7

    FN 3.92 = 0.18

    4.14 A 600-kg go-cart is moving on a level road at 30 m/s.


    a. How large a retarding force is required to stop it in a distance of
    70 m?
    m = 600 kg
    vo = 30 m/s
    v 2f vo2 0 (30) 2
    2
    =
    6.42
    m/s
    a

    x = 70 m

    2x
    2(70)
    vf= 0 m/s

    F = ma
    = 600(-6.42)
    = -3852 N

    b. What is the minimum coefficient of friction between the tires and


    the road?

    Fy = FN Fg = 0
    FN = Fg =mg
    = 600(9.8)
    = 5880 N
    Ff = FN

    3852

    = 0.65
    FN 5880
    Ff

    4.15 A 70-kg box is slid along the floor by a horizontal 400-N force.
    Find the acceleration of the box if the value of the coefficient of
    friction
    between the box and the floor is 0.50.
    m = 70 kg
    Fy = FN Fg = 0
    Fa = 400 N
    FN = Fg =mg
    = 0.5

    = 70(9.8)
    = 686 N

    Fx = Fa Ff = ma
    Ff = FN
    = (0.5)(686)
    = 343 N

    Fa F f
    m

    400 343

    70
    = 0.81 m/s2

    4.16 A 70-kg box is pulled by a rope with a 400-N force at an angle


    of 30 to the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the box if the
    coefficient of friction is 0.50
    m = 70 kg
    FN
    Fa = 400 N, 30
    F
    a
    Ff
    = 0.5

    Fax = 400 cos 30 = 346.4


    Fg
    N
    Fay = 400 sin 30 = 200 N
    Ff = FN
    Fy = FN + Fay - Fg = 0
    = (0.5)(486)
    FN = Fg - Fay
    = 243 N
    = 70(9.8) - 200
    = 486 N

    FN
    Fa
    Ff

    Fx = Fax Ff = ma
    Fg

    Fax F f
    m

    346.4 243

    = 1.47 m/s2
    70

    4.17 A force of 400 N pushes on a 25-kg box at an angle of 50.


    Starting from rest, the box achieves a velocity of 2.0 m/s in a time
    of 4.0 s. Find the coefficient of friction between the box and the
    floor.
    FN
    Fa = 400 N, 50
    m = 25 kg
    Ff
    vo = 0 m/s
    Fa
    vf = 2 m/s
    Fg
    t=4s

    Fax = 400 cos 50 = 257.1 N


    Fay = 400 sin 50 = 306.4 N

    v f v0
    t

    20
    = 0.5

    4 m/s2

    FN
    Ff
    Fg

    Fa

    Fy = FN - Fay - Fg = 0
    FN = Fay +Fg
    = 306.4 - 25(9.8)
    = 551.4 N

    Fx = Fax - Ff = ma
    Ff = Fax - ma
    = 257.1 - 25 (0.5)
    = 244.6 N

    Ff = FN

    Ff
    FN

    244.6

    551.4
    = 0.44

    4.18 A 20-kg box sits on an incline that makes an angle of 30 with


    the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the box down the incline if
    the coefficient of friction is 0.30.
    m = 20 kg
    = 30
    = 0.3

    FN

    Ff
    Fgy

    Fg

    Fg
    x

    Fg = 20(9.8)
    =196 N
    Fgx = 196 cos 30 = 98 N
    Fgy = 196 sin 30 = 169.7 N

    FN

    Ff

    Fy = FN - Fgy = 0
    FN = Fg = 169.7
    N
    Ff = FN
    = (0.3)(169.7)
    = 50.9 N

    Fg

    Fgy
    Fg
    x

    Fx = Fgxx Ff = ma

    Fgx F f
    m

    98 50.9 = 2.35 m/s2

    20

    4.19 Two blocks m1 (300 g) and m2 (500 g), are pushed by a force F.
    If the coefficient of friction 0.40.
    a. What must be the value of F if the blocks are to have an
    acceleration of 200 cm/s2?
    m1 = 0.3 kg
    m2 = 0.5 kg
    = 0.4
    a = 2 m/s2

    FN1

    FN2

    Ff1

    Ff2
    Fg1

    Fg2

    Fx = F - Ff1 - Ff2 = mTa


    F = mTa + Ff1 + Ff2
    = mTa + FNT
    = mTa +mTg
    = 0.8(2) + 0.8 (9.8)(0.4)
    = 4.7 N

    Fg1 = FN1
    Fg2 = FN2

    b. How large a force does m1 then exert on m2?

    m2 alone
    Fx = m2a
    F12 - Ff2 = m2a
    F12 = Ff2 + m2a
    = 0.5 (9.8) (0.4) + 0.5 (2)
    = 2.96 N

    4.20 An object mA = 25 kg rests on a tabletop. A rope attached to it


    passes over a light frictionless pulley and is attached to a mass
    mB = 15 kg. If the coefficient of friction is 0.20 between the table and
    block A, how far will block B drop in the first 3.0 s after the system
    is released?
    FN

    Ff

    FT
    FgA

    FT
    FgB

    mA = 25 kg
    mB = 15 kg
    = 0.2
    t=3s

    FN = FgA
    = 25(9.8)
    = 245 N
    FfA = FN
    = 0.2 (245)
    = 49 N

    F = FT - FfA + FgB - FT = mTa

    Ff

    FN

    FT
    FgA

    FT
    FgB

    FgB F fA
    mT

    15(9.8) 49

    25 15
    = 2.45 m/s2

    y = at2
    = (2.45)
    (3)2
    = 11 m

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