BIOLOGY

PROJECT
Topic:
Human Health and

diseases
Name : PALAK KUMAR
Class
: 12th B
Roll No. :

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I hereby, sincerely thanks to
MS.RACHNA MOHOTRA ,the
respective Principal of our school and
MS.MANJARI SRIVASTAVA ,my
respected BIOLOGY teacher ,who
made me understand the importance
of this project and supported me with
every possible way she could in
making this project.
My parents were also a part of
this project and the Almighty God,
whose blessings made me capable of
preparing this project .
A true acknowledge devoted to
all of them.

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial diseases include any type of

illness caused by bacteria. Bacteria are a
type of microorganisms, which are tiny
forms of life that can only be seen with a
microscope .
Millions of bacteria normally live on
the skin , in the intestine , and on the
genetilia . The vast majority of bacteria do
not cause disease ,and even necessary for
good health .These bacteria are sometimes
referred to as GOOD BACTERIA or
HEALTHY BACTERIA. Harmful bacteria
that cause bacterial infections and disease
are called pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial
diseases occur when pathogenic bacteria get
into the body and began to reproduce and
crowd out healthy bacteria or to grow in
tissues that are normally sterile .Harmful
bacteria may also emit toxins.
Common pathogenic bacteria and the

main symptoms of cholera are profuse, watery

diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily
by drinking water or eating food that has been
contaminated by the faeces of an infected person
,including one with no apparent symptoms.
SiGNS AND SYMPTOMS: The primary symptoms of
cholera are profuse, painless diarrhea and vomiting of
clear fluid. these symptoms usually start suddenly one
to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. An
untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20
lites of diarrhea a day with fatal results. For every
symptomatic person, 3 to 100 get the infection but
remain asymptomatic. Cholera has been nicknamed
blue death due to patients imbalances the typical
dehydration skin turning a bluish grey hue from
extreme loss of fluids.
CAUSE: Transmission is primarily by the fecal
contamination of food and water caused by poor
sanitation. This bacterium can however live naturally
in any environment.
PREVENTIONS:

Sterilization : Proper disposal and treatment of

infected fecal waste water produced by cholera victims
and all contaminated materials ( eg. Clothing ,
bedding) are essential . All materials that come in
contact with cholera patients should be sanitized by
washing in hot water, using chlorine bleach if possible
.
Sewage : anti bacterial treatment of general sewage
by chlorine,ozone, ultraviolet light or other effective
treatment before it enters the waterways or
underground water supplies helps prevent undiagnosed

CHOLERA

TUBERCLOSIS
TUBERCLOSIS or MTB
or TB is a
common ,and in many cases lethal,
infectious disease caused by various strains
of
mycrobacteria,
usually
MYCROBACTERIUM
tuberculosis.
Tuberclosis typically attacks the lungs, but
can also affects other part of the body. It is
spread through the air when people who
have an active TB infection cough, sneeze,
or otherwise transmit their saliva through the
air.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

About 5-10% of those without HIV, infected
with tuberculosis, develop active disease
during their lifetimes. Tuberclosis may infect
any part of the body, but most commonly
occurs in the lungs(known as pulmonary
tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB occurs
when tuberculosis develops outside of the
lungs. Extrapulmonary TB may coexist with
pulmonary TB as well. General signs and

VIRAL DISEASES
These are the tables of the clinically
most important viruses. A vast number
of viruses cause infectious diseases,
but these are the major ones.
Coughs and colds are usually caused
by a viral infection. They normally
clear by a viral infection. They
normally clear away on their own and
antibiotics are usually of no use.
Paracetamol or ibuprofen may ease
some of the symptoms. Make sure the
child has enough to drink.
Some common diseases are:
Cough and cold
HIV AIDS

COUGH AND
COLD

different viruses can infect the nose and throat.They are

passed on by coughing and sneezing the virus into the
air.An average pre-school child has to go 3-8 coughs or
cold per year.Sometimes several coughs and colds occur
one after the other.A child who lives with smokers has
an increased risk of developing coughs and cold.
The
common symptoms are a cough and a runny
nose .The cough is often worse at night.Coughing does
not damage the lungs.
In addition,a child ,may have :raised temperature,a sore
throat,headache,tiredness,and be off their food .
Sometimes children vomit after a bout of coughing,
A build-up of mucus behind the eardrums may cause
dulled hearing or mild earache.

WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS

COUGHS AND COLD?

FOR

There is no magic cure!Typically,symptoms are worse in

the first 2-3 days ,and then ease over the next few days
as the immune system clears the virus.An irritating cough
may linger for upto 2-4 weeks after other symptoms
have gone.Antibiotics do not kill viruses ,so are of no
use for common coughs and colds.
Cough and colds are often do not need any treatment.
Make sure your child has enough to drink.
Dehydration (low body fluid) may develop if a child has
a fever and does not drink much.
Treatment aims to ease symptoms. Paracetamol can ease
aches and pains,headaches,and fever.Ibuprofen is an
alternative.Both are sold in pharmacies in liquid form for
children .These are various brands-ask the pharmacist if
you are unsure what is suitable.
A popular treatment for nasal stuffiness (blocked nose) in

VIRUS
INFECTION
-ACQUIRED
IMMUNODEFFICIENCY SYNDROME
(HIVAIDS) is a disease of the human
immune system caused by the human
immunodeficiency
virus(HIV).During
the initial infection a person may
experience a brief period of influenzalike illness . This is typically followed
by a prolonged period without
symptoms . As the illness progresses it
interferes more and more with the
immune system, making the person
much more likely to get infections,
including opportunistic infections ,
tumors that do not usually affect
people who have working immune
systems.
HIV is transmitted primarily
via
unprotected
sexual
intercourse,
(including
anal
and
even
oral
sex)contaminated blood transfusions ,
hypodermic needles and from mother
to child during pregnancy ,delivery or

HIV-AIDS

AVERAGE PER ACT RISK OF

GETTING HIV BY EXPOSURE
ROUTE TO AN INFECTED
SOURCE
EXPOSURE ROUTE

CHANCE OF
INFECTION

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

90%

CHILDBIRTH

25%

NEEDLE SHARING INJECTION

DRUG USE

0.67%

PERCUTANEOUS NEEDLE STICK

0.30%

RECEPTIVE ANAL INTERCOURSE

0.04-3.0%

INSERTIVE ANAL INTERCOURSE

0.03%

RECEPTIVE PENILE-VAGINAL
INTERCOURSE

0.05-0.30%

INSERTIVEPENILE-VAGINAL
INTERCOURSE

0.01-0.38%

RECEPTIVE ORAL INFECTIONS

0-0.04%

INSERTIVE ORAL INTERCOURSE

0-0.005%

SEXUAL CONTACT
Consistent condom use reducesthe risk
of HIV transmission by approximately
80% over the long term when one
partner
of
a
couple
is
infected,consistent condom use results
in rates of HIV infection for the
uninfected person of below 1% per
year.
PRE-EXPOSURE
Treating people with HIV whose CD4
count

350
cells/L
with
antiretrovirals protects 96% of their
partners from infections.
POST-EXPOSURE
A course of antiretrovirals administered
within 48 to 72 hours after exposure
to HIV positive blood or genital
secretions is referred to as postexposure prophylaxis.
MOTHER TO CHILD
This primary step involves the use of a
combination of antiviral medications
during pregnancy and after birth in the

PREVENTIONS

PROTOZOAN
DISEASES

Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases organisms

formerly classified in the Kingdom Protozoa they
include organisms classified in Amoebozoa, Excavata,
and Chromalveolata.
EXAMPLES
include
Entamoeba
histolytica,
Plasmodium,and
Giardia
lamblia
Trypansoma
brucei,transmitted by the tsetse fly and the cause of
American sleeping sickness ,is another example.
Some of the common protozoan diseases are:MALARIA
AMOEBIASIS
CAUSES
Malaria parasites belong to the genus Plasmodium
(phylum Apicomplexa).In humans, malaria is caused by
P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale, P.vivax, P.knowlesi.
Among those infected ,P.falciparum is the most
common species identified(-75%) followed by P.vivax(20%).
Prevention
Methods
used
to
prevent
malaria
include
medications,mosquito elimination and the and the
prevention of bites.The presence of malaria in an area
requires a combination of high human population
density ,high mosquito population density and high
rates of transmission from humans to mosquito and
from mosquito to humans.If any of these is lowered
sufficiently ,the parasite will eventually disappear from
that area ,as happened in North America,Europe and
mich of the Middle East. However ,unless the parasite
is eliminated from the whole world,it could become re-

but is no longer in use;it refers to the same

infection.
Likewise amoebiasis is sometimes incorrectly
used to refer to infection with other amoeba,
but strictly speaking it should be reserved for
Entamoeba histolytica infection.
TRANSMISSION
Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by the fecaloral route,but it can also be transmitted
indirectly through contact with dirty hands or
objects as well as by anal-oral contact.
Infection is spread through ingestion of the
cyst form of the parasite,a semi-dormant and
hardy structures found in faeces.Any nonencysted amoeba or trophozoites, die quickly
after leaving the body but may also be present
in stool:these are the rarely the source of new
infections.Since amoebiasis is transmitted
through contaminated food and water,it is
often endemic in regions of the world with
limited modern sanitations system.
PREVENTIONS: To Help prevent the spread
of amoebiasis around the home:
Wash Hands : Thoroughly with soap and hot
running water for atleast 10 seconds after
using the toilet or changing a babies diaper
and before handling food . Clean bathrooms

AMOEBIASIS

FUNGAL
DISEASES

Fungal diseases are called mycoses

and those affecting humans can be
divided into four groups based on
the level of penetration into the
body tissues.
Superficial mycoses are caused by
fungi that grow on the surface of
the skin or hair.
Cutaneous
mycoses
or
dermatomycoses
include
such
infections as athlete`s foot and
ringworm, where growth occurs only
in the superficial layers of the
skin,nails or hair.
Some common fungal diseases are:RINGWORM
THRUSH

RINGWORM
DERMATOPHYTOSIS or ringworm is a
clinical condition caused by fungal
infections of the skin in humans ,pets such
as cats , and domesticated animals such as
sheep and cattle. The term ringworm is a
misnomer ,since the condition is caused by
fungi of several different species and not
by parasitic worm.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Infections on the body may give rise to
typical enlarging raised red rings of
ringworm,infections on the skin feet may
cause ATHLETE`S
FOOT abd in the
groin jock itch. Involvement of the nails is
termed onychomysis and they may thicken,
discolour and finally crumble and fall
off.They are common in most adult
people,with upto 20% of the population
having one of these infections at any given

THRUSH
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMSOF THRUSH?

Thrush usually develops suddenly, but it may become

chronic, persisting over a long period of time.A common
sign of thrush is the presence of creamy white, slightly
raised lesions in your mouth,gums,tonsils, or back of your
throat.The
lesions,which
may
have
a
cottage
cheeseappearance, can be painful and may bleed slightly
when you scrape them or brush your teeth.In severe
cases,the lesions may spread into your esophagus, or
swallowing tube,causing:
Pain or difficulty swallowing
A feeling that food gets stuck in the throat or mid-chest
area
Fever,if the infection spreads beyond the esophagus.
Thrush can spread to other parts of the body,including the
lungs,liver,and skin.This happens more often in people with
cancer,HIV, or other conditions that weaken the immune
system.

THRUSH TREATMENT

CANIDIA infections of the mouth and throat must be treated

with prescription antifugal medications.the type and duration
of treatment depends on the severityof the infection and
patient-specific factors as age and immune status.Untreated
infections can lead to a more serious form of invasive
candidiasis.
Oral candidiasis usually responds to topical treatments such

NEOPLATIC
DISEASE Cancer
WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer known medically as a malignant
neoplasm ,is a broad group of various
diseases, all involving unregulated cell
growth. In cancer,cells divide and grow
uncontrollably ,forming malignant tumors, and
invade nearby parts of the body.The cancer
may also spread to more distant parts of the
body through the lymphatic system or
bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous.
Benign tumors do not grow uncontrollably ,do
not invade neighbouring tissues, and do not
spread throughout the body. There are over
200 different known cancers that afflict
humans.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
When cancer begins it invariably produces no
symptoms with signs and symptoms only
appearing as the mass continues to grow or
ulcerates. These findings that result depends
on the type and location of the cancer. Few

CAUSES:
Cancers are primarily an environmental
disease with 90-95% of cases attributed to
environmental factors and 5-10% due to
genetics. Environmental, as used by cancer
researchers, means any cause that contribute
to cancer death include tobacco(25-30%),diet
and obesity (30-35%),radiation(both ionizing
and non-ionizing upto 10%),stress, lack of
physical activity and environmental pollutants.
It is nearly impossible to prove what caused
a cancer in any individual,because most
cancers have multiple possible causes.

PREVENTIONS:
Cancer prevention is defibed as active
measures to decrease the risk of cancer.The
vast majiority of cancer causes are due to
environmental factors are controllable lifestyle
choices.Thus,cancer is considered a largely
preventable disease.Greater than 30% of
cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding
risk
factors
including:tobacco,overweight/obesity. An insufficient diet,physical