Autoreclosing: Protection Application Handbook

ABB Group - 1 Sep 28, 2015
Protection Application
Handbook
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosing
Auto
Auto reclosing
reclosing Cycle
Cycle
OH-lines
High fault-rate
(80-90%)
Fast
simultaneous
Fault clearing
Autoreclosing
AUTORECLOSING
AUTORECLOSINGCYCLE
CYCLE
OH-lines
Intermittent faults
(80-90%)
Successful
AR-rate :
High (80-90%)
Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing principles
95% of faults are transient type
3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used
1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of faulty phase
Helps verify phase angles are not out of phase e.g: due to
heavy power swing
Phase identification is difficult for high resistance faults
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosure in a Line
bay
AR- Autorecloser
BFR- Breaker failure
relay
COM- Communication
COND-CB condition
DLC SC-Dead line check
and synchronism check
LP- Line protection
MAN- Manual CB control
PD- Pole discordance
relay
Autoreclosing
Protections that start autoreclosing
Main 1 protection
Main 2 protection
Protections that block autoreclosing
CB fail detected by Breaker fail relay & Pole discrepancy relay
CB not ready
Delayed tripping ( Zone2 or3 of distance relay , Back up relay)
Manual CB operation
Communication fail
Direct transfer trip receive , BB protection , O/V protection, Reactor

protection
Autoreclosing
C on tact position
Circuit-breaker Contact Travel
t6
t2
Closed
Time
Open
t1
t3
Closed
t4
t5
Autoreclosing
Dead time for Automatic Reclosing Equipment
A
B
F
Contact position
1A
t2 A
6A
Closed
Open
1B
2B
Dead time
Open
Closed
6B
Interruption time
Time
Autoreclosing
Single-pole Reclosing
Single-Pole Reclosing
A B C
A B C
Autoreclosing
Temporal Description of Automatic Reclosing
HSR = High-Speed Automatic Reclosing
DR = Delayed Automatic Reclosing
R = Automatic Reclosing
SR = Slow Automatic Reclosing
DR
HSR
R
SR
TD
0.1
10
100
Autoreclosing
Classical Three-pole Reclosing
A
F
1A
t2A
Contact position
Dead time
Closed
Open
A
6A
Interruption time
t
0
t2
1B
Closed
B
Open
B
6B
Time
Autoreclosing
Factors affecting extinction of Primary Arc
Fault current magnitude
Fault clearance time
Coupling from energized conductors
Closing or opening of resistors
Magnitude of reenergizing voltage
Point of wave for reenergizing
Magnetic forces on the fault current
Length of insulating string
Weather conditions
Shape of grading ring
Autoreclosing
Minimum Dead Time (IEEE)
System Voltage
kV
23
46
69
115
132
230
345
400
500
Minimum deionization time [ms]

Based on Field and
Based on Operating
Laboratory Tests
Experience
110
120
130
150
160
210
260
280
330
180
200
210
230
240
280
340
370
420
Autoreclosing
Minimum Dead Time for Three-pole Reclosing
Minimum Dead Time
Three-Pole Reclosing
ms
500
400
Based on Operating Experience
300
200
100
Based on Field and

Laboratory Tests
100
200
300
400
500
System Voltage
600
kV
Autoreclosing
Double Fault on a Double-circuit Line
A B C
L1
L2
A B C
Autoreclosing
Capacitive Coupling and Single-pole Tripping
A B C
A B C
Cp
Cp Cp
Ce
Ce
Ce
Autoreclosing
Secondary arc
Secondary arc is phasor sum of currents maintained by

capacitive and inductive coupling from the energised
phase conductors
Autoreclosing
Critical Line Lengths for Single-pole Reclosing
System Voltage
kV
230
345
500
765
Critical Line Length [miles]

Successful Range
Doubtful Range
0-300
0-140
0-60
0-50
300-500
140-260
60-100
50-80
Autoreclosing
Artificial extinction of secondary arc
Where high-speed automatic reclosing is to be implemented,

secondary arcs must be artificially extinguished since they would
otherwise last too long.
There are several methods to extinguish artificially the secondary

arc:
Fixed Four-Reactor Scheme
Switched Four-Reactor Scheme
High speed Earthing Switch Scheme
Autoreclosing
Fixed Four-reactor Scheme
ABC
ABC
R
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
Autoreclosing
Secondary Arcing Time (Haubrich)
Secondary Arcing Time
s
T sa
Haubrich 1971
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
I
50
100
150
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker

system
Autoreclosing
Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker

system
Autoreclosing
Special problems
Memory Circuit
Priority circuit
Autoreclosure out of service
Autoreclosing
Autoreclosing
Synchronism and Energizing check
UBus
ULine
UBus
FreqDiff < 50-300 mHz

o
PhaseDiff < 5-75
UDiff < 5-50% Ur
UHigh > 50-120% Ur
U Bus
1-ph
U Line
3-ph (or 1-ph)
ULow < 10-100% Ur
SYNC-BLOCK
Fuse fail
ULine
Autoreclosing
DLC and SC at Auto reclosing
CBIP manual on
Protection of
Generators, generator
transformers and 220kV
and 400 kV networks
Auto Reclosing
Autoreclosing
1.0
1.0 GENERAL
GENERAL
The auto-reclosing of power lines has become a generally accepted
practice.
Reports from different parts of the world show that in
certain networks in region subject to a high lightening intensity only
about 5% of the faults are permanent.
Auto reclosing therefore provides significant advantages.
Outage times will be short compared to where station personnel
have to re-energize the lines after a fault.
In interconnected networks auto-reclosing helps in maintaining

system stability
Autoreclosing
1.1
1.1 Recommendations
Recommendationsfor
forprovisions
provisionsofofauto-reclosing
auto-reclosing
Presently 1 phase high speed auto-reclosure (HSAR) at 400kV and
220kV level is widely practised including on lines emanating from
Generating Stations and the same is recommended for adoption.
If 3-phase auto-reclosure is adopted in future the application of the

same on lines emanating from generating stations should be studied
and decision taken on case to case basis.
Autoreclosing
2.0
2.0 SETTING
SETTINGCRITERIA
CRITERIA
2.1
2.1 Dead
DeadTime
Time
Auto- reclosing requires a dead time which exceeds the de-ionising
time
Time required for the de-ionising of the fault path depends on:- arcing
time, fault duration, wind conditions, circuit voltage, capacitive
coupling to adjacent conductors, etc.
Single phase dead time of 1.0 sec is recommended for both 400kV
and 220kV system.
Autoreclosing
2.2
2.2 Reclaim
ReclaimTime
Time
The time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing equipment is
blocked.
If reclosing shot has been carried out and the line is energized and a
new fault occurs before the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing
equipment is blocked and a signal for definite tripping of the breaker is
obtained.
After the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing equipment

returns to the starting position and a new reclosing sequence can occur.
The reclaim time must not be set to such a low value that the intended
operating cycle of the breaker is exceeded, when two faults incidents
occur close together.
Autoreclosing
If the breaker is closed manually, the auto reclosing equipment is
blocked and cannot start again until the reclaim time has elapsed.
For the breaker to be used for auto-reclosing, it is essential that it

has the operating mechanism and breaking capacity necessary for
it to be able to perform the auto-reclosing sequences required.
Autoreclosing
2.3
2.3 Circuit
CircuitBreaker
BreakerRequirement
Requirement
According to IEC Publication 56.2, a breaker must be capable of
withstanding the following operating cycle with full rated breaking
current:
O + 0.3 s + CO + 3 min + CO
The recommended operating cycle at 400kV and 220kV is as per the
IEC standard.
Reclaim time of 25 sec is recommended.
Autoreclosing

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ABB Group - 1 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 2 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 3 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 4 Sep 28, 2015

95% of faults are transient type

3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used

1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of faulty phase

ABB Group - 5 Sep 28, 2015

Phase identification is difficult for high resistance faults

ABB Group - 6 Sep 28, 2015

Auto reclosing principles

ABB Group - 7 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 8 Sep 28, 2015

Protections that start autoreclosing

Protections that block autoreclosing

CB fail detected by Breaker fail relay & Pole discrepancy relay

Delayed tripping ( Zone2 or3 of distance relay , Back up relay)

Direct transfer trip receive , BB protection , O/V protection, Reactor

Circuit-breaker Contact Travel

ABB Group - 9 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 10 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 11 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 12 Sep 28, 2015

Fault current magnitude

Fault clearance time

Coupling from energized conductors

Closing or opening of resistors

Magnitude of reenergizing voltage

Point of wave for reenergizing

Magnetic forces on the fault current

Length of insulating string

ABB Group - 14 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 15 Sep 28, 2015

Minimum deionization time [ms]

Based on Operating Experience

Based on Field and

ABB Group - 16 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 17 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 18 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 19 Sep 28, 2015

Secondary arc is phasor sum of currents maintained by

ABB Group - 20 Sep 28, 2015

Critical Line Length [miles]

ABB Group - 21 Sep 28, 2015

Artificial extinction of secondary arc

Where high-speed automatic reclosing is to be implemented,

There are several methods to extinguish artificially the secondary

Fixed Four-Reactor Scheme

Switched Four-Reactor Scheme

High speed Earthing Switch Scheme

ABB Group - 22 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 23 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 24 Sep 28, 2015

ABB Group - 25 Sep 28, 2015

Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker

ABB Group - 26 Sep 28, 2015

Auto reclosing in one and a half breaker

ABB Group - 27 Sep 28, 2015

Autoreclosure out of service