Multicast Routing Protocols: TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1

Multicast
Routing
Protocols
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
OBJECTIVES:
To discuss the general idea behind multicast routing protocols and
their division into two categories based on the creation of the
shortest path trees.
To discuss multicast link state routing in general and its
implementation in the Internet: a protocol named MOSPF.
To discuss multicast distance vector routing in general and its
implementation in the Internet: a protocol named DVMRP.
To discuss core-based protocol (CBT) and briefly discuss two
independent multicast protocols PIM-DM and PIM-SM.
To discuss multicast backbone (MBONE) that shows how to create a
tunnel when the multicast messages need to pass through an area
with no multicast routers.
Multicast Groups
The
set of receivers for a multicast

transmission is called a multicast group
A multicast group is identified by a multicast
address
A user that wants to receive multicast
transmissions joins the corresponding multicast
group, and becomes a member of that group
After
a user joins, the network builds the

necessary routing paths so that the user
receives the data sent to the multicast group
3
Multicasting over a Packet

Network
Without support for multicast at the network layer:
Multiple copies
of the same
message is
transmitted on
the same link
Multicasting over a Packet

Network
With support for multicast at the network layer:
Requires a set of mechanisms:

(1) Packet forwarding can send multiple
copies of same packet
(2) Multicast routing algorithm which builds
a spanning tree (dynamically)
5
IP Multicasting
There
are three essential components of the

IP Multicast service:
IP Multicast Addressing
IP Group Management
Multicast Routing
Multicast Addressing
All Class D addresses are multicast addresses:
Class D
multicast group id
28 bits
Class
From
To
224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
An IP datagram sent to a multicast address is forwarded to everyone

who has joined the multicast group
Multicast Address
Mapping
Identifes
Class D
Ignored
Ethernet Addresses
with 01:00:5e in the
first 3 bytes are
reserved for IP
multicast
0000000
1 00000000
23-bit
address
1110 xxxx
x -------
--------
--------
Class D
IP Address
01011110
0 -------
--------
--------
Ethernet
Address
Time To Live (TTL)

Scope-limiting
parameter for IP
Multicast datagrams
Controls the number of hops that a
IP Multicast packet is allowed to
propagate
TTL = 1: local network multicast
TTL > 1: Multicast router(s)
attached to the local network
forward IP Multicast datagrams
9
Several
algorithms employed by
multicast routing protocols:
Spanning Trees
Flooding
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)
Core-Based Trees
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
These
algorithms are implemented in

the most prevalent multicast routing
protocols in the Internet today.
Multicast OSPF (MOSPF)
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP)
Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) [PIMDM and PIM-SM]
Ahmed Helmy - UF
11
Note
In unicast routing, each router in the

domain has a table that defines a shortest
path tree to possible destinations.
12
Figure 12.18
Shortest path tree in unicast routing
13
Note
In multicast routing, each involved router

needs to construct a shortest
path tree for each group.
14
Note
In the source-based tree approach, each

router needs to have one shortest path tree
for each group.
15
Figure 12.19
Source-based tree approach
16
Multicast Routing
ProtocolsCharacteristics
Shortest Path or Source Distribution Tree

Source
Notation: (S, G)
S = Source
G = Group
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Source-based Trees
Router
S Source
R Receiver
R
R
R
S
R
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
18
E.g. Source-based Tree
19
Note
In the group-shared tree approach, only the

core router, which has a shortest path tree
for each group, is involved
in multicasting.
20
Figure 12.20
Group-shared tree approach
21
Multicast Routing
Shared Distribution Tree
Source 1
Notation: (*, G)
* = All Sources
G = Group
Source 2
A
D (Shared Root)
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Shared distribution tree

Source
S1
Notation: (*, G)
* = all sources
G = Group
Shared Root
A
S2
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
CS 640
23
Building a core-based tree

Source
H1
Source
sends data
to the core
Core
forwards
data
according to
routing table
entry
R1
R3
R2
Core
H2
R4
R5
R6
R7
H3
R8
joined
24
H4
H5
joined
joined
Optimal Routing: Shortest Path Trees
Multicast routing
Routing Protocols implement one of two

approaches:
1. Source Based Tree:
Builds one shortest path tree for each
sender
Tree is built from receiver to the sender
DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM-DM, PIM-SM

Shortest path trees low delay, better load
distribution
Efficient for in dense-area multicast
25
1. Core-based Tree:
Build a single distribution tree that is shared
by all members
Selects one router as a core (also called
rendezvous point)
All receivers build a shortest path to the core
CBT, PIM-SM
Higher delay (bounded by factor of 2), traffic
concentration
Choice of core affects efficiency
Multicast Routing table

Routing
table entries for source-based trees and

for core-based trees are different
Source-based tree: (Source, Group) or (S, G)
entry.
Core-based tree: (*, G) entry.
Source IP
address
Multicast
group
Incoming interface
(RPF interface)
Outgoing
interface list
S1
G1
I1
I2, I3
G2
I2
I1, I3
27
Multicast Routing
Distribution
trees
Source tree
Uses more memory O(S x G) but you get optimal
paths from source to all receivers, minimizes
delay
Shared tree
Uses less memory O(G) but you may get
suboptimal paths from source to all receivers,
may introduce extra delay
Protocols
PIM, DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT
Multicast Routing
Types
of multicast protocols
Dense-mode
Broadcast and Prune behavior
Similar to Radio broadcast
Sparse-mode
Explicit Join behavior
Similar to Pay Per View
Multicast Routing
Dense-mode
protocols
Assumes dense group membership

Branches that are pruned dont get data
Pruned branches can later be grafted
to reduce join latency
DVMRPDistance Vector Multicast Routing
Protocol
Dense-mode PIMProtocol Independent Multicast
Multicast Routing
Sparse-mode
protocols
Assumes group membership is sparsely

populated across a large region
Uses either source or shared distribution trees
Explicit join behaviorassumes no one wants
the packet unless asked
Joins propagate from receiver to source
or Rendezvous Point (Sparse mode PIM)
or Core (Core-Based Tree)
ROUTINGPROTOCOLS
TopicsDiscussedintheSection
Multicast Link State Routing: MOSPF

Multicast Distance Vector: DVMRP
Core-Based Tree: CBT
Protocol Independent Multicast: PIM
32
Figure 12.21
Taxonomy of common multicast protocols
33
Multicast routing protocols
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP):

First multicast routing protocol
Implements flood-and-prune
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF):
Multicast extensions to OSPF. Each router calculates a shortestpath tree based on link state database
Not widely used
Core Based Tree (CBT):
First core-based tree routing protocol
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM):
Runs in two modes: PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) and PIM Sparse
Mode (PIM-SM).
PIM-DM builds source-based trees using flood-and-prune
PIM-SM builds core-based trees as well as source-based trees
with explicit joins.
34
Multicast Link State Routing: MOSPF
Note
Multicast link state routing uses the sourcebased tree approach.
36
Multicast OSPF (MOSPF)

OSPF
(Open Shortest-Path First,

a link-state, intra-domain routing protocol)
The
router calculates the shortest path trees on

demand (when it receives the first multicast packet)
MOSPF
is a data-driven protocol; the first time an

MOSPF router see a datagram with a given source
and group address, the router constructs the Dijkstra
shortest path tree
The
shortest path tree is made all at once instead of

gradually (i.e. pre-made, pre-pruned, ready to use)
MOSPF does not support tunnels
MOSPF
uses IGMP to discover members on directly

attached subnets.
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
37
Impact on Route
Computation
Cant pre-compute multicast trees for

all possible sources
Compute on demand when first packet
from a source S to a group G arrives
New link-state advertisement
May lead to addition or deletion of
outgoing interfaces if it contains different
group addresses
May lead to re-computation of entire tree if
links are changed
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
38
Example
Source 1
Z
W
Q
T
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
39
Link Failure/Topology
Change
Source 1
Z
W
Q
T
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
40
Membership Change
Source 1
Z
Receiver 3
W
Q
T
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
41
Limitations
Limited to OSPF domains
Flooding membership information

does not scale well for Internetwide multicsat
Ahmed Helmy - UF
42
Multicast Distance Vector: DVMRP
Internet Multicasting Routing:

DVMRP
DVMRP: distance vector multicast
routing protocol
Flood and prune: reverse path
forwarding, source-based tree.
initial datagram to multicast group is
flooded everywhere via RPF
routers not wanting the multicast
data: send prune messages to
upstream neighbors
44
Example Topology
G
G
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
45
Broadcast
G
G
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
46
Prune
G
Prune (s,g)
Prune (s,g)
G
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
47
Graft
G
G
G
Report (g)
Graft (s,g)
Graft (s,g)
G
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
48
Steady State
G
G
G
G
Lecture 12: 02-17-2005
49
DVMRP Basic Operation

The
first packet for any (source,

group) pair is broadcast to the
entire network, providing the
packet's TTL permits.
Leaf
routers with no local

members send prune messages
back toward the source.
Ahmed Helmy - UF
50
Prune
messages cause the removal of

branches that do not lead to group members
The
result is source-specific shortest path

tree with all leaves having group members.
After
a period of time, the pruned branches

grow back and the packets are broadcast
throughout the network.
graft mechanism helps to quickly reestablish previously pruned branches.
Ahmed Helmy - UF
51
DVMRP: Summary
Distance
Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

Leaf router sends a prune message to
neighbouring routers when there is no group
member on the subnet.
Intermediate routers perform pruning whenever
possible.
Flooding and pruning are repeated periodically,
when the current state times out.
Between flooding rounds, a leaf router can re-join
a group by sending a graft message upstream.
Intermediate routers propagates the graft
message upstream until the path is re-connected.
52
Multicast Distance Vector

Routing
4
decision-making strategies
1. Flooding
2. Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
3. Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
4. Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)
53
Flooding
Flooding
The
simplest technique for multicast

delivery.
When
a router receives a multicast packet

it determines whether or not this is the first
time it has seen this packet.
On first reception, a packet is forwarded on all
interfaces except the one on which it arrived.
If the router has seen the packet before, it is
discarded.
Ahmed Helmy - UF
55
Flooding does not scale for Internet-wide

application:
- Generates a large number of duplicate

packets and uses all available paths across
the internetwork.
- Routers maintain a distinct table entry for
each recently seen packet (consumes
memory).
Ahmed Helmy - UF
56
Note
Flooding broadcasts packets, but creates

loops in the systems.
57
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
Reverse Path Forwarding

Building
a loop-free broadcast tree

No knowledge of group membership
rely on routers knowledge of unicast
shortest path from it to sender
each router has simple forwarding
behavior:
if (multicast datagram received on
incoming link on shortest path back to
sender)
then flood datagram onto all outgoing
links
59
Multicast routing in
practice
Routing algorithms in practice

implement one of two
approaches:
1. Source Based Tree Tree:
Establish a reverse path to the source
2. Core-based Tree:
Establish a reverse path to the core router
60
Reverse Path Forwarding

To
prevent loops, only one copy is

forwarded; the other copies are
dropped.
In
RPF, a router forwards only the

copy that has traveled the shortest
path from the source to the router.
If
a packet leaves the router and

comes back again, it has not
traveled the shortest path.
61
Figure 12.22
RPF
62
Note
RPF eliminates the loop in the

flooding process.
63
Figure 12.23
Problem with RPF
64
Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
Figure 12.24
RPF versus RPB
66
Note
RPB creates a shortest path broadcast tree

from the source to each destination.
It guarantees that each destination receives
one and only one copy
of the packet.
67
The
interface over which a router

accepts multicast packets from a
particular source is called the
"parent" link.
The
outbound links over which a

router forwards the multicast
packets are called the "child"
links.
Ahmed Helmy - UF
68
Example of Reverse Path

Broadcasting
S
A
Router
2
1
B
3
5
Leaf
Shortest-path
Branch
E
D
F
8
69
Benefits
Reasonably
efficient and easy to implement.
Does
not require keeping track of previous

packets, as flooding does.
Multicast
packets follow the "shortest" path

from the source to the group members.
Avoids
concentration over single spanning
tree
Ahmed Helmy - UF
70
Limitations
Does
not take into account group

membership when building the
distribution tree.
As
a result, packets may be

unnecessarily forwarded to subnets
with no group members.
Ahmed Helmy - UF
71
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)
Figure 12.25
RPF, RPB, and RPM
73
Reverse Path
Multicasting
To increase efficiency, the multicast packet

must reach only those networks that have
active members for that particular group
RPM adopts the procedures of Pruning and
Grafting
Pruning
The designated parent router of each network
is responsible for holding the membership
information (through IGMP)
Grafting
The graft message forces the upstream router
to resume sending the multicast messages
74
Note
RPM adds pruning and grafting to RPB to

create a multicast shortest path tree that
supports dynamic membership changes.
75
Reverse Path Multicasting

Source
(Source,G)
Router
Leaf w/o group mem.

G
Leaf with group mem.

Active branch
Pruned branch
G
Pruned message
76
Figure 12.26
Group-shared tree with rendezvous router
77
Core-Based Tree: CBT
Formation of CBT tree

Multicast
traffic for each group is sent and

received over the shared tree, regardless of the
source.
After the rendezvous point is selected, every
router is informed of the unicast address of the
selected router
Each
router sends a unicast join message to

show that it wants to join the group
This
message passes through all routers that are

located between the sender and the rendezvous
router
79
Formation of CBT tree

Each
intermediate router extracts the

necessary information from the
message
Unicast address of the sender
Interface through which the packet has
arrived
If
a router wants to leave the group, it

sends a leave message to its
upstream router,
80
Note
In CBT, the source sends the multicast

packet (encapsulated in a unicast packet)
to the core router. The core router
decapsulates the packet and forwards it to
all interested
interfaces.
81
Figure 12.27
Sending a multicast packet to the rendezvous router
82
Benefits
A router maintains state information for
each group, not for each (source, group)
pair.
Multicast packets only flow down
branches leading to members (not
periodically broadcast).
Only join state is kept on-tree
Ahmed Helmy - UF
83
Limitations
CBT
may result in traffic concentration near

the core since traffic from all sources
traverses the same set of links as it
approaches the core.
single shared delivery tree may create suboptimal routes resulting in increased delay.
Core
management issues
dynamic core selection

core placement strategies
Ahmed Helmy - UF
84
Protocol Independent Multicast: PIM
Protocol-Independent Multicast
(PIM)
Broadcast and prune keeps state offtree and is suitable when members are
densely distributed
Explicit join/center-based approach
keeps state on-tree and is suitable when
members are sparsely distributed
PIM attempts to combine the best of
both worlds
Ahmed Helmy - UF
86
Note
PIM-DM uses RPF and pruning/grafting

strategies to handle multicasting.
However, it is independent from the
underlying unicast protocol.
PIM-DM is used in a dense multicast
environment, such as a LAN.
87
PIM-DM
It
is used when there is a

possibility that each router is
involved in multicasting (dense
mode)
In
this environment, the use of a

protocol that broadcasts the
packet is justified because almost
all routers are involved in the
process
88
How PIM-DM works

Packets
initially flow on broadcast tree

Forwarded away from source using the
RPF algorithm
A router forwards a multicast datagram if
received on the interface used to send
unicast datagrams to the source
Then,
Prunes are sent up the tree to

remove branches with no members
Ahmed Helmy - UF
89
PIM-DM(1)
Initial flood of data
Source
B
G
H
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
Receiver 2
CS 640
90
PIM-DM(2)
prune non-RPF p2p link
IGMP PIM-Prune
Source
B
G
H
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
Receiver 2
CS 640
91
PIM-DM(3)
C and D Assert to Determine

Forwarder for the LAN, C Wins
IGMP PIM-Assert
with its own IP address
Source
B
G
H
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
Receiver 2
CS 640
92
PIM-DM(4)
I, E, G send Prune
H send Join to override Gs Prune
IGMP PIM-Prune
Source
IGMP PIM-Join
B
G
H
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
Receiver 2
CS 640
93
PIM-DM(5)
I Gets Pruned
Es Prune is Ignored (since R1 is a receiver)
Gs Prune is Overridden (due to new receiver R2)
Source
B
G
H
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
Receiver 2
CS 640
94
PIM-DM(6)
New Receiver, I send Graft
IGMP PIM-Graft
Source
B
G
H
I
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
R3
Receiver 3
Receiver 2
CS 640
95
PIM-DM(7)
new branch
IGMP PIM-Graft
Source
B
G
H
I
E
R1
Receiver 1
R2
R3
Receiver 3
Receiver 2
CS 640
96
Note
PIM-SM is used in a sparse multicast

environment such as a WAN.
PIM-SM is similar to CBT but uses a
simpler procedure.
97
How PIM-SM works

A
Rendezvous Point (RP) is chosen as tree

center per group to enable members and
senders to meet
Members send their explicit joins toward the
RP
Senders send their packets to the RP
Packets flow only where there is join state
(*,G) [any-source,group] state is kept in
routers between receivers and the RP
Ahmed Helmy - UF
98
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
99
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
C
(*, G)
Join
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
Register
A
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
(S, G)
Join
A
C
(S, G)
Join
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
Register-Stop
A
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
(S, G) Join
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
(S, G) Prune
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S, G) RP Bit
Prune
Receiver 1
(S,G) Data
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
C
RP
(*, G)
Join
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
How PIM-SM works

Source
A
C
RP
Link
(*,G) Data
(S,G) Data
Receiver 1
Control
Receiver 2
Ahmed Helmy - UF
10
MBONE
Multimedia and real-time communication have
increased the need for multicasting in the
Internet.
only a small fraction of Internet routers are
multicast routers. this problem may be solved
by adding more and more multicast routers
there is
solution
seen as
routers.
another solution for this problem. The

is tunneling. The multicast routers are
a group of routers on top of unicast
The multicast routers may not be
109
MBone
Multicast
backbone of the Internet.

Not all routers support multicast routing protocols
and IGMP.
Connecting multicast-capable routers using (virtual)
IP tunnels.
Was a long-running experimental approach to
enabling multicast between sites through the use of
tunnels.
No longer operational.
Currently: The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) carries
audio and video multicasts of IETF meetings, NASA
space shuttle missions,.. etc.
11
Figure 12.28
Logical tunneling
111
Figure 12.29
MBONE
112
Figure 12.5
Tunneling
113
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Multicast

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

set of receivers for a multicast

a user joins, the network builds the

Multicasting over a Packet

Multicasting over a Packet

Requires a set of mechanisms:

are three essential components of the

An IP datagram sent to a multicast address is forwarded to everyone

Time To Live (TTL)

algorithms are implemented in

In unicast routing, each router in the

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Shortest path tree in unicast routing

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

In multicast routing, each involved router

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

In the source-based tree approach, each

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Source-based tree approach

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Shortest Path or Source Distribution Tree

Lecture 12: 02-17-2005

E.g. Source-based Tree

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

In the group-shared tree approach, only the

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Group-shared tree approach

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Shared distribution tree

Building a core-based tree

Optimal Routing: Shortest Path Trees

Routing Protocols implement one of two

DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM-DM, PIM-SM

Multicast Routing table

table entries for source-based trees and

Assumes dense group membership

Assumes group membership is sparsely

Multicast Link State Routing: MOSPF

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Taxonomy of common multicast protocols

TCP/IP Protocol Suite