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    Database Systems Thomas Connolly ch01

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    azzamnisar
    A database is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. Reports) each program defines and manages its own data. Limitations of File-Based Approach x Separation and isolation of data. Users may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data - same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and / or different formats for the same item. Any new requirement needs a new program.

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    Database Systems Thomas Connolly ch01

    Uploaded by

    azzamnisar
    523 views24 pages
    A database is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. Reports) each program defines and manages its own data. Limitations of File-Based Approach x Separation and isolation of data. Users may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data - same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and / or different formats for the same item. Any new requirement needs a new program.

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    Database systems Thomas Connolly ch01

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    A database is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. Reports) each program defines and manages its own data. Limitations of File-Based Approach x Separation and isolation of data. Users may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data - same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and / or different formats for the same item. Any new requirement needs a new program.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    523 views24 pages

    Database Systems Thomas Connolly ch01

    Uploaded by

    azzamnisar
    A database is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. Reports) each program defines and manages its own data. Limitations of File-Based Approach x Separation and isolation of data. Users may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data - same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and / or different formats for the same item. Any new requirement needs a new program.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 24

    Chapter 1

    Introduction to Databases
    Transparencies

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Chapter 1 - Objectives
    ◆ Some common uses of database systems.
    ◆ Characteristics of file-based systems.
    ◆ Problems with file-based approach.
    ◆ Meaning of the term database.
    ◆ Meaning of the term Database Management
    System (DBMS).

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Chapter 1 - Objectives
    ◆ Typical functions of a DBMS.
    ◆ Major components of the DBMS environment.
    ◆ Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
    ◆ History of the development of DBMSs.
    ◆ Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Examples of Database Applications
    ◆ Purchases from the supermarket
    ◆ Purchases using your credit card
    ◆ Booking a holiday at the travel agents
    ◆ Using the local library
    ◆ Taking out insurance
    ◆ Renting a video
    ◆ Using the Internet
    ◆ Studying at university

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    File-Based Systems
    ◆ Collection of application programs that
    perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

    ◆ Each program defines and manages its own


    data.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    File-Based Processing

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Limitations of File-Based Approach
    ◆ Separation and isolation of data
    – Each program maintains its own set of data.
    – Users of one program may be unaware of
    potentially useful data held by other programs.

    ◆ Duplication of data
    – Same data is held by different programs.
    – Wasted space and potentially different values
    and/or different formats for the same item.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Limitations of File-Based Approach
    ◆ Data dependence
    – File structure is defined in the program code.

    ◆ Incompatible file formats


    – Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
    easily access each other’s files.

    ◆ Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs


    – Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
    – Any new requirement needs a new program.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database Approach
    ◆ Arose because:
    – Definition of data was embedded in application
    programs, rather than being stored separately and
    independently.
    – No control over access and manipulation of data
    beyond that imposed by application programs.

    ◆ Result:
    – the database and Database Management System
    (DBMS).

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database
    ◆ Shared collection of logically related data (and
    a description of this data), designed to meet the
    information needs of an organization.

    ◆ System catalog (metadata) provides description


    of data to enable program–data independence.

    ◆ Logically related data comprises entities,


    attributes, and relationships of an
    organization’s information.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database Management System (DBMS)
    ◆ A software system that enables users to define,
    create, maintain, and control access to the
    database.

    ◆ (Database) application program: a computer


    program that interacts with database by
    issuing an appropriate request (SQL
    statement) to the DBMS.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database Management System (DBMS)

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database Approach
    ◆ Data definition language (DDL).
    – Permits specification of data types, structures and
    any data constraints.
    – All specifications are stored in the database.

    ◆ Data manipulation language (DML).


    – General enquiry facility (query language) of the
    data.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Database Approach

    ◆ Controlled access to database may


    include:
    – a security system
    – an integrity system
    – a concurrency control system
    – a recovery control system
    – a user-accessible catalog.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Views
    ◆ Allows each user to have his or her own view of
    the database.

    ◆ A view is essentially some subset of the


    database.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Views - Benefits
    ◆ Reduce complexity
    ◆ Provide a level of security
    ◆ Provide a mechanism to customize the
    appearance of the database
    ◆ Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
    structure of the database, even if the
    underlying database is changed

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Components of DBMS Environment

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Components of DBMS Environment
    ◆ Hardware
    – Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
    ◆ Software
    – DBMS, operating system, network software (if
    necessary) and also the application programs.
    ◆ Data
    – Used by the organization and a description of
    this data called the schema.

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Components of DBMS Environment
    ◆ Procedures
    – Instructions and rules that should be applied to
    the design and use of the database and DBMS.
    ◆ People

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Roles in the Database Environment

    ◆ Data Administrator (DA)


    ◆ Database Administrator (DBA)
    ◆ Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
    ◆ Application Programmers
    ◆ End Users (naive and sophisticated)

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    History of Database Systems

    ◆ First-generation
    – Hierarchical and Network

    ◆ Second generation
    – Relational

    ◆ Third generation
    – Object-Relational
    – Object-Oriented

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Advantages of DBMSs
    ◆ Control of data redundancy
    ◆ Data consistency
    ◆ More information from the same amount of
    data
    ◆ Sharing of data
    ◆ Improved data integrity
    ◆ Improved security
    ◆ Enforcement of standards
    ◆ Economy of scale

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Advantages of DBMSs
    ◆ Balance conflicting requirements
    ◆ Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
    ◆ Increased productivity
    ◆ Improved maintenance through data
    independence
    ◆ Increased concurrency
    ◆ Improved backup and recovery services

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005


    Disadvantages of DBMSs
    ◆ Complexity
    ◆ Size
    ◆ Cost of DBMS
    ◆ Additional hardware costs
    ◆ Cost of conversion
    ◆ Performance
    ◆ Higher impact of a failure

    © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

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