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    Sensors Dan Actuator

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    Marsius Sihombing
    This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, such as mechanical to electrical. Sensors are transducers that detect or measure a signal, while actuators generate a signal. Electronic sensors typically convert the measured parameter into an electrical signal. A basic electronic sensor system includes a primary transducer that interfaces with the real world, and secondary transducers that convert the electrical signal into usable digital or analog values. Common primary transducers include thermocouples, pressure sensors, photodiodes, and chemical sensors. Operational amplifiers are often used in secondary transducer circuits to amplify and condition sensor signals. Microcontrollers can interface

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Sensors Dan Actuator

    Uploaded by

    Marsius Sihombing
    224 views21 pages
    This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, such as mechanical to electrical. Sensors are transducers that detect or measure a signal, while actuators generate a signal. Electronic sensors typically convert the measured parameter into an electrical signal. A basic electronic sensor system includes a primary transducer that interfaces with the real world, and secondary transducers that convert the electrical signal into usable digital or analog values. Common primary transducers include thermocouples, pressure sensors, photodiodes, and chemical sensors. Operational amplifiers are often used in secondary transducer circuits to amplify and condition sensor signals. Microcontrollers can interface

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    This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, such as mechanical to electrical. Sensors are transducers that detect or measure a signal, while actuators generate a signal. Electronic sensors typically convert the measured parameter into an electrical signal. A basic electronic sensor system includes a primary transducer that interfaces with the real world, and secondary transducers that convert the electrical signal into usable digital or analog values. Common primary transducers include thermocouples, pressure sensors, photodiodes, and chemical sensors. Operational amplifiers are often used in secondary transducer circuits to amplify and condition sensor signals. Microcontrollers can interface

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    224 views21 pages

    Sensors Dan Actuator

    Uploaded by

    Marsius Sihombing
    This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, such as mechanical to electrical. Sensors are transducers that detect or measure a signal, while actuators generate a signal. Electronic sensors typically convert the measured parameter into an electrical signal. A basic electronic sensor system includes a primary transducer that interfaces with the real world, and secondary transducers that convert the electrical signal into usable digital or analog values. Common primary transducers include thermocouples, pressure sensors, photodiodes, and chemical sensors. Operational amplifiers are often used in secondary transducer circuits to amplify and condition sensor signals. Microcontrollers can interface

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    SENSORS

    a.k.a.
    Interfacing to the Real World:

    Review of Electrical Sensors and Actuators

    Sensors p.1

    Transducers
    Transducer
    a device that converts a primary form of energy into a
    corresponding signal with a different energy form
    Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic,
    optical, chemical, etc.

    take form of a sensor or an actuator

    Sensor (e.g., thermometer)


    a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
    acquires information from the real world

    Actuator (e.g., heater)


    a device that generates a signal or stimulus
    real
    world

    sensor
    actuator

    intelligent
    feedback
    system
    Sensors p.2

    Sensor Systems
    Typically interested in electronic sensor
    convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal

    General Electronic Sensor


    primary transducer: changes real world parameter into
    electrical signal
    secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or
    digital values
    real
    world

    primary
    transducer

    analo
    g
    signal
    sensor

    secondary
    transducer

    usable
    values

    Typical Electronic Sensor System


    input
    signal
    (measurand)

    sensor

    sensor data
    analog/digital

    microcontroller
    signal processing
    communication

    network
    display

    Sensors p.3

    Example Electronic Sensor Systems


    Components vary with application
    digital sensor within an instrument
    microcontroller
    signal timing
    data storage

    sensor

    sensor

    signal timing
    memory

    keypad
    display
    handheld instrument

    analog sensor analyzed by a PC


    sensor

    sensor interface

    e.g., RS232

    A/D, communication
    signal processing

    PC
    comm. card

    multiple sensors displayed


    internet over internet
    sensor
    processor
    comm.

    sensor bus

    PC
    comm. card

    sensor bus

    sensor
    processor
    comm.
    Sensors p.4

    Primary Transducers
    Conventional Transducers

    large, but generally reliable, based on older technology

    thermocouple: temperature difference


    compass (magnetic): direction

    Microelectronic Sensors

    millimeter sized, highly sensitive, less robust

    photodiode/phototransistor: photon energy (light)


    infrared detectors, proximity/intrusion alarms

    piezoresisitve pressure sensor: air/fluid pressure


    microaccelerometers: vibration, -velocity (car crash)
    chemical senors: O2, CO2, Cl, Nitrates (explosives)
    DNA arrays: match DNA sequences
    Sensors p.5

    Example Primary Transducers


    Light Sensor
    photoconductor
    light R

    photodiode
    light I

    membrane pressure sensor


    resistive (pressure R)
    capacitive (pressure C)
    Sensors p.6

    Displacement Measurements
    Measurements of size, shape, and position utilize
    displacement sensors
    Examples

    diameter of part under stress (direct)


    movement of a microphone diaphragm to quantify liquid
    movement through the heart (indirect)

    Primary Transducer Types

    Resistive Sensors (Potentiometers & Strain Gages)


    Inductive Sensors
    Capacitive Sensors
    Piezoelectric Sensors

    Secondary Transducers
    Wheatstone Bridge
    Amplifiers

    Sensors p.7

    Strain Gage: Gage Factor


    Remember: for a strained thin wire
    R/R = L/L A/A + /
    A = (D/2)2, for circular wire

    Poissons ratio, : relates change in diameter D to


    change in length L
    D/D = - L/L

    Thus

    R/R = (1+2) L/L + /


    dimensional effect

    piezoresistive effect

    Gage Factor, G, used to compare strain-gate materials


    G = R/R = (1+2) + /
    L/L
    L/L
    Sensors p.8

    Temperature Sensor Options


    Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
    Platinum, Nickel, Copper metals are typically used
    positive temperature coefficients

    Thermistors (thermally sensitive resistor)


    formed from semiconductor materials, not metals
    often composite of a ceramic and a metallic oxide (Mn, Co, Cu or Fe)

    typically have negative temperature coefficients

    Thermocouples
    based on the Seebeck effect: dissimilar metals at diff. temps. signal

    Sensors p.9

    Fiber-optic Temperature Sensor


    Sensor operation

    small prism-shaped sample of single-crystal undoped GaAs


    attached to ends of two optical fibers
    light energy absorbed by the GaAs crystal depends on
    temperature
    percentage of received vs. transmitted energy is a function of
    temperature

    Can be made small enough for biological implantation

    GaAs semiconductor temperature probe


    Sensors p.10

    Example MEMS Transducers


    MEMS = micro-electro-mechanical system
    miniature transducers created using IC fabrication processes

    Microaccelerometer
    cantilever beam
    suspended mass

    Electrodes

    Rotation

    Ring
    structure

    gyroscope

    Pressure

    Diaphragm (Upper electrode)


    Lower electrode

    5-10mm
    Sensors p.11

    Passive Sensor Readout Circuit


    Photodiode Circuits

    Thermistor Half-Bridge
    voltage divider
    one element varies

    Wheatstone Bridge

    R3 = resistive sensor
    R4 is matched to nominal value of R3
    If R1 = R2, Vout-nominal = 0
    Vout varies as R3 changes

    VCC
    R1+R4
    Sensors p.12

    Operational Amplifiers
    Properties

    open-loop gain: ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k


    high open-loop gain virtual short between + and - inputs

    input impedance: ideally infinite: CMOS opamps are close to ideal


    output impedance: ideally zero: practical values 20-100
    zero output offset: ideally zero: practical value <1mV
    gain-bandwidth product (GB): practical values ~MHz
    frequency where open-loop gain drops to 1 V/V

    Commercial opamps provide many different properties


    low noise
    low input current
    low power
    high bandwidth
    low/high supply voltage
    special purpose: comparator, instrumentation amplifier

    Sensors p.13

    Basic Opamp Configuration


    Voltage Comparator
    digitize input

    Voltage Follower
    buffer

    Non-Inverting Amp

    Inverting Amp

    Sensors p.14

    More Opamp Configurations


    Summing Amp

    Differential Amp

    Integrating Amp

    Differentiating Amp
    Sensors p.15

    Converting Configuration
    Current-to-Voltage

    Voltage-to-Current

    Sensors p.16

    Instrumentation Amplifier
    Robust differential
    gain amplifier
    Input stage

    high input impedance

    gain stage
    input stage

    buffers gain stage

    no common mode gain


    can have differential gain

    Gain stage

    differential gain, low input impedance

    Overall amplifier

    amplifies only the differential component

    total differential gain

    2 R2 R1 R4

    Gd
    R1 R3

    high common mode rejection ratio

    high input impedance suitable for biopotential electrodes with high output
    impedance
    Sensors p.17

    Instrumentation Amplifier w/ BP Filter

    instrumentation amplifier

    HPF

    non-inverting amp

    With 776 op amps, the circuit was found to have a CMRR of 86 dB at 100 Hz and a noise level of 40
    mV peak to peak at the output. The frequency response was 0.04 to 150 Hz for 3 dB and was flat
    over 4 to 40 Hz. The total gain is 25 (instrument amp) x 32 (non-inverting amp) = 800.

    Sensors p.18

    Connecting Sensors to Microcontrollers


    Analog

    sensor

    sensor

    signal timing
    memory

    keypad
    display
    instrument

    many microcontrollers have a built-in A/D


    8-bit to 12-bit common
    many have multi-channel A/D inputs

    Digital

    serial I/O

    use serial I/O port, store in memory to analyze


    synchronous (with clock)

    must match byte format, stop/start bits, parity check, etc.

    asynchronous (no clock): more common for comm. than data

    must match baud rate and bit width, transmission protocol, etc.

    frequency encoded

    use timing port, measure pulse width or pulse frequency


    Sensors p.19

    Connecting Smart Sensors to PC/Network


    Smart sensor = sensor with built-in signal processing & communication
    e.g., combining a dumb sensor and a microcontroller

    Data Acquisition Cards (DAQ)


    PC card with analog and digital I/O
    interface through LabVIEW or user-generated code

    Communication Links Common for Sensors


    asynchronous serial comm.
    universal asynchronous receive and transmit (UART)
    1 receive line + 1 transmit line. nodes must match baud rate & protocol

    RS232 Serial Port on PCs uses UART format (but at +/- 12V)
    can buy a chip to convert from UART to RS232

    synchronous serial comm.


    serial peripheral interface (SPI)
    1 clock + 1 bidirectional data + 1 chip select/enable

    I2C = Inter Integrated Circuit bus


    designed by Philips for comm. inside TVs, used in several commercial sensor systems

    IEEE P1451: Sensor Comm. Standard


    several different sensor comm. protocols for different applications

    Sensors p.20

    Sensor Calibration
    Sensors can exhibit non-ideal effects

    offset: nominal output nominal parameter value


    nonlinearity: output not linear with parameter changes
    cross parameter sensitivity: secondary output variation with, e.g.,
    temperature

    Calibration = adjusting output to match parameter


    analog signal conditioning
    look-up table
    digital calibration

    r
    linea

    T= temperature; V=sensor voltage;


    a,b,c = calibration coefficients

    Compensation

    offset

    T = a + bV +cV2,

    ar
    non-line

    T1
    T2
    T3

    remove secondary sensitivities


    must have sensitivities characterized
    can remove with polynomial evaluation

    P = a + bV + cT + dVT + e V2, where P=pressure, T=temperature


    Sensors p.21

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