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    Linux Administration Tips

    Uploaded by

    anil_shenoy
    This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 4-day Linux administration training session, including using vi text editor commands, configuring umask values, setting access control lists, working with links, user administration, file system management, jobs, logical volume management, network configuration, the Linux boot process, configuring services and daemons, DNS, IPTables, DHCP, web services, kickstart installations, and virtual terminals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Linux Administration Tips

    Uploaded by

    anil_shenoy
    141 views24 pages
    This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 4-day Linux administration training session, including using vi text editor commands, configuring umask values, setting access control lists, working with links, user administration, file system management, jobs, logical volume management, network configuration, the Linux boot process, configuring services and daemons, DNS, IPTables, DHCP, web services, kickstart installations, and virtual terminals.

    Original Description:

    Some Linux Administration commands

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    This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 4-day Linux administration training session, including using vi text editor commands, configuring umask values, setting access control lists, working with links, user administration, file system management, jobs, logical volume management, network configuration, the Linux boot process, configuring services and daemons, DNS, IPTables, DHCP, web services, kickstart installations, and virtual terminals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    141 views24 pages

    Linux Administration Tips

    Uploaded by

    anil_shenoy
    This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 4-day Linux administration training session, including using vi text editor commands, configuring umask values, setting access control lists, working with links, user administration, file system management, jobs, logical volume management, network configuration, the Linux boot process, configuring services and daemons, DNS, IPTables, DHCP, web services, kickstart installations, and virtual terminals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    Some of the key concepts discussed across the various pages include Linux administration points like vi commands, umask values, ACLs, links, user administration, file system management, DNS, DHCP, iptables, kickstart and virtual terminals.

    Some ways to navigate and edit text in the vi editor mentioned are ndw to delete n words, yy and p to copy a line and paste, yw and p to copy a word and paste, o to open a new line below the cursor, Shift + o to open a line above the cursor, ndd to delete n lines, gg to move to the first line, Shift + g to move to the last line, :set nu to set line numbers, :40 to move to line 40, :w! to forcefully save and :q! to forcefully quit.

    Some common Linux file system management commands mentioned are fdisk to view and manage partitions, mkfs to format partitions, mount to mount partitions, umount to unmount partitions, ln to create hard and symbolic links between files.

    Linux Administration

    Points discussed in the 4-day


    Training session

    vi

    ndw deletes n words


    yy and p --- > copy a line and paste
    yw and p -- > copy a word and paste
    o -- > opens a new line below your cursor and gets you into
    insert mode
    Shift + o --- > opens a line above cursor
    ndd deletes n lines
    gg moves to the first line of the file
    Shift + g moves to the last line of the file
    :set nu - - > sets numbers to all lines
    :40 --- > moves to line 40
    :w! - - -> forcefully save
    :q! - - -> forcefully quit

    Umask value
    umask -- > default value during
    installation is 022, default permission
    = 644 on file and on Directory 755
    To make umask value permanent edit
    .bashrc

    Access Control Lists(ACL)


    rw- r r
    RED 1
    RED 2

    If we want to give RED 1, RED 2 permissions without changing the


    owner
    and Group we use Access control List
    Creating special perissions for user RED1
    #getfacl Displays ACL for file
    #setfacl m u:red1:rw test123 // provides RW access to test123
    user
    #setfacle x u:red1 test123 // removes the user test123 from ACL
    It would be g:group_name instead of u:username if you want to
    provide access

    Links
    System generated number for a file is called INODE
    NUMBER
    ls il <file_name> // gives the inode number
    ls ial // all hidden files with inode number
    mv fil2 fil3 // inode num of fil1 will be given to fil3
    ln s <regular_file1> <SYMBOLIC_LINK_file2> -- creates a
    symbolic link, whatever changed in file2 will be reflected
    to file1
    We can also create ln s <sym__link1> <sym__link2>
    rm <regular_file> affects both sym_link files
    If 2 files have same inode number then link count(second
    column in ll) is 2
    ln <FILE_1> <HARD_LINK_2> // Same inode numbers for
    HARD LINKS

    USER ADMINISTRATION
    useradd, adduser, userdel, usermod, groupmod
    Files for user administration - /etc/password,
    /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/gshadow
    chmod
    chown
    usermod l nologin unix1 //unix1 will not be
    able to login to the server
    usermod L unix1 // lock the user account
    usermod U unix1 //unlocks the user account
    chage l unix2 //password policy command

    File System Management

    Max number of disk partitions = 15 in Linux


    #fdisk l
    #df h T
    Print the partition table
    Fdisk l
    Fdisk /dev/hda //Enter the partition table
    Enter n to create a new partition
    w will save the partitioned table.
    Update the kernel changes made inside the partition tables using #partprobe /dev/had
    Validate if the partition exists #cat /proc/partitions
    mkfs.ext /dev/hda(partition#)
    Mount the partition onto required directory mount /dev/had /dir1
    umount /dir1 will unmount the directory.
    #mount o ro /dev/had /dir1 // this will mount the partition in RO Mode
    #mount o remount,rw /dev/hda6 /dir1 //this will remount the partitions in RW mode
    For a directory to be permanently mounted, add it to /etc/fstab
    In /etc/fstab
    /dev/hda6/s60 ext3 defaults
    Permissions

    boot priority

    Jobs
    #jobs displays the jobs in the
    foreground
    #bg displays the jobs in the
    background
    #ps processes running all
    processes
    #kill -9 pid

    Logical volume Manager


    Physical partition
    Physical Volume
    Logical Volume
    Mount as many LVs

    Create a Physical Partition


    1. Define Physical Volume on the partition -> #pvcreate /dev/hda1
    2.Define the Group Name for the partition #vgcreate vgname /dev/had
    3.Extract the logical volume of required size from the physical volume #lvcreate L
    +size_of_LV /dev/vg_name
    4. Create file system on the Logical Volume #mkfs.ext3 /dev/vgname /lv_name
    Mount the logical volume onto required directories #mount /dev/vgname /lvname
    /any_directory
    Enter the entries in /etc/fstab
    Lv0 would be the default name for the logical volume created.

    How to create a Partition


    Primary Partition -> PV

    Vgname
    LV .LV
    FS
    COMMANDS
    1. Fdisk /dev/had
    2. n //creates a new partition
    3. +500M
    4. T //to change the partitions system ID
    5. Mention the Partition number i.e, a number
    6. L // list the partitions (Next Page A)
    7. 8e // Linux LVM (Next Page B)
    8. p // print the partition table
    9. w // writes the partition to disk

    Physical Volume to mount, from


    Mount to remove

    CREATE A PHYSICAL VOLUME


    AND MOUNT

    pvdisplay (nothing)

    pvcreate /dev/hda6

    pvdisplay

    vgcreate volume /dev/hda6

    vgdisplay

    Lvdisplay

    lvcreate L +50M /dev/volume6

    Lvol0 created
    lvrename /dev/volume6/lvol0 logic1

    Lvcreate L +20M /dev/volume6

    Lvol0 created
    Lvrename /dev/volume/lvol0 logic2
    #mkfs.ext3 /dev/volume6/logic1

    Mkdir /l1, mkdir /l2

    Mount /dev/volume6/logic1 /l1

    Mount

    Df -h

    DELETING A
    LOGICAL VOLUME
    umount the logical
    volume #umount
    /dev/volume6/logic1
    #lvdisplay
    Vgremove
    /dev/volume6
    pvremove
    /dev/hda6 //this will
    wipe off the volume

    Network Configuration
    #system-config-network
    Eth0 (Enter the following)
    Name, Device, use DHCP, Static IP,
    Netmask, Default Gateway IP
    Service network restart
    Ifup eth0

    Boot Process

    Init run levels (7 in total)


    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6

    =
    =
    =
    =
    =
    =
    =

    POST
    Boot strap Loader
    Boot Loader
    Kernel
    init run levels
    OS Boot

    Power off (All Services terminated)


    Single user mode (Network interface will be broken down)
    Multi user mode (cannot configure NFS)
    Multi user mode (can configure NFS) (With graphical envi -> startx)
    undefined
    default ( has separate GUI)
    reboot

    Soft Links to all services is rc.d (/etc/rc.d)


    -bash-3.2# runlevel
    N3
    If there is no previous system runlevel, the letter N will be printed
    instead.

    Daemon for service


    Service
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.
    10.
    11.
    12.

    Network
    Nfs
    Web
    ftp
    DNS
    Mail
    Iscsi
    Iptables
    NIS
    dhcp
    Scp/ssh
    telnet

    #service network stop/start/restart


    #cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup
    #chkconfig list network
    #chkconfig network off

    Daemons
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.
    10.
    11.
    12.

    Network
    Nfs
    https
    Vsftps
    Named
    Sendmail
    Tgtd, iscsci
    Iptables
    Ypserv, ypbind, yppasswd
    Dhcpd
    Sshd
    telnet, xinetd

    Configuring yum on the


    Server
    All clients connect to a central repository server to
    install package.
    Create a partition of 4GB
    Mount partition of /var/ftp
    Create a directory called pub inside /var/ftp
    Copy all server directory packages into pub directory
    Create repository on the pub directory
    Edit yum config file path to pub file
    /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo

    Yum list <pkg_name>


    Yum install <pkg_name>
    yum remove <pkg_name>
    Yum info <pkg_name>

    File management
    #cat new >> new1 // this would apend
    the contents from new to new1
    #du h new
    #zcat file.gz // we will be able to view
    contents of zipped file
    #gzip
    #gunzip
    #tar cvf <Name_of_backupfile>
    <file/directory_that_we_need_to_backup>

    Session management
    ftp port#20(for data transfer), port 21(for FTP control)
    telnet port#23
    Ssh port#22
    FTP
    To restart ftp service #service vsftpd restart
    #ftp ip_address
    ftplogin:
    /var/ftp/pub directory where ftp files are stored
    #cat /ets/vsftpd/ftpuser //users not authorised to perform ftp
    ftp> get //take files from other server
    ftp>put //send to other file

    NFS

    NFS Linux with Linux


    SMB Linux and Windows
    Configuration file for NFS /etc/exports (by default would be empty)
    vi /etc/export
    //server_folder_that_needs_to_be_shared *(rw) -- * is used for all files

    #service nfs restart


    #showmount e <ip_address> // list shared directories from an nfs server IP Address
    Mount a directory /server50 to /client
    #mount t nfs <ip_server>:/ server_folder_that_needs_to_be_shared
    /folder_created_in_client_machine

    SSH(Secure Server Shell )


    #scp r <file/dir that you want to send> root@<server_ip:/home>

    Domain Name Server(DNS)


    Configuration files
    Named.caching-nameserver.conf in /var/named/chroot/etc
    Named.rfc1912.zones
    Named.local

    #service named restart


    How to give a hostname
    #hostname server1.linux.com //temporary
    #vi /etc/hosts
    127.0.0.1 server1.linux.com server1
    #vi /etc/sysconfig/network -- > HOSTNAME=server1.linux.com // till here the hostname is set permanently
    Named.caching
    #cp p named.caching-nameserver.conf named.conf //backup the file
    #chmod 640 named.conf
    #chmod root:named /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
    #vi named.conf
    15: listen-on port 53 {192.168.10.24};
    23: allow-query {localhost:192.168.10.0/24;};
    24:allow-tranfer {localhost:192.168.10.0/24;};
    33:match-clients {localhost:192.168.10.0/24;};
    If we do any mistKE IN ABOVE FILE LOADED SERIAL 42 -- > IF ALL GOOD
    Or Else
    It will show Error
    Named.rfc.1912.zones
    15:
    27: Change the lines
    Named.local

    IP Tables
    #iptables -L
    #iptables t filter A input s 192.168.10.55 j
    drop j port port#
    // 192.168.10.55 not
    accepted to the system
    #iptables t filter A input s 192.168.10.55 j
    accept // 192.168.10.55 is accepted
    #service iptables start
    Block the ping requests => change 1 to 0 in
    the file
    #cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

    DHCP to provide IP
    Address

    #rpm qa | grep dhcp /dhcp-3package to be installed


    #/etc/dhcpd.conf is obtained from /usr/share/doc/dhcp/dhcp.conf.sample
    Change 11 option domain_name linux.com
    Change 12 DHCP IP Address
    Change 21 range dynamic host 192.168.0.128-102.168.0.255
    Change 26 host (IP_of_Server){ } //if we want multiple reservation for
    the client
    #service dhcpd restart
    In the client
    #system-config-address -- > use DHCP
    #service network restart OR #dhclient
    On the server
    #cat /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcp.leases
    #cat/var/lib/dhclient/dhclient-eth0.leases

    Web Service

    /var/www/html - edit this file setting


    To open a html file
    #links any.html
    #service httpd restart
    #vi /etc/http[d/conf/httpd.conf

    KICKSTART
    Boot:linux ask method n/w inter
    ftp httpd
    #system-config-kickstart =>
    kickstart.cfg

    Altogether we have 9 login screen (7


    user can be logged in)
    ALT+F1+CTRL (F1-F7) Screens
    #tty
    /dev/tty1
    ALT+F2
    /dev/tty2
    After ALT+F7 (It will logout of CLI)

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