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    Fine Structure

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    Vivek Bela
    This document discusses the fine structure of atoms, including the magnetic moments arising from electron orbital motion and spin. Key experiments like the Stern-Gerlach experiment provided evidence of quantized electron spin and spatial quantization. Spin-orbit coupling leads to splitting of atomic energy levels. The Zeeman effect describes further splitting of levels in an external magnetic field.

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    Fine Structure

    Uploaded by

    Vivek Bela
    168 views17 pages
    This document discusses the fine structure of atoms, including the magnetic moments arising from electron orbital motion and spin. Key experiments like the Stern-Gerlach experiment provided evidence of quantized electron spin and spatial quantization. Spin-orbit coupling leads to splitting of atomic energy levels. The Zeeman effect describes further splitting of levels in an external magnetic field.

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    Quantum Mechanics

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    Fine structure

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    This document discusses the fine structure of atoms, including the magnetic moments arising from electron orbital motion and spin. Key experiments like the Stern-Gerlach experiment provided evidence of quantized electron spin and spatial quantization. Spin-orbit coupling leads to splitting of atomic energy levels. The Zeeman effect describes further splitting of levels in an external magnetic field.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    168 views17 pages

    Fine Structure

    Uploaded by

    Vivek Bela
    This document discusses the fine structure of atoms, including the magnetic moments arising from electron orbital motion and spin. Key experiments like the Stern-Gerlach experiment provided evidence of quantized electron spin and spatial quantization. Spin-orbit coupling leads to splitting of atomic energy levels. The Zeeman effect describes further splitting of levels in an external magnetic field.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Ch4 Fine structure of atoms

    Magnetic moments
    Spin of the electron
    Stern-Gerlach experiment
    Spectrum of the alkali atoms
    Spin-orbit coupling (interaction)
    The Zeeman effect

    Some words

    Fine structure
    Electron spin
    Orbital motion
    Magnetic moment
    Alkali atoms
    Valence
    intrinsic
    Magneton
    Atomic state

    Spin-orbit coupling
    (interaction)
    Frame of reference
    Larmor precession
    Lande g factor
    Alkali metals
    diffuse
    Stern-Gerlach experiment

    Zeemans effect

    Magnetic moment of the orbital


    motion

    An electron moving in an orbit is equivalent to


    a circular current, which possesses a magnetic

    e
    e

    (Bohr magneton )
    moment.
    2m
    2m
    The magnetic moment associated with the
    orbital angular momentum is quantised.
    An applied magnetic field B acts on the orbital
    magnetic moment by trying to align the vectors
    l and B. The electrons precess about the
    direction of the field, called Larmor precession.
    There is also a potential energy E=- l B.
    B

    Electron spin
    Electron spin was introduced by Uhlenbeck and
    Goudsmit in 1925. They proposed that the
    electron possesses an intrinsic angular
    momentum independent of any orbital angular
    momentum it might have. Four quantum
    numbers: n, l, ml, ms.
    The splitting of many spectral lines in a magnetic
    field can only be explained if the electron has a
    spin angular momentum s.
    | s | s ( s 1)

    e
    s g S
    s
    2m

    The total angular momentum


    & magnetic moment
    j


    j l s , l s

    l
    s

    j l cos( j , l ) s cos( j , s )
    g j J B
    3 1 s 2 l 2
    gj (
    )
    2
    j
    2 2

    Fine structure
    All energy levels except the s states of oneelectron atoms are spit into two substates. This
    produces a doublet or multiplet structure of the
    spectral lines, namely, fine structure.
    It can not be explained by Coulomb interaction
    between the nucleus and the electrons. It results
    from a magnetic interaction between the orbital
    magnetic moment and spin magnetic moment
    of the electron, called spin-orbit coupling.

    Spin-orbit coupling (I)


    An electron revolving about a nucleus finds
    itself in a magnetic field produced by the
    nucleus which is circling about it in its own
    frame of reference.
    This magnetic field then acts upon the electrons
    own spin magnetic moment to produce substates
    in terms of energy. S=1/2 could make some
    single state (n,l,m) split into two substates.
    Vls S BNuc

    1
    Ze 2

    s l
    2 2 3
    4 0 2me c r

    (Z ) 4 me c 2 [ j ( j 1) l (l 1) 34 ]

    4n 3
    l (l 12 )(l 1)

    Spin-orbit coupling (II)


    The coupling of two magnetic moments in an atom
    leads to an addition of the two angular momenta to
    yield a total angular momentum. j=l+s
    The total angular momentum has the magnitude of
    with j=|l1/2| for a single electron system.
    The quantum number j is the quantum number of
    the total angular momentum
    .
    j ( j 1)
    For a p electron, l=1, s=1/2, there are two states
    with j=1/2, 3/2, respectively.

    The symbolism for atomic states


    The atomic state is denoted by a symbol, and
    the orbital angular momentum is indicated by
    upper case letters S,P,D,F.
    The primary quantum number n is written as
    an integer in front of the letter, and the total
    angular momentum quantum number j as a
    subscript.
    The multiplicity 2s+1 (the number of j values)
    is indicated by a superscript to the left of the
    letter.
    n 2 s 1l j 2 2P1/ 2 2 2P3 / 2 (n 1,l 1, j 1/ 2 , 3 / 2)

    Lande g factor
    It is a measure of the ratio of the magnetic
    moment (in Bohr magnetons) to the angular
    momentum (in units of h bar).
    For the orbit
    momentum,
    j ( angular
    j 1) g
    m g gj=l,
    g l=1. For
    j ( j 1)
    spin angular momentum, j=s, gs=2.
    For the total angular momentum, g factor is
    given by:
    j

    jz

    3 1 s 2 l 2
    gj ( 2 )
    j
    2 2

    The alkali atoms


    The alkali atoms have a weakly
    bound outer electron, the socalled valence electron, and all
    other (Z-1) electrons are in
    closed shells.
    The yellow D line in the
    spectrum of the sodium (Na)
    atom, i.e. the transition
    3P3S,is a doublet:
    D1=589nm, D2=589.6nm.

    Alkali metals
    Selection rules:
    The first primary series: nP2S, P: double
    lines
    l
    1,getting
    , j closer
    1,0
    substates , doublet, two
    are
    with n increased.
    The sharp secondary series: nS2P, doublet, two
    lines are separated uniformly with n increased.
    The diffuse secondary series nD2P, are triplet, D
    & P are both split into substates. 2D5/22P3/2,
    2 D 2P , 2D 2 P
    2
    2
    3/2
    3/2
    3/2
    1/2; D5/2 P1/2(?)

    Spectrum of alkali metals


    First primary series

    Sharp secondary series

    Diffuse secondary series

    Stern-Gerlach experiment (I)


    Space quantization was first explicitly
    demonstrated by Stern & Gerlach in 1921.
    They directed a beam of neutral silver atoms from
    an oven through a set of collimating slits into an
    inhomogeneous magnetic field B which exerts a
    force on the magnetic moments.
    When the magnetic moment is parallel to B, it
    moves in the direction of increasing field
    strength, while an anti-parallel magnetic moment
    moves towards lower field strength.

    Stern-Gerlach experiment (II)


    dB
    dB
    Fz z
    m j g j B
    dz
    dz

    They found that the initial beam split into two


    distinct parts which correspond to the two
    opposite spin orientation in the magnetic
    field.
    For hydrogen atoms in ground state, n=1, l=0,
    j=s, mj=-1/2, +1/2, gj=2, mjgj =1,

    Stern-Gerlach apparatus

    The Zeeman effect


    The total angular momentum J is the vector sum of
    orbital angular momentum and spin angular
    momentum. J=L+S

    J external
    j ( j magnetic
    1) J z field,the
    m j total
    When there is no
    angular momentum is conserved. When an external B is
    applied, J precesses about the direction of B, causing
    additional potential energy mgBB (2j+1 levels).
    Selection rules:

    m 0,1

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