MATLAB Tutorial by Ashish Jangid

Introduction to MATLAB
By: Ashish Jangid
MATLAB
What Is MATLAB?
MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory)

high-performance language for technical computing
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-touse environment
Typical uses include:
Math and computation

Algorithm development
Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including Graphical User Interface
building
Why MATLAB
A good choice for vision program development

because:
Easy to do very rapid prototyping
Quick to learn, and good documentation
A good library of image processing functions
Excellent display capabilities
Widely used for teaching and research in
universities and industry
Another language to impress your boss with !
Why not MATLAB
Has some drawbacks:

Slow for some kinds of processes
Not geared to the web
Not designed for large-scale system
development
MATLAB Components
MATLAB consists of:
The MATLAB language

a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features.
The MATLAB working environment

the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or
programmer, including tools for developing, managing, debugging, and
profiling
Handle Graphics
the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for twodimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing,
animation, and presentation graphics.
(contd)
MATLAB Components
The MATLAB function library.

a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary
functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more
sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms as well as special image processing
related functions
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic
linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and
writing MAT-files.
MATLAB
Some facts for a first impression
Everything in MATLAB is a matrix !
MATLAB is an interpreted language, no

compilation needed (but possible)
MATLAB does not need any variable

declarations, no dimension statements, has no
packaging, no storage allocation, no pointers
Programs can be run step by step, with full

access to all variables, functions etc.
What does Matlab code look like?

A simple example:
a=1
while length(a) < 10
a = [0 a] + [a 0]
end
which prints out Pascals triangle:

1
11
121
1331
14641
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
(with a= before each line).

Another simple example:
t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(t);
plot(t,y)

Another simple example:
t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(t);
plot(t,y)
Remember:
EVERYTHING IN MATLAB
IS A MATRIX !
creates 1 x 200 Matrix
Argument and result: 1 x 200 Matrix
Matrices
Matrices
Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1

Matlab matrices are of various types to hold different
kinds of data (usually floats or integers)
A single number is really a 1 x 1 matrix in Matlab!
Matlab variables are not given a type, and do not need
to be declared
Any matrix can be assigned to any variable
Matrices
Building matrices with [ ]:
A = [2 7 4]
2 7 4
A = [2; 7; 4]
2
7
4
A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9]
2 7 4
3 8 9
B = [ AA ]
Matrices
Building matrices with [ ]:
A = [2 7 4]
2 7 4
A = [2; 7; 4]
2
7
4
A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9]
2 7 4
3 8 9
B = [ AA ]
2 7 4 2 7 4
3 8 9 3 8 9
Matrices
Matrices
Some operators must be handled with care:

A = [1 2 ; 4 5]
B=A*A
prints
9 12
24 33
B = A .* A prints
1 4
16 25
Element by element multiplication
Submatrices
A matrix can be indexed using another matrix, to

produce a subset of its elements:
a = [100 200 300 400 500 600 700]

c = a(b):
300 500 600
b = [3 5 6]
Submatrices
To get a subsection of a matrix, we can produce the

index matrix with the colon operator:
a(2:5)
prints
ans = 200 300 400 500
This works in 2-D as well, e.g. c(2:3, 1:2) produces a
2 x 2 submatrix.
The rows and columns of the submatrix are
renumbered.
loops
for loops in MATLAB iterate over matrix elements:
b=0
for i = [ 3 9 17]
b = b + i;
end
Result:
29
Note:
The MATLAB way to write that program would have been:
b = sum([ 3 9 17]);
Avoid loops if possible !
loops
The typical for loop looks like:

for i = 1:6
end
Which is the same as:
for i = [1 2 3 4 5 6]
end
loops
Once again:
AVOID LOOPS
Images
So why MATLAB and IMAGE

PROCESSING ?
Images
Images can be treated as

matrices !
Images
Loading an image:
a = imread(picture.jpg);
imshow(a);
Images
Image (=matrix) size:

size(a): 384 512 3
R G B
384
512
Images
Color image:
3D Matrix of RGB planes
Images
Show RED plane:

a(:,:,2:3) = 0;
imshow(a);
Images
Show GREEN plane:

a(:,:,[1 3]) = 0;
imshow(a);
Images
Show BLUE plane:

a(:,:,1:2) = 0;
imshow(a);
Plotting
Commands covered: plot, xlabel, ylabel, title grid, axis, stem,

subplot
xlabel('time (sec)'); ylabel('step response'); title('My Plot');
Eg:To plot more than one graph on the screen, use the command
subplot(mnp) which partitions the screen into an mxn grid where
p determines the position of the particular graph counting the
upper left corner as p=1. For example,
subplot(211),semilogx(w,magdb);
subplot(212),semilogx(w,phase);
3D Plotting
x=[0:10]; y=[0:10]; z=x*y;

mesh(x,y,z); title(3-D Graph);
Simulink
Simulink
Used to model, analyze and simulate dynamic
systems using block diagrams.
Provides a graphical user interface for constructing
block diagram of a system therefore is easy to use.
However modeling a system is not necessarily easy !
Simulink
Model simplified representation of a system e.g. using

mathematical equation
We simulate a model to study the behavior of a system
need to verify that our model is correct expect results
Knowing how to use Simulink or MATLAB does not
mean that you know how to model a system
Simulink
Problem: We need to simulate the resonant circuit

and display the current waveform as we change the
frequency dynamically.
i
Varies
from 0 to
2000 rad/s
10
100 uF
+
v(t) = 5 sin t
0.01 H
Observe the current. What do we expect ?
The amplitude of the current waveform will become

maximum at resonant frequency, i.e. at = 1000 rad/s
Simulink
How to model our resonant circuit ?

i
10
100 uF
v(t) = 5 sin t
0.01 H
Writing KVL around the loop,
di 1
v iR L
idt
dt C
Simulink
Differentiate wrt time and re-arrange:

2
1 dv di R d i
i
2
L dt dt L dt LC
Taking Laplace transform:
sV R
I
2
sI s I
L L
LC
sV 2 R
1
I s s
L
L
LC
Simulink
Thus the current can be obtained from the voltage:
s(1/ L)
I V
R
1
2
s s
L
LC
s(1/ L)
R
1
2
s s
L
LC
Simulink
Start Simulink by typing simulink at Matlab prompt

Simulink library and untitled windows appear
It is where we obtain
the blocks to construct
our model
It is here where we
construct our model.
Simulink
Constructing the model using Simulink:

Drag and drop block from the Simulink library
window to the untitled window
simout
s+1
Sine Wave
Transfer Fcn
To Workspace
Simulink
Constructing the model using Simulink:
s(1/ L)
R
1
2
s s
L
LC
s(100)
2
6
s 1000 s 1 10
100s
s2+1000s+1e6
Sine Wave
Transfer Fcn
v
To Workspace1
i
To Workspace
Simulink
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-5
By the way
MATLAB can also handle

Movies
3D objects
Conclusion
MATLAB is a mighty tool to

manipulate matrices
Images can be treated as

matrices
MATLAB is a mighty tool to
manipulate images
In my opinion
MATLAB should be used to code

software prototypes
Research is mostly about

prototypes, not runtime-optimized
software
MATLAB should be used in
research
In my opinion
MATLAB prototypes must be recoded (e.g. in C++) if theres need

for speed
Algorithm development time is
drastically shorter in MATLAB
Conclusion
CONCLUSION:
Give it a try !
Any
Query
Thank you

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Introduction to MATLAB

By: Ashish Jangid

MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory)

Math and computation

A good choice for vision program development

Why not MATLAB

Has some drawbacks:

MATLAB consists of:

The MATLAB language

The MATLAB working environment

The MATLAB function library.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

Some facts for a first impression

Everything in MATLAB is a matrix !

MATLAB is an interpreted language, no

MATLAB does not need any variable

Programs can be run step by step, with full

What does Matlab code look like?

which prints out Pascals triangle:

What does Matlab code look like?

What does Matlab code look like?

Argument and result: 1 x 200 Matrix

Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1

Building matrices with [ ]:

Building matrices with [ ]:

Some operators must be handled with care:

Element by element multiplication

A matrix can be indexed using another matrix, to

a = [100 200 300 400 500 600 700]

To get a subsection of a matrix, we can produce the

for loops in MATLAB iterate over matrix elements:

The typical for loop looks like:

So why MATLAB and IMAGE

Images can be treated as

Image (=matrix) size:

Show RED plane:

Show GREEN plane:

Show BLUE plane:

Commands covered: plot, xlabel, ylabel, title grid, axis, stem,

x=[0:10]; y=[0:10]; z=x*y;

Model simplified representation of a system e.g. using

Problem: We need to simulate the resonant circuit

Observe the current. What do we expect ?

The amplitude of the current waveform will become

How to model our resonant circuit ?

Writing KVL around the loop,

Differentiate wrt time and re-arrange:

Thus the current can be obtained from the voltage:

Start Simulink by typing simulink at Matlab prompt

Constructing the model using Simulink:

Constructing the model using Simulink:

MATLAB can also handle

MATLAB is a mighty tool to

Images can be treated as

MATLAB should be used to code

Research is mostly about

MATLAB prototypes must be recoded (e.g. in C++) if theres need

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