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    Opportunistic Mycosis

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    Opportunistic fungi like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii can cause disease in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans is a normal part of human flora that can cause infections like thrush or disseminated disease in those with weakened immunity. C. neoformans is found in soil and bird droppings and can cause lung or brain infections. A. fumigatus is common in the environment and can lead to lung infections or invasive disease. P. carinii was reclassified as a fungus and is a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients.

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    Opportunistic Mycosis

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    api-19969058
    369 views19 pages
    Opportunistic fungi like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii can cause disease in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans is a normal part of human flora that can cause infections like thrush or disseminated disease in those with weakened immunity. C. neoformans is found in soil and bird droppings and can cause lung or brain infections. A. fumigatus is common in the environment and can lead to lung infections or invasive disease. P. carinii was reclassified as a fungus and is a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients.

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    Opportunistic fungi like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii can cause disease in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans is a normal part of human flora that can cause infections like thrush or disseminated disease in those with weakened immunity. C. neoformans is found in soil and bird droppings and can cause lung or brain infections. A. fumigatus is common in the environment and can lead to lung infections or invasive disease. P. carinii was reclassified as a fungus and is a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    369 views19 pages

    Opportunistic Mycosis

    Uploaded by

    api-19969058
    Opportunistic fungi like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii can cause disease in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans is a normal part of human flora that can cause infections like thrush or disseminated disease in those with weakened immunity. C. neoformans is found in soil and bird droppings and can cause lung or brain infections. A. fumigatus is common in the environment and can lead to lung infections or invasive disease. P. carinii was reclassified as a fungus and is a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients.

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    Opportunistic Fungi

     Opportunistic fungi are able to causes disease


    in immunocompromised patients.
     Opportunistic fungi includes:
    a. Candida albicans.
    b. Cryptococcus neoformans.
    c. Aspergillus fumigatus.
    d. Mucor & Rhizopus species.
    e. Pneumocystis carinii.
    Candida albicans
     Characteristics:
    ● Normal flora of mucous membranes of upper
    respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and
    genital tract.
    ● Yeast as normal flora, Pseudohyphae and
    hyphae when invade tissue.
    Candida albicans
     Transmission: As part of normal flora, no
    need of transmission.
     Clinical findings:
     Thrush: Over growth of C. albicans occurs
    in the mouth and produces white patches.
    Common in infants, immunocompromised
    patients.
     Vulvovaginitis: Itching and whitish
    discharge.
    Candida albicans
    Skin lesion: Warm & moist areas become red
    and weeping. Fingers and nails of persons
    employed as dish washers are involved.
     Disseminated infection: Such as
    endocarditis, esophagitis, &
    endophthalmitis can occur.
     Chonic mucocutaneous
    candidiasis: Occurs in children
    with T- cell defect immunity.
    mucocutaneous
    candidiasis
    Laboratory diagnosis
     Sample: According to the site of lesion.
     Microscopy: Microscpic examination of tissue
    reveals yeast and pseudohyphae. The yeast is
    gram-positive.
     Culture: On sabouraud’s agar media colonies
    are formed. Germ tube formation and production
    of chlamydospores distinguish C. albicans from
    other species of Candida.
    Laboratory diagnosis
     Germ tube test:
     Inoculate yeast into
    serum
     Results in germinated
    hyphae (within 2 hrs at
    37OC for C.albicans)
     Specific for C.albicans
    although C.tropicalis
    sometimes (rarely)
    produces germ tubes
    Germ tube test
    Candida albicans

    Colony on SDA
    Candida albicans

    Mycelium and
    Vaginal swab blastospores
    in urine
    Cryptococcus neofornans
     Characteristic:
     Oval budding yeast.
     Have a wide polysaccharide
    capsule.
     Habitat in the soil containing
    bird dropping.
     Transmission: by inhalation.
    Cryptococcus neofornans

     Clinical feature:
    ‫ ٭‬Lung infection is often asymptomatic or may
    produce flu-like disease or pneumonia.
    ‫ ٭‬They spread via blood stream to the
    meninges and other system in patients with
    reduced cell mediated immunity.
    ‫ ٭‬But some cases of meningitis may occur.
    Laboratory Identification
     Microscopy: Visualization of encapsulated
    yeast in India ink preparation. Gram stain is
    unreliable but stains such as methenamine-
    silver, periodic acid-Schiff will allow the
    organism to be visualized.
     Culture: On sabouraud’s agar produces
    colonies of yeast.
     Serlogy: Capsular polysaccharide antigen can
    be detected by latex-agglutination test.
    Cryptococcus neoformans

    Colonies on SDA CSF, India ink, capsule

    Lung section, ecapsulated cells India ink, phase contrast


    Aspergillus
     Common species: A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A.
    niger.
     Medical importance: Aspergillus species
    especially, A. fumigatus cause infections of skin,
    ears, eyes, “fungus ball” in the lungs.
    Aspergillus
     Transmission: Inhalation of airborne spores.
     Clinical feature: Can colonize and invade
    abraded skin, wound, burn, cornea, ear and
    paranasal sinuses.
     In immunocompromised persons invade blood
    vessels causing thrombosis and infarction.
     A person with lung cavity e.g; from tuberculosis
    may develop a fungal ball.
    Laboratory Identification
     Microscopy: Biopsy specimen shows septate,
    branching hyphae.
     Culture: On sabouraud’s agar produces colonies with
    characteristic radiating chains of conidia from central
    stalk.

    Colony on SDA Hyphae in lung section


    Aspergillus
     Detection of antibody: Patients with allergic
    bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have high titer
    of specific IgE antibody.
     Detection of antigen: Patients with invasive
    aspergillosis, their may be high titer of
    galactomannan antigen.
    Pneumocystis carinii
     Trophozoite and cyst forms, therefore thought to
    be a protozoan
     Responds to protozoan drugs, not to fungal
    drugs
     But now classified as a fungus (by rRNA
    sequencing)
     Pneumonia-like disease, especially in
    immunocompromised
     Common killer in AIDS

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