REPORT ON MESUA FERREA TREE

SUBMITTED BY

GIRME PRATIK HEMANT

SUBMITTED TO SUB-

AR.ABHIJEET SHINDE SIR

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
PRAVARA RURAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,LONI

INTRODUCTION
MESUA FERREA
OTHER NAMES-CEYLON IRONWOOD, INDIAN ROSE CHESTNUT. MESUA FERREA IS A SPECIES IN THE FAMILY CALOPHYLLACEAE. ITS HISTORICAL INDIAN NAME IS NAGKESAR ENGLISH NAME- CEYLON IRONWOOD THIS SLOW-GROWING TREE IS NAMED AFTER THE HEAVINESS AND HARDNESS OF ITS TIMBER. IT IS WIDELY CULTIVATED AS AN ORNAMENTAL DUE TO ITS GRACEFUL SHAPE, GRAYISH-GREEN FOLIAGE WITH A BEAUTIFUL PINK TO RED FLUSH OF DROOPING YOUNG LEAVES, AND LARGE, FRAGRANT WHITE FLOWERS. IT IS NATIVE TO WET, TROPICAL PARTS OF SRI LANKA, INDIA, SOUTHERN NEPAL, BURMA, THAILAND, INDOCHINA, THE PHILIPPINES, MALAYSIA AND SUMATRA, WHERE IT GROWS IN EVERGREEN FORESTS, ESPECIALLY IN RIVER VALLEYS. IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND WESTERN GHATS IN INDIA IT GROWS UP TO ALTITUDES OF 1500 METERS, WHILE IN SRI LANKA UP TO 1000 METER
Kingdom:

Mesua ferrea

Ceylon ironwood
Scientific classification Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Rosids

(unranked): (unranked): (unranked):

Order: Family:
Genus: Species:

Malpighiales Calophyllaceae
Mesua M. ferrea Binomial name Mesua ferrea L. Synonyms

Mesua coromandelina Wight Mesua nagassarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm. Mesua pedunculata Wight Mesua roxburghii Wight Mesua sclerophylla Thw. Mesua speciosa Choisy Mesua stylosa

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
DOCUMENTED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, The map above shows countries where the species has been planted. It does neither suggest that the species can be planted in every ecological zone within that country, nor that the species can not be planted in other countries than those depicted. Since some tree species are invasive, you need to follow biosafety procedures that apply to your planting site.

DISCRIPTION..
The tree can grow over 30 meters tall, often buttressed at the base with a trunk up to 2 meters in diameter. The bark of younger trees has an ash grey color with flaky peelings, while of old trees the bark is dark ashgrey with a red-brown blaze. It has simple, opposite, narrow, oblong to lanceolate, blue-grey to dark green leaves that are 715 cm long and 1.53.5 cm wide, with a whitish underside. The emerging young leaves are red to yellowish pink and drooping. The branches are slender, terete and glabrous. The bisexual flowers are 47.5 cm in diameter, with four white petals and a center of numerous orange yellow stamens. The fruit is an ovoid to globose capsule with 1 to 2 seeds

USE OF MESUA FERREA IN LANDSCAPE

MESUA FERREA IS USE IN LANDSCAPE FOR POURPOSE OF SHADE & SHADOW. AS IT IS AN ORNAMENTAL DUE TO ITS GRACEFUL SHAPE, GRAYISH-GREEN FOLIAGE WITH A BEAUTIFUL PINK TO RED FLUSH OF DROOPING YOUNG LEAVES, AND LARGE, FRAGRANT WHITE FLOWERS

PROPERTIES OF TIMBER.
As the English name indicates, the wood of this tree is very heavy, hard and strong. The density is 940 to 1,195 kg/m3 (59 to 75 lb/ft3) at 15% moisture content. The colour is deep dark red. It is hard to saw and is mainly used for railroad ties and heavy structural timber. In Sri Lanka the pillars of the 14th century Embekke Shrine near Kandy are made of iron tree wood.

The flowers, leaves, seeds and roots have medicinal properties and are used as herbal medicines in India, Malaysia, etc

EMBEKKE SHRINE

VERNECULAR NAMES OF MESUA FERREA

Mesua ferrea has different names in various languages.
Assamese : Nahor, Nokte ( ) Bengali : Nagesar ( ) Filipino: kaliuas Javanese: nagasari Kannada : Nagasampige () Malaysian : penaga Malayalam : Nagachampakam; Veila Marathi : Nagchafa, Thorla chafa Myanmar: Kant Kaw Sanskrit : Champeryah; Ngakesara; Ngapushpa, Nga () Sinhala: N Tamil : Cheru-nagapu; Sirunagappoo; Veilutta-champakam, Tadinangu, Naka Telugu : Nagakesara Thai: bunnak Hindi : Gajapushpam; Ng champa ( ), Ngakesar ( )

Urdu: Narmishka ()

Medicinal uses
Medicinal uses: The leaves are applied to the head in the form of a poultice for severe colds. Oil from the seeds is used for sores, scabies, wounds, and rheumatism. The root of this herb is often used as an The plant is used in inflammation and septic conditions antidote for snake poison. The dried flowers are used for bleeding The tribals of Assam use this plant for hemorrhoids and dysentery with mucus. its antiseptic, purgative, blood purifier, worm control, tonic properties Fresh flowers are also prescribed for excessive thirst, excessive perspiration, cough, and for In Thai traditional medicine, it is used to treat fever, cold, indigestion asthma and as carminative, expectorant, cardiotonic,

diuretic and antipyretic agent . Plant pacifies vitiated pitta, vata, fever, cough, asthma, itching, hyper perspiration, skin diseases, The ashes of leaves are used for sore eyes. and acid peptic diseases. Kernels are used to poultice wounds and in skin Leaf and Useful part : Flowers, oil flower are antidotes for snake bite and scorpion sting. The fixed oil is used for cutaneous infection, sores, scabies, wounds and rheumatism

SCIENTIFIC PROPERTIES

LEAF ABSORPTION, TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION FROM SOLAR RAYS

ACORDING TO CLIMATALOGICAL STUDIES, THE SHADOW OF MESUA FERREA SPECIES PROVIDE BROAD AND WIDER SHADE DURING THIS DAY HOUR

CONCLUSION
M. ferrea is being used in India and several parts of world for its potential medicinal and several other properties. The plant is known for its antioxidant, analgesic, antiinflammatory,

antitumor, immunostimulant, antimicrobial, and several other activities. It is an ingredient of several ayurvedic and unani formulations. The phytochemical screening confirms the presence of phenyl coumarins, xanthones, triterpenoids, fats and flavanoids as main constituents of the plant. Apart from medicinal uses it is also being used commercially in polymer industry, painting, as a firewood and substitute for gasoline, preparation of nanoparticles.

THANK U.

REPORT ON GMELINA ARBOREA TREE

SUBMITTED BY

GIRME PRATIK HEMANT

SUBMITTED TO SUB-

AR.ABHIJEET SHINDE SIR

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
PRAVARA RURAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,LONI

GMELINA ARBOREA

Gmelina arborea

Scientific classification Kingdom: (unranked): (unranked): Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots

(unranked):
Order:

Asterids
Lamiales Lamiaceae Gmelina G. arborea

Gmelina arborea, (in English Beechwood, Gmelina, Goomar teak, Kashmir tree, Malay beechwood, White teak, Vemane[1] ), locally known as Gamhar, is a fast growing deciduous tree, occurring naturally throughout greater part of India at altitudes up to 1,500 meters. It also occurs naturally in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and in southern provinces of China, and has been planted extensively in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Malaysia, and on experimental basis in other countries as well. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.

Family: Genus: Species:

Binomial name Gmelina arborea

Tree characteristics
Gmelina arborea is a fast growing tree, which grows on different localities and prefers moist fertile valleys with 7504500 mm rainfall. It does not thrive on ill-drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy or poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shrubby form. The Gmelina arborea tree attains moderate to large height up to 30 m with girth of 1.2 to 4 a chlorophyll layer just under the outer bark, pale yellow white inside. Gmelina arborea wood is pale yellow to cream coloured or plukish-buff when fresh, turning yellowish brown on exposure and is soft to moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, lustrous when fresh, usually straight to irregular or rarely wavy grained and medium course textured. Flowering takes place during February to April when the tree is more or less leafless whereas fruiting starts from May onwards up to June. The fruit is up to 2.5 cm long, smooth, dark green, turning yellow when ripe and has a fruity smell. This tree is commonly planted as a garden and an avenue tree; growing in villages along agricultural land and on village community lands and wastelands. It is light demander, tolerant of excessive drought, but moderately frost hardy. It has good capacity to recover from frost injury. Gamhar trees coppices very well with vigorous growth. Saplings and young plants need protection from deer and cattle

DISTRIBUTION
In India, Gmelina arborea occurs extensively from the
Ravi eastwards in the sub-Himalayan tracts, common throughout Assam and adjoining areas of northern West Bengal, also in southern Bihar and Odisha, sporadically found in western and southern India and planted elsewhere on a large scale. Gamhar most commonly occurs in West Bengal forests in mixed forests. Gmelina arborea originated in an area of South andSoutheast Asia from Pakistan and Sri Lanka to Myanmar. It has been widely planted in Southeast Asian countries including Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, southern China, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines (Jensen 1995). It has been planted less widely in tropical African and Latin American countries (Evans 1982).

Utilization of the species

Gmelina arborea timber is reasonably strong for its weight. It is used in constructions, furniture, carriages, sports, musical instruments and artificial limbs. Once seasoned, it is a very steady timber and moderately resistant to decay and ranges from very resistant to moderately resistant to termites. Its timber is highly esteemed for door and window panels, joinery and furniture especially for drawers, wardrobes, cupboards, kitchen and camp furniture, and musical instruments because of its lightweight, stability and durability. It is also used for bentwood articles. In boat building it is used for decking and for oars. Gmelina arborea is a popular timber for picture and slate frames, turnery articles and various types of brush backs, brush handles and toys also for handles of chisels, files, saws, screw drivers, sickles etc

Utilization of the species

The wood is also used for manufacturing tea chests and general purpose plywood, blackboards, frame core and cross bands of flushdoor shutters. In the instrument industry gambhar timber is widely employed for the manufacture of drawing boards, plane tables, instrument boxes, thermometer scales and cheaper grade metric scales. It is also used in artificial limbs, carriages and bobbins. It is an approved timber for handles of tennis rackets, frames and reinforcements of carom boards and packing cases and crates. Gamhar is used in papermaking and matchwood industry too. Gmelina arborea leaves are considered good for cattle (crude protein 11.9%) and are also used as a feed to eri-silkworm. 'Kumizh tree' when burnt yields the whitest possible ash;mention is made by certain 'rock art enthusiasts' that this ash is one of ingredient in the semi solid white ochre used to draw the very ancient 'cave paintings' as old as 3,000 to 5,000 years or more; found in the dense forests of Tamilnadu.

MEDICAL USE
Medicinal uses
The root and bark of Gmelina arborea are claimed to be stomachic, galactagogue laxative and anthelmintic; improve appetite, useful in hallucination, piles, abdominal pains, burning sensations, fevers, 'tridosha' and urinary discharge. Leaf paste is applied to relieve headache and juice is used as wash for ulcers. Flowers are sweet, cooling, bitter, acrid and astringent. They are useful in leprosy and blood diseases. In Ayurveda, it has been observed that Gamhar fruit is acrid, sour, bitter, sweet, cooling, diuretic tonic, aphrodisiac, alternative astringent to the bowels, promote growth of hairs, useful in 'vata', thirst, anaemia, leprosy, ulcers and vaginal discharge. The plant is recommended in combination with other drugs for the treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting. In snakebite a decoction of the root and bark is given internally.

USES
The wood is yellowish or grayish-white, evengrained, and very useful for planking, paneling, carriages,furniture, and carpentry of all kinds (Khan and Alam 1996). The wood specific gravity is 0.420.64 (Davidson 1985). Itis easily worked, readily takes paint or varnish, and is verydurable under water (Gamble 1922). The wood is used for light construction and pulp as well as for fuelwood andcharcoal. Fuelwood provides 44004800 Kcal/kg (Davidson1985). The wood is used in Myanmar for carving imagesand canoes (Gamble 1922), and is excellent material formatch manufacture, packing cases, and all ornamental work. It is also used for making quality toys and picture frames.

OTHER USES. The leaves and fruits of gmelina are used asfodder in many parts of India (Mukherjee 1884, Benthal1933, Laurie 1945) A number of the plants parts have medicinal value. It also produces good quality honey.

Natural Habitat
The species occurs in a variety of forest habitats, including tropical semievergreen, sub-montane, very moist teak forests, deciduous, sal and dry teak forests. It also occurs in Syzygium parkland and low alluvial savannah woodland. The tree is a light demander, although it can stand some shade. It is moderately frost hardy and recovers quickly from frost injuries. G. arborea occurs in the western Himalayas. Its choice of site is wide, but it shows a preference for moist fertile valleys with sandy loam soil; in west Bengal, this species grows best on high silt deposits near rivers. It does not thrive where the drainage is poor, while on dry, sandy or otherwise poor soil it remains stunted and is apt to assume little more than a shrubby form because of repeated dying back through drought.

REPORT ON WINDMILL PALM TREE

SUBMITTED BY

GIRME PRATIK HEMANT

SUBMITTED TO SUB-

AR.ABHIJEET SHINDE SIR

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
PRAVARA RURAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,LONI

Windmill Palm
Trachycarpus fortune is a palm native to central China (Hubei southwards), south to northern Burma and northern India, growing at altitudes of 100 2400 m. It is a fan palm, placed in Arecaceae subfamily Coryphoideae; tribe Trachycarpeae.[1]

Trachycarpus fortunei

Trees, China

Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Monocots (unranked): Commelinids Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Trachycarpus Species: T. fortunei Binomial name Trachycarpus fortunei
(Hook.) H.Wendl. Synonyms[1]

Chamaerops excelsa hort. Chamaerops fortunei Hook. T. wagnerianus hort. ex Becc.

DISCRIPSION
Trachycarpus fortunei grows to 1220 m (3966 ft) tall on a single stem up to 1530 cm diameter. The trunk is very rough with the persistent leaf bases clasping the stem as layers of coarse fibrous material. It is a fan palm with the leaves with the long petiole bare except for two rows of small spines, terminating in a rounded fan of numerous leaflets; each leaf is 140190 cm long, with the petiole 60100 cm long, and the leaflets up to 90 cm long. It is a somewhat variable plant, especially as regards its general appearance and some specimens are to be seen with leaf segments having straight and others having drooping tips. The flowers are yellow (male) and greenish (female), about 24 mm across, borne in large branched panicles up to 1 m long in spring; it is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate trees. The fruit is a yellow to blue-black, reniform (kidney-shaped) drupe 1012 mm long, ripening in mid autumn. Occasionally it occurs that a male plant of T. fortunei besides the usual spadices produces also a few other spadices which carry really hermaphroditic flowers. The hermaphroditic and completely fertile flowers are almost exactly like the male flowers, but are a little larger and with the carpels well evolute, the latter about as long as the filaments, furnished with a ring of silvery hairs all round

DISTRIBUTION
Although not the northernmost naturally occurring palm in the world (Chamaerops humilis grows further north in the Mediterranean region, and Rhapidophyllum and some Sabal species further north on the Atlantic coast of North America), it is one of the hardiest, as it grows at much higher altitudes, up to 2,400 m in the mountains of southern China. This brings it into a climate not only with cold winters, but also cool, moist summers; while Rhapidophyllum may possibly tolerate slightly lower temperatures in winter, it needs much greater summer heat to grow successfully

USES & CULTIVATION

Trachycarpus fortunei has been cultivated in China and Japan for thousands of years, grown for its coarse but very strong leaf sheath fibre, used for making ropes, sacks, and other coarse cloth where great strength is important. The extent of this cultivation means that the exact natural range of the species is uncertain Trachycarpus fortunei is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in gardens and parks. Its tolerance of cool summers and cold winters makes it highly valued by palm enthusiasts, landscape designers, and gardeners. The palm can be cultivated the furthest north in the world, being grown successfully in such cool and damp but relatively winter-mild locales as Scotland and the panhandle of Alaska. It is commonly grown in gardens in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, the Southeastern and Pacific Northwestern United States and California, coastal regions of British Columbia, as well as extreme southern hemisphere locations, such as Tasmania. It does not grow well in very hot climates.

HABITATS
Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade

OTHER USES- Fibre; Weaving

The fibres cloaking the trunk are used to make ropes and cloth. The fibres from within the leafstalk are used for making brushes, ropes, coarse cloth etc[231]. A matting is made from the bark admixed with some of the stem fibres. The leaves are woven into hats, rough coats and fans[46, 61, 178].

 Windmill palm is one of the most cold hardy palms available. It is beautifully compact and grows to heights of 20-40 ft (6.1-12.2 m). Windmill palm has a rather slender single stem that is 8-10 in (20-25 cm) in diameter and is typically a bit narrower at the base than at the top. Trunks are usually covered with a loose mat of coarse gray or brown fibe This palm makes a great accent which fits well into small areas like courtyards and entries. It is a tough plant and survives in hot urban landscapes and even thrives there if watered and fed. Chusan palm is perfect for containers if care is taken that they are well drained. It is very attractive planted in groves and groupings especially when plants of different heights are staggered in irregular patterns (plant the tallest palms in center of the groups and shorter ones at the edges).

USES
Mostly use of Trachycarpus fortunei in landscape is for to represent & enhance the pathway or road Light: Partial shade is best. Moisture: Adequate moisture makes for rapid growth and best appearance but it is amazingly drought tolerant as well (although plants will appear stunted and growth rate dramatically slowed if regular watering is withheld). Hardiness: USDA Zones 7B-10. This is a hardy palm and can withstand subfreezing temperatures. In its native habitat, this tough palm is sometimes subjected to a cover of snow and ice. Note that this plant should be planted in sheltered sites when grown in Zone 7. It is not recommended for South Florida. Propagation: Windmill palm seeds will germinate in 8 to 12 weeks without a lot of fuss.

REPORT ON JAPANESE MAPLE TREE

SUBMITTED BY

GIRME PRATIK HEMANT

SUBMITTED TO SUB-

AR.ABHIJEET SHINDE SIR

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
PRAVARA RURAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,LONI

Japanese Maple

Acer palmatum, called Japanese Maple or Smooth Japanese

ACER PALMATUM
Japanese Maple foliage

Maple, is a species of woody plant native to Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, eastern Mongolia, and southeast Russia. Many different cultivars of this maple have been selected and they are grown worldwide for their attractive leaf shapes and colours.

Scientific classification Kingdom: Phylum: (unranked): Plantae Angiospermae Eudicots

(unranked):
Order: Family: Genus: Species:

Rosids
Sapindales aceraceae[1] Acer A. palmatum Binomial name

Acer palmatum

DESCRIPTION
Acer palmatum is a deciduous shrub or small tree reaching heights of 6 to 10 m (20 to 33 ft), rarely 16 metres (52 ft), often growing as an understory plant in shady woodlands. It may have multiple trunks joining close to the ground. In habit, it is often shaped like a hemisphere (especially when younger) or takes on a dome-like form, especially when mature. The leaves are 412 cm long and wide, palmately lobed with five, seven, or nine acutely pointed lobes. The flowers are produced in small cymes, the individual flowers with five red or purple sepals and five whitish petals. The fruit is a pair of winged samaras, each samara 23 cm long with a 68 mm seed. The seeds of Japanese maple and similar species require stratification in order to germinate. Even in nature, Acer palmatum displays considerable genetic variation, with seedlings from the same parent tree typically showing differences in such traits as leaf size, shape, and colour.

CULTIVATION & USES

Japanese Maple has been cultivated in Japan for centuries and in temperate areas around the world since the 1800s. The first specimen of the tree reached England in 1820. When Swedish doctor-botanist Carl Peter Thunberg traveled in Japan late in the eighteenth century, he secreted out drawings of a small tree that would eventually become synonymous with the high art of oriental gardens. He gave it the species name palmatum after the hand-like shape of its leaves, similar to the centuries old Japanese names kaede and momiji, references to the 'hands' of frogs and babies,respectively. For centuries Japanese horticulturalists have developed cultivars from maples found in Japan and nearby Korea and China. They are a popular choice for bonsai enthusiasts and have long been a subject in art. Numerous cultivars are currently available commercially and are a popular item at garden centres and other retail stores in Europe and North America. Red-leafed cultivars are the most popular, followed by cascading green shrubs with deeply dissected leaves. Preparations from the branches and leaves are used as a treatment in traditional Chinese medicine

GROWING CONDITION
Acer palmatum includes hundreds of named cultivars with countless forms, colours, leaf types, sizes, and preferred growing conditions.

Heights of mature specimens can range from 0.5 m to 25 m, depending on type. Some tolerate sun, and others like shade.
Almost all are adaptable and blend well with companion plants. The trees are particularly suitable for borders and ornamental paths because the root systems are compact and not invasive. Well drained soil is preferred, and the trees grow strongest when they are not overfertilized. Many varieties of Acer palmatum are successfully grown in containers

Pruning..

If space is not a constraint, no pruning is necessary except to remove any dead branches. Some growers prefer to shape their trees artistically or to thin out interior branches to better expose the graceful main branches, especially in winter

ACER PALMATUM OR

JAPANESE

NATIVE TREES..
1. MESUA FERREA

EXOTIC TREES..
1. WINDMILL PALM 2. Japanese Maple

2. Gmelina arborea