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    The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with phospholipid heads facing out and tails facing in. Embedded proteins function as ion channels, selectively controlling the flow of ions into and out of the cell. Ion channels open and close in response to stimuli like changes in voltage, binding of ligands like neurotransmitters, or mechanical force. The sequential activation of different ion channels at the neuromuscular junction enables rapid communication between neurons and muscles. Understanding ion channels is crucial for developing targeted drugs with minimal side effects.

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    The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with phospholipid heads facing out and tails facing in. Embedded proteins function as ion channels, selectively controlling the flow of ions into and out of the cell. Ion channels open and close in response to stimuli like changes in voltage, binding of ligands like neurotransmitters, or mechanical force. The sequential activation of different ion channels at the neuromuscular junction enables rapid communication between neurons and muscles. Understanding ion channels is crucial for developing targeted drugs with minimal side effects.

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    The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with phospholipid heads facing out and tails facing in. Embedded proteins function as ion channels, selectively controlling the flow of ions into and out of the cell. Ion channels open and close in response to stimuli like changes in voltage, binding of ligands like neurotransmitters, or mechanical force. The sequential activation of different ion channels at the neuromuscular junction enables rapid communication between neurons and muscles. Understanding ion channels is crucial for developing targeted drugs with minimal side effects.

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    10 views18 pages

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    hendra2darmawan
    The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with phospholipid heads facing out and tails facing in. Embedded proteins function as ion channels, selectively controlling the flow of ions into and out of the cell. Ion channels open and close in response to stimuli like changes in voltage, binding of ligands like neurotransmitters, or mechanical force. The sequential activation of different ion channels at the neuromuscular junction enables rapid communication between neurons and muscles. Understanding ion channels is crucial for developing targeted drugs with minimal side effects.

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    of 18

    STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF CELL MEMBRANE AND ION CHANNEL

    Cell Membrane

    The basic structure of biological membranes : lipid bilayer ( double layer of phospholipids). The exposed heads are "hydrophilic").
    The hidden tails of the phospholipids are "hydrophobic" (acts as a
    protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water).

    (compatible with water both within the cytosol and outside of the cell).

    Lipid composition of human dan animal biological membranes: phospholipids, cholesterol dan glycolipid

    FUNCTION
    - allow selective receptivity and signal transduction by providing transmembrane receptors that bind signaling molecules

    anchoring sites for cytoskeletal filaments or components of the extracellular matrix cell
    maintain its shape and move to distant sites.

    Cont. Function

    regulate the fusion of the membrane with other membranes in the cell via specialized junctions provide a passageway across the membrane for certain molecules, such as in gap junctions. allow directed cell or organelle motility

    Cont. Function
    Cell Membrane components may:
    - be the place of numerous proteins-crucial for cell activity: receptors for odors, tastes and hormones, pores responsible for the controlled entry and exit of ions like Na+, K+, Ca++ and Cl-. - be protective

    - regulate transport in and out of cell or subcellular domain - provide a stable site for the binding and catalysis of enzymes.

    CLINICAL RELEVANT

    Ion channel

    pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. Mediate ex.rapid electrical signaling of nerves impulses and muscle contraction, also biologic responses. Movement of nonionic solute through a channel is strictly passive Protein channels permit the rapid flux of ions across membrane

    channels permit the passage of ions based solely on charge, the archetypal channel pore is just one or two atoms wide at its narrowest point. It conducts a specific species of ion, such as sodium or potassium, and conveys them through the membrane single file. In some ion channels, passage through the pore is governed by a "gate," which may be opened or closed by chemical or electrical signals, temperature, or mechanical force, depending on the variety of channel.

    structure
    Common structural motif: Glycoprotein containing several ahelix membrane spanning region, flanked by hydrophilic protruding into the extracellular space and cytoplasm.

    Structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

    Stimuli that control opening and closing gating. Voltage-gated channels are responsible for the propagation of electrical impulse over long distances in nerve and muscle. Open specifically in response to a change in electric field that exist across plasma membrane of cells at rest. Ex. Neurotransmitters or drugs that bind to the extracellular portion of the receptor. Second messenger and enzyme can influence conformational state. ligand

    Three rapidly ion channels and slowly gated type gap junction
    Voltage-gated

    ion channel require a deviation of transmembrane potential Ligand-gated receptors respond to the binding of a specific neurotransmitter molecule or drugs Mechanically gated channels can sense movement of the cell membrane linked by cytoskeletal filaments to the channel protein. Each effector causes an allosteric change that opens the channelcausing an ion flux across the membrane. Gap junction : not rapidly gated, open and close in response to changes in the intracellular concentration of Ca and protons,

    Pore size and charge determine the ion selectvity of channels


    Gap junction form nonselective large pores, permitting the flow of ions as well as second messenger molecules and other metabolites Some gated channels with larger pores.ex acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, permeable only for small kation K+,Na+,Ca++

    Sequential activation of gated ion channels at aneuromuscular junction

    Arrival of an action potential at the terminus of presynaptic motor neuron induces opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (1) and release of acetylcholine triggers opening of the ligand-gated acetylcholine receptors in the muscle plasma membrane (2). The resulting influx of Na+ produces a localized depolarization of the membrane, leading to opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels and generation of an action potential (3). When the spreading depolarization reaches T tubules, it is sensed by the voltage gated Ca+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Releasing stored Ca2+ into cytosol (4). The resulting rise in cytosolic Ca2+ causes muscle contranction .

    Ligand-gated ion enable rapid communication between different neurons and between neuron and muscle across synapsis (special junction between nerve terminal and opposed stretches of the muscle membrane)

    Clinical relevancy

    The basic knowledge about ion channel will enable researchers to identify new types of compounds that inhibit or activate just one of these membrane transport protein in each of the several tissues in which it is expressed. Ex. A drug that inhibits a particular inon channel in sensory neurons might be useful in treatment of chronic pain, but if this channel also expressed in certain areas of the brain, its inhibition may have serious undesired actions (side effects).

    Ion pumps

    responsible for establishing and maintaining the usual ionic gradients across the plasma and intracellular membranes. In carrying out this task, cells expend considerable energy. The energy is powered by ATP.

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