Solid Mechanics (CE 251)

Lecture-23 (Shear force diagram & bending moment diagram)

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

Trigonometric functions:
(1) Line function: y = mx + c y = dependent variable x = independent variables m = slope of line c = interceptor on y-axis

+y y = mx + c m = -ve c = +ve

y = mx c=0 m = + ve

y = mx + c m = +ve c = +ve -x

y = mx + c m = +ve c= -ve
+x y = mx + c m = -ve c= -ve
2

+y

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

(1) Standard Equations of a Parabola with Vertex at (0, 0) y = dependent variable x = independent variables 1.1 y2 = 4ax
a < 0 (open left)

Vertex: (0, 0) Focus: (a, 0) Directrix: x = a Symmetric with respect to the x axis Axis the x axis

a > 0 (open right)

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 3

1.2 x2 = 4ay

Vertex: (0, 0) Focus: (0, a) a < 0 (open down) Directrix: y = a Symmetric with respect to the y axis Axis the y axis

a > 0 (open up)

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

1.3 Convert quadratic equation to standard parabola y ax 2 bx c Vertex of Parabola are :

b c y a( x x ) a a b b2 b2 c 2 y a( x x 2 2 ) a 4a 4a a b 2 b2 c y a( x ) 2 2a 4a a 1 b2 c b 2 ( y 2 ) (x ) a 4a a 2a 4 AY X 2
2

X 0 b x 0 2a b x 2a and Y 0 b2 c y 2 0 2a a b2 c y 2 2a a
5

b2 c where, Y y 2 4a a b 1 X x ;4 A CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 2a a

2 b b c Vertex: ( , 2 ) 2a 2a a

Symmetric with respect to the y axis Axis the y axis

a > 0 (open up)

-x

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

1.4 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d where a 0, and b, c and d (=0) are constants (can be zero) and If a > 0 the graph of a cubic looks similar to one of the following graphs:

Case II x3 y

Case II ( x p )3 y

Case III ( x p )( x q)( x r ) y

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CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

1.4 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d where a 0, and b, c and d (=0) are constants (can be zero) and If a < 0 the graph of a cubic looks similar to one of the following graphs:

Case II x3 y

Case II ( x p )3 y

Case III ( x p )( x q)( x r ) y

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CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

Sign Conventions SF and BM:

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; * source: Vector Mechanics for Engineers by FerdiNand P. Beer

Sign Conventions of SF & BM

Sagging

Hogging
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Source: Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove 10

Steps to Calculate SF and BM in Beams:

Step-1 Determine the reactions at the supports. Step-2 Divide the beam span in different segments according loading and support conditions. Step-3 Consider left side end of beam as origin.

Step-4
Choose a section corresponding to each segment which will be at x distance from the left end of the beam (origin). CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 11

Step-5 Take a left segment of the beam from section Y-Y. Step-6

Convert all UDL, UVL in point loads.

Step-7 Choose the sign conventions and write the static equilibrium equations for the beam segment. Step-8 Solve static equilibrium equations for the each beam segment separately according to boundary condition of segments.
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 12

Step-9 Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length of the x-axis will be equal to beam span.

Step-10
Mark the all points according to loading and supports on the x-axis.

Step-11
Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM equations for each segments with boundary values.

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Example 1:
Step-1 Determine the reactions at the supports.
Fx = 0 = HB= 0 ..........(1)

Fy = 0 = -RB - RD + 20 + 40= 0 RD + RB = 60 kN .............(2) M = 0 = MB = 0 = - (3 x 40) + (5 x RD) + RB x 0 + HA x 0 + (2.5 x 20)= 0 RD = 70/5 = 14 kN ..............(3) From eq. (2) & (3) R for= 46 kN CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; Problem * source: Vector MechanicsB Engineers by FerdiNand P. Beer

HB RB RD

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Step-2 Divide the beam span in different segments according loading and support conditions.

Segment-1: AB Segment-2: BC Segment-3: CD

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-3

Consider left side end of beam as origin.

y

X x y

Step-4 Choose a section y-y corresponding to each segment which will be at x distance from the left end of the beam (origin).

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-5 Take a left segment of the beam from section Y-Y.

y

Step-6

Convert all UDL, UVL in point loads. There is no UDL or UVL.

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-7 & 8 Choose the sign conventions and write the static equilibrium equations for the beam segment & solve them.
Fx = 0 y ..........(1) Fy = 0 = 20 + Vx = 0 Vx = - 20 kN (constant).............(2) M = 0 = (x * 20) + Mx = 0 0 x y Mx = -20x (line equation with ve slop and zero intercept on y-axis)..(3)

Segment-1: AB (0 x 2.5)

From eq. (2) & (3) At x = 0 VA = - 20 kN; MA = 0 kN-m

At x = 2.5 m VB = - 20 kN; MB = - 50 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Segment-2: BC (2.5 x 5.5)

y Fx = 0 ..........(1)

Fy = 0 = 20 + Vx 46 = 0 0 y x Vx = 26 kN (constant value).............(2) M = 0 = (x * 20) - (x 2.5)*46 + Mx = 0 Mx = 26x - 115 (line equation with +ve slope and ve intercept on y-axis)..........(3) From eq. (2) & (3) At x = 2.5 m VB = 26.0 kN; MB = - 50.0 kN-m At x = 5.5 m VC = 26.0 kN; MC = 28.0 kN-m

RB = 46 kN
(x - 2.5)

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Segment-3: CD (5.5 x 7.5)

Y y Fx = 0 ..........(1) Fy = 0 = 20 46 + 40 + Vx = 0 X Vx = -14.0 kN (constant value).............(2) M = 0 = (x * 20) - (x 2.5)*46 + (x 2.5 3)*40 + Mx = 0 Mx = -14x + 105 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept)................................(3) From eq. (2) & (3) At x = 5.5 m VC = -14.0 kN; MC = 28.0 kN-m
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

x
RB = 46 kN

(x-2.5-3)

At x = 7.5 m VD = -14.0 kN; MD = 0 kN-m

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Step-9 Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length of the x-axis will be equal to beam span.

x
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 21

Step-10 Mark the all points according to loading and supports on the x-axis.

D x
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CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

Step-11 Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM equations for each segments with boundary values.
Segment-1: AB (0 x 2.5) Vx = - 20 kN (constant) Mx = -20x (line equation with ve slop and zero intercept on y-axis)

At x = 0 VA = - 20 kN; MA = 0 kN-m At x = 2.5 m VB = - 20 kN; MB = - 50 kN-m

A
-20 kN

C SFD

D x
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 23

Segment-1: AB (0 x 2.5) Vx = - 20 kN (constant) Mx = -20x (line equation with ve slop and zero intercept on y-axis)

At x = 0 VA = - 20 kN; MA = 0 kN-m
At x = 2.5 m VB = - 20 kN; MB = - 50 kN-m

A
-20 kN

D
SFD x

0.0 kN-m
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

-50 kN-m

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Segment-2: BC (2.5 x 5.5) Vx = 26 kN (constant value) Mx = 26x - 115 (line equation with +ve slope and ve intercept on y-axis)

At x = 2.5 m VB = 26.0 kN; MB = - 50.0 kN-m

26 kN At x = 5.5 m VC = 26.0 kN; MC = 28.0 kN-m

A
-20 kN

x
SFD
Mx = 0 26x 115 = 0 x = 4.42 m

x = 4.42 m

E 0.0 kN-m

28 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

-50 kN-m

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Segment-2: CD (2.5 x 7.5) Vx = -14.0 kN (constant value) Mx = -14x + 105 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept)

At x = 5.5 m VC = -14.0 kN; MC = 28.0 kN-m At x = 7.5 m VD = -14.0 kN; MD = 0 kN-m

26 kN

A
-20 kN

C
-14 kN

x
SFD

x = 4.42 m

E 0.0 kN-m

28 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

-50 kN-m

BMD

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Example:2

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Problem source: Mechanics of Material by James M. Gere

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Step-1 Determine the reactions at the supports.

UDL: 2 Nos. q1 = q2 = q = 4 kN/m on 2 m Couple: arm = 2 m and Resultant point load = 4 x 2 = 8 kN force = 8 kN Will act at centroid of the UDL Mo = 2 x 8 = 16 kN-m = 2/2 = 1 m from A and CE 251 B (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 28

8.0 kN

8.0 kN

HA RA
1.0 m 3.0 m
..........(1)

3.0 m

1.0 m RB

Fx = 0 = HA= 0

Fy = 0 = -RA - RB + 8.0 + 8.0 = 0 RA + RB = 16.0 kN .............(2) M = 0 = MB = 0 = RB x 0 + (1 x 8) + - (Mo = 16) + (7 x 8) - (8 x RA) + HA x 0 = 0

RA = 48/8 = 6.0 kN ..............(3)

From eq. (2) & (3) RB = 10.0 kN

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 29

So Reactions are HA= 0; RA = 6.0 kN; RB = 10.0 kN

Step-2 Divide the beam span in different segments according loading and support conditions.

Segment-1: AC Segment-2: CD Segment-3: DE Segment-4: EB

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 30

Step-3 Consider left side end of beam as origin. Y

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-4 Choose a section y-y corresponding to each segment which will be at x distance from the left end of the beam (origin). 1st choose for segment AC and so on. Y y

X O y x C D E

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-5 Take a left segment of the beam from section y-y'. Y y Step-6 Convert all UDL, UVL in point loads. UDL: 1 Nos.; q = 4 kN/m & length = x m X Resultant load of UDL = 4x kN Will act D at centroid E of UDL: x/2 m
4x kN

0 kN

O
6.0 kN

y x

x/2 m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Step-7 & 8 Choose the sign conventions and write the static equilibrium equations for the beam segment & solve them. Segment-1: AC (0 x 2.0 m)
Fx = 0 ............................................(1) Fy = 0 = - 6.0 + 4x + Vx = 0 Vx = (6- 4x) kN ............................................(2)

4x kN x/2 m

M = 0 = - 6*x + (x/2 * 4x) + Mx = 0 Mx = - 2x2 + 6x ...........................................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3) At x = 0 m VA = 6.0 kN; MA = 0.0 kN-m At x = 2.0 m CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya VC = -2.0 kN; MC = 4.0 kN-m 34

Segment-2: CD (2.0 x 4.0 m)

8.0 kN

y
1.0 m

6.0 kN

6.0 kN

y
Fx = 0 ..........................(1) Fy = 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + Vx = 0 Vx = -2.0 kN .............................. (2) M = 0 = - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 + Mx = 0 Mx = - 2x + 8 .............................(3) From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 2.0 m VC = -2.0 kN; MC = 4.0 kN-m

At x = 4.0 m VD = -2.0 kN; MD = 0.0 kN-m
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 35

Segment-3: DE (4.0 x 6.0 m) x

8.0 kN 1.0 m

C
6.0 kN

D y
2.0 m

Fx = 0 .....................................(1) Fy = 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + Vx = 0 Vx = -2.0 kN ....................................... (2) M = 0 = - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 Mo (= 16) + Mx = 0 Mx = - 2x + 24 ....................................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 4.0 m VD = -2.0 kN; MD = 16.0 kN-m

At x = 6.0 m VE = -2.0 kN; ME = 12.0 kN-m
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 36

Segment-4: EB (6.0 x 8.0 m)

x
8.0 kN
1.0 m

y
4.0 kN/m

C
6.0 kN 2.0 m

D
2.0 m

E
y

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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x
8.0 kN 1.0 m 4*(x kN/m 6) 4.0

C
6.0 kN 2.0 m

D
2.0 m

E
y
From eq. (2) & (3)

(x 6)/2 m
Fx = 0 .....................................(1) Fy = 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + 4*(x 6) + Vx = 0 Vx = 22 4x kN ................................ (2) M = 0 = - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 Mo (= 16) + 4*(x 6)*(x 6)/2 + Mx = 0 Mx = - 2x2 + 22x - 48 ....................................(3)
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

At x = 6.0 m VE = -2.0 kN; ME = 12.0 kN-m At x = 8.0 m VB = -10.0 kN; ME = 0.0 kN-m

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Step-9 & 10

Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length of the xaxis will be equal to beam span and mark the all points according to loading and supports on the x-axis.

C y C

A y A

x
39

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

Step-11

Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM equations for each segments with boundary values.

Segment-1: AC (0 x 2.0 m)
Vx = (6- 4x) kN (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on y-axis and SF =0 at x = 1.5 m). Mx = - 2x2 + 6x (quadratic eq. of parabola with vertex (1.5, 4.5)) At x = 0 m VA = 6.0 kN; MA = 0.0 kN-m At x = 2.0 m VC = -2.0 kN; MC = 4.0 kN-m

Select this part of parabola for BMD according to boundary value

-x 0
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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2m

6 kN

A y

1.5 m

-2 kN

4 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Segment-2: CD (2.0 x 4.0 m) Vx = -2.0 kN (constant value, horizontal axis parallel to xaxis)

Mx = - 2x + 8 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on yaxis)

At x = 2.0 m VC = -2.0 kN; MC = 4.0 kN-m At x = 4.0 m VD = -2.0 kN; MD = 0.0 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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2m 2m
6 kN

C 2m

y
1.5 m

A
y

C -2 kN
-2 kN

4 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Segment-3: DE (4.0 x 6.0 m) Vx = -2.0 kN (constant value, horizontal axis parallel to xaxis)

Mx = - 2x + 24 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on y-axis)

At x = 4.0 m VC = -2.0 kN; MC = 16.0 kN-m At x = 6.0 m VD = -2.0 kN; MD = 12.0 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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2m m 2

C 2m

2m E

6 kN

A y

1.5 m

-2 kN

-2 kN

E
-2 kN
12 kN-m

16 kN-m

4 kN-m

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Segment-4: EB (6.0 x 8.0 m) Vx = 22 4x kN (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on y-axis)

Mx = - 2x2 + 22x - 48 (quadratic eq. of parabola with vertex (5.5, 36.5))

At x = 6.0 m VE = -2.0 kN; ME = 12.0 kN-m At x = 8.0 m VB = -10.0 kN; ME = 0.0 kN-m x
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 46

Select this part of parabola for BMD according to boundary value

2m m 2

C 2m

2m E

6 kN

A y

1.5 m

-2 kN

D -2 kN
16 kN-m

E
-2 kN
12 kN-m

4 kN-m

-10 kN

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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SFD & BMD for different types of beam and loading condition:
(1) Simply supported beam:

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Source: Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove

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CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Source: Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove

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(2) Cantilever beam:

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Source: Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove

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CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya; *Source: Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove

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Important points for BM:

BM will be maximum at: 1. At sections where a concentrated load acts and the shear force changes its sign. 2. At sections where shear force = 0

3. At supports providing vertical reactions.

4. At sections where a couple are applied.

Point of contra flexure:

A point where BM changes its sign.
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 52

Properties of SFD & BMD:

The slop of the SFD at any section of the beam is equal to the intensity of the distributed load over corresponding section. Presence of the concentrated loads are indicated by abrupt changes in SFD. The abrupt change (change in ordinate) of SF at a section is equal to the concentrated load at the section. The slop of the BMD at any section is equal to the SF at the corresponding section. At concentrated load point, the slop of BMD is abruptly chnges.
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 53

 Total load on a beam between two sections = difference between the SF at these two sections The area of SFD between two section = difference between BM at these two sections.

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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Thanks

CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya

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