AITTM

B.TECH(E&T), SEVENTH SEMESTER Course on Cellular Communication Topic: Principle Of Mobile Communication

Evolution of GSM
GSM is offering continuous improvement and more services. In 1995 the Phase2recommendations were frozen.The GSM 900 and GSM 1800 specifications were merged and additional supplementary services were defined,the short message services was improved and improvement in radio access and SIM cards were introduced. GSM continuous evolve at full speed. The number of improvements so large that together they are called Phase2++ features.

In 1982 CEPT initiated a new cellular system. * For roaming frequencies are in the band of 900 MHz. 1987 Memorandum of understanding (MoU). Allocation of frequencies:-890-915MHz uplink & 935-960 MHz downlink 1988- European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI)was created. 1991- First official call in the world with GSM on 1st July.
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1992- Worlds first GSM network launched in Finland. The first roaming agreement was made. By December there were 13 networks operating in 7 areas. Australian operators were the first nonEuropean signatories of the GSM MoU. New frequency allocation for GSM 1800 (DCS 1800)- 1710-1785 MHz (uplink) & 1805-1880 MHz (downlink). 1993- GSM demonstrated for first time in Africa at Telkom and there was 32 GSM network operating in 18 areas.
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1994 - The first GSM network in Africa was launched in South Africa. 1995 -There were 117 GSM networks. Fax, data, and SMS roaming was implemented. * The GSM phase2 standardization was completed, forGSM 1900 (PCS1900). 1996- There were 120 networks operating.

* The 8K SIM was launched in addition to prepaid GSM SIM cards.

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1998 - HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) trials in Singapore.

1999 The first mobile data call using GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)in a live network was made. LBS is combined with GPS(Global Positioning System), so that subscriber can determine his geographical location extremely accurately. The 3G mobile communications system UMTS was specified which is based on the GSM standards to allow a smooth evolution from the 2nd generation to the 3rd generation.this ought to guarantee an investment protection for GSM operators.
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2000- The first GPRS network is launched.

2001- The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was standardized. GSM 700 supported; UL: 747 762 MHz and DL: 777 792 MHz. 2002 UMTS/ GSM Rel.5 standardized (IMS) was standardized for GSM/GPRS and UMTS.
Smart phones are under development for GSM/GPRS and UMTS to allow a wide range of mobile service, such as mobile Internet, mobile gambling, enhanced LDAs, video messaging, agonistic services, etc.
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2003- First commercial starts of UMTS network operators in Europe.

2004 More than one billion people are now using GSM mobile phones. More than 200 countries and territories has adopted GSM and it has become a truly global standard for mobile communications.

SUMMARY OF GSM BAND

U/L GSM 90 890-915 MHz D/L 935-960 MHz B/W D/D 25 MHz 45MHz

GSM-1800 (DCS-1800) 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1850 MHz 75 MHz 95MHz GSM-850 (Support) GSM-700 (MMS) 824-849 MHz 747-762 MHz 869-894 MHz 25 MHz 45MHz 777-792 MHz 15 MHz 30MHz

UMTS
UMTS 3rd generation It is based on GSM due to two reasons. 1. The GSM technology dominates the market. 2. Great investment made to GSM should be utilized as much as possible.

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Some requirements for 3G are :

The system to be developed must be fully specified(like GSM).The specifications generated should be valid worldwide. The system must bring clear added value.it must be backward compatible at least with GSM and ISDN.

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Multimedia and all of its components must be supported throughout the system. The radio access of 3G must be generic. Radio access and the network infrastructure must not limit the services to be generated. That is the technology platform is one issue and the service using the platform another issue. 3G system has high data rate, that will allow multimedia traffic through the wireless network.

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Enhanced packet switching and routing techniques are to be deployed to support video traffic. The 3G system will use Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) to provide data services between the exiting data networks and the wireless network. The Global 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) incorporating many organization (ITU-T, ETSI, ARIB, and ANSI) is developing standards for the 3G systems.
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Mobile Communications: Basic Concepts

From ancient to modern times, mankind has been looking for means of long distance communications. Fire, flags, horns, etc were used to transmit information faster.

19th century simplified long distance communications: Telegraphy and later on Telephony.both technique were wire line.
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Marconi made economic use of electro-magnetic theory by developing devices for wireless transmission of Morse signals(about 1985). Already 6 years later, the first transatlantic wireless transmission of Morse signal took place. Voice was transmitted the first time in 1906 (R.Fess Eden),and first radio broadcast transmission 1909 in New York.

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Economically most successful wireless application in the first half of the 20th century was radio broadcast. There is one transmitter, the so called radio station. Information, such as news, music etc. is transmitted from the radio station to the receiver equipment, the radio device. This type of one way transmission is called simplex transmission. In this transmission takes place in one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver.
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The first commercial wireless car phony telephony service started in the late 1946 in St. Louise, Missouri (USA). It was a car phone service, because at that time, the mobile phone equipment was bulky and heavy. Actually, in the start up, it filled the whole back of the car. But it was real full duplex solution.

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In the 50ies, several vehicle radio systems were also installed in Europe. These systems are now a days called single cell system. The user data transmission takes place between the mobile phone and the base station (BS). A base station transmit and receive user data. While a mobile phone is only responsible for its users data transmission and reception, a base station is capable to handle the calls of several subscribers simultaneously.

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Transmission of user data from base station to the mobile phone is called downlink (DL). Transmission from mobile phone to base station is called uplink (UL). The area, where the wireless transmission between mobile phone to the base station can take place, is the base station supply area,called cell.

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For conversation, a technical solution is required where information flow can take place in two directions. This type of transmission is called Duplex transmission. Walky-talky was already available the early 30ies. This system already allowed a transmission of user data in two directions, but there was a limitation: the users were not allowed to transmit at the same time. In other words, you could only receive or transmit the user information. This type of transmission is often called semiduplex transmission.
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For telephony services, a technical solution is required, where subscribers have the impression, that they can speak (transmit) and hear (receive) simultaneously. This type of solution is regarded as full- duplex transmission.

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Single cell system are quite limited. The more and more distant the subscriber is from the base station, the lower the quality of the radio link. If the subscriber is leaving the supply area of the cell, no communication is possible any more. In order to over come this limitation, cellular systems were introduced.

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A cellular mobile communication system consists of several cells, which can overlap. By doing so a whole geographical area can be supported with the mobile communication service. But what happens, when a subscriber moves during a call from one cell to another cell? 23

If the subscriber is leaving the cell, and in parallel is entering a new cell, then system makes new radio resources available in the neighboring cell, and the call is handed over from one cell to the next one. By doing so, service continuation is guaranteed, even when the subscriber is moving. The process is known as handover(HO).

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A hand over takes place during a call i.e. when a mobile in active mode.

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In the idle mode of mobile, the mobile is switched on, but no resources are allocated to it to allow user data transmission, and the mobile phone is still listening the information, broadcast by the base station.
Why? Imagine, there is a mobile terminated call. The mobile phone is then paged in the cell. This means the phone receive information that there is a mobile terminated call.

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A cellular system may consists of hundreds of cell. If the mobile network does not know, in which cell the mobile phone is located, it must be paged in all of them. To reduce load on networks, paging is done in small parts of mobile an operators network. Mobile network operators group cells administrative units called location areas (LA). in

A mobile phone is paged in only one direction area.

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But How does the cellular system know, in which location area the mobile phone is located?

In every cell, system information is continuously transmitted. System information includes the location area information.
In the idle mode, the mobile phone is listening to this system information. If the subscriber moves hereby from one cell to the next cell, and the new cell belongs to the same location area, the mobile stays idle.
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If the new cell belongs to a new location area, then the mobile phone has to become active. It starts a communication with the network informing it about it new location. This is stored in database with in the mobile network, and if there is a mobile terminated call, the network knows where to page the subscriber. The process, where the mobile phones informs the network about its new location is called Location Update Procedure (LUP).

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First generation mobile communication systems are:

TACS U.K (Total Access Communication System) 900 MHz band NMT Scandivanian (Nordic Mobile Telephony) 450 & 900 MHz band AMPS U.S (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) C450 etc. 800 MHz band

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All of them launched in the 80s of the last century. 1st generation mobile communication systems often offered national wide coverage. But there was limitations: Most of them did not support roaming. Roaming is the ability to use another operators network infrastructure. International roaming is the ability to go even to another country and use the locals operators infrastructure.

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Most 1st generation mobile communication systems only support only speech transmission, but not data transmission such as fax. Supplementary services, well known from ISDN, were not available, such as number indication and call forwarding, when busy. The transmission takes place unprotected via the radio interface as a consequence evaesdropping is possible.
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Finally, mobile communication started to become a mass market. And the radio interface is the main bottleneck in terms of capacity. Improved solution was urgently required. This led to the inauguration of the second generation mobile communication systems, one of which is GSM.

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1980 1G

1990 2G

2000 3G

multi standard analog multi standard digital unified standard digital voice only prepaid data barrier low data rate TACS,NMT, AMPS Terrestrial CXL, M/W IS-95,GSM, CDMA Terrestrial OFC, M/W, Cellular high speed data rate up to 2Mb/s WCDMA,UMTS, IMT-2000 Satellite/Terrestrial Cellular/Satellite

DAMPS U.S
GSM Europe CDMA - U.S

800 MHz Band

900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz Band 900 MHz
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