CHAPTER 4

Teaching Approach , Strategy and Method/Technique

Pn Norhayati bt Hj Hashim

 How would you want your lesson to be delivered? What kind of activities would you want your pupils to participate? How would you arrange your lesson whereby pupils curiosity and interest are aroused?

Principles of Teaching Approaches

DEFINITION
Systematic arrangement of procedures that differentiate the teaching Ascertained by the criteria as how far pupils involve themselves in the T&L process Ascertained by the way the contents of a lesson are delivered

Examples
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inductive approach Deductive approach Eclectic approach Integrated approach Thematic approach

Inductive approach
Specific examples based on the same principle First, identify the learning objectives Prepare examples related to the T&L objectives ( ?) Next, pupils make conclusion & generalization about the concept Questioning & guiding pupils to further reinforce the generalization Thus, teacher gives examples , pupils observe, interpret, research and then make generalization

Deductive Approach
Starts with formula, principles, laws, theorems or rules. Pupils give examples Teacher explains the concept Teacher, students will be engaged in Q&A sessions This followed by reinforcement activities. Could you list down examples of reinforcement activities?

Eclectic approach
Combination of the inductive & deductive approaches Could be used as T&L strategy Suitable for pupils of multiple intelligence , capabilities & interest (?) Pupils involved actively in learning Teachers need to first give input. Easier for pupils to give examples & make conclusions.

Integrated approach
Usage of strategies combination & infusion of strategies Combining of different skills, eg. Language skills or skills from various subjects Infusion skills integration of knowledge elements & true values. (BM, ENG, SC, MTHS) Include aspects of
o o o o knowledge individual & community affairs nationalistic spirit Malaysian society values

Thematic approach
Refers to collection of ideas about a specific topic Break down into smaller components Involves integration of different skills
analyzing, making generalization application integrate facts

Mind provocation
Divide into 5 groups. Through discussion, choose any one approach and give examples of lessons in your subject matter. Present in a form of simulation.

Identify the correct teaching approach for statements below. 1.Students are given a specific utterance or set of utterances (e.g., in a dialogue or narrative)in the target language. The teacher then has students repeat the utterances and others similar to them in an attempt to have the students see the underlying patterns and make appropriate analogies. ().
2 One using a variety of methods of approaching/tackling/ addressing/dealing with' a subject/problem/challenge/task. (..)

Short quiz

3. Vast amount of information can be presented to the students in a concise and comprehensive manner. A lot of effort is required to process and organise the information. ( .)

4. Pupils

are given vocabulary "equivalents" in the target language and then "grammar rules" to put the vocabulary items into sentences.

.. 5. A way of teaching and learning, whereby many

areas of the curriculum are connected together and integrated within an aspect. It allows learning to be more natural and less fragmented . It allows literacy to grow progressively, with vocabulary linked and with spelling and sentence writing being frequently, yet smoothly, reinforced.

TEACHING STRATEGIES
Define the word strategy . What skills needed before a teacher can choose an appropriate teaching strategy? Several aspects should be considered when ascertaining strategies used in a lesson. List them down.

1. Strategy refers to ways(specific actions) in which a teacher conducts a T&L activity systematically. 2. A teacher needs skills to plan and manage teaching methodologies & techniques. 3. Aspects considered are
Teaching objectives Teaching process Contents Preparation & teaching abilities Personal teaching styles Climate in the classroom

 Teaching strategies are the methods you use to allow learners to access the information you are teaching. Eg; - information being read to them; - you could display it pictorially; - you could allow them to research the information themselves; - you could present it as a power point presentation. People learn in 3 main ways - visually, auditory and kinesthetically.

Teaching Strategies

Teaching strategies
Teacher Centered Strategy Pupil Centered Strategy Material Teaching Strategy Task based Strategy

Teaching Methods & Techniques

Teaching method comprises the principles and methods used for instruction. Commonly used teaching methods may include class participation, demonstration, recitation, memorization, or combinations of these. The choice of an appropriate teaching method depends largely on the information or skill that is being taught, May also be influenced by the aptitude and enthusiasm of the students.

 For effective teaching to take place, a good method must be adopted by a teacher. A teacher has many options when choosing a style by which to teach. The teacher may write lesson plans of their own, borrow plans from other teachers, or search online or within books for lesson plans

 When deciding what teaching method to use, a teacher needs to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and learning goals. Teachers are aware that students learn in different ways, but almost all children will respond well to praise.

Examples:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brainstorming Story Telling Discussion Demonstration Problem Solving

Brainstorming
Discussion activity via group work As many ideas/opinions about a particular topic All ideas recorded & teacher encourages expansion Topic is given before breaking into smaller groups Pupils discuss the topic before making a stand No criticizing or evaluating allowed A chairperson is appointed- moderating all the ideas of the group & summarizing them upon group agreement Encourages creative thinking & generates ideas in a short time

 Look for suitable stories in line with T&L objectives Use interesting additional materials : puppets, strings toy animals, paper etc Voice & tone should be varied Different skills & mastery of language especially in oral proficiency are enhanced Discussion session that follows after story telling is most important Test the understanding level of pupils regarding the story ~ comprehension ~ summarizing the main points

Story Telling

Discussion
Topic must be suited to the T&L objectives & interest Ascertain whether it is to collect facts or solve a problem Teacher as facilitator & guidance Teacher must present divergent Qs & encourage other pupils to question their friends ideas At the end of the discussion session, teacher together with pupils must summarize the main points towards the solving of the problem

Demonstration
To train pupils to observe & carry out an activity according to certain procedures Usage of the sensory organs of sight & hearing First, teacher demonstrates in front of the class While demonstrating, teacher gives clear explanations, pupils pay full attention Next, carry out a discussion or pupils write a report about the procedures that have been demonstrated Teacher ascertain the topic, objective & prepare teaching aids

 A mental process that needs an individual to think creatively & critically to look for alternative ideas & steps to solve a problem. The steps are a. Identifying a problem b. Understanding a problem c. Ascertaining the alternatives solution of a problem d. Trying out new solutions to a problem e. Concluding & evaluating the solutions Teacher could also use inquiry, brainstorming , discussion & simulation and give chance to pupils to portray directly their creativity, talents & potential. It enhances the thinking skills & instills positive social interaction

Problem Solving

Conclusion
Teachers need to explore which learning styles work best with their pupils, using qualitative and quantitative measures. Then would they realise what works well for some children's learning does not work so well for others. Thus, there is a long list of techniques that you may choose from in making your class interesting and constructive. Nevertheless, the factors that influence the choice are

T & L objectives duration of a teachers lesson number of pupils that are involved the type of room that is used the type of subject & the topics that are taught.

Scenario
"I have told that child eight times and she still does not understand!" complained one learned and very highly educated teacher to me. (researcher)

Yes Rosemary" I replied, "but, with respect, have you told her in eight different ways?"