CSS432 Subnetting and CIDR

Textbook Ch 3.2.5

Instructor: Joe McCarthy (based on Prof. Fukudas slides)

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Global addressing

Properties
globally

unique hierarchical: network + host

Dotted Decimal Notation

Class A: 224 2 = 16,777,214 hosts 1.0.0.1 126.255.255.254

7 A: 0 Network 14 B: 1 0 Network 21

24 Host 16 Host 8 Host

2

(0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255, 1.0.0.0, 126.255.255.255, and 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 reserved)

Class B: 216 2 = 65,534 hosts 128.0.0.1 191.255.255.254

Class C: 28 2 = 254 hosts 192.0.0.1 223.255.255.254

C:

1 1 0

Network

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Internet Structure
Stanford NSFNET backbone ISU

BARRNET regional Westnet regional Berkeley

MidNet regional

PARC
NCAR UA

UNM

UNL

KU

Autonomous System (AS):

Administered independently of other AS Have a different routing protocol and metrics

Classful Addressing: Do we really need to give an independent class A/B/C network number to every single AS?
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Scaling Issues in Routing

Inefficient use of IP Address Space

Class

C with 2 hosts (2/254 = 0.78% efficient) Class B with 256 hosts (256/65534 = 0.39% efficient)
IP

address space gets consumed too quickly

Too Many Networks

Routing

tables do not scale Route propagation protocols do not scale Router gets slower to scan a big forwarding table

Hierarchy
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Subnetting - Concept
Simple IP networks Internet A collection of subnets Internet EDU
128.96.34.1 - 30

30 nodes: Class C 40 nodes: Class C

Class B: 128.97.0.0 30 nodes EDU

Subnet: 128.97.1.0 128.97.1.1-30

BBUS
128.96.35.1-40 128.96.36.1-200

40 nodes
Subnet: 128.97.2.0

BBUS
128.97.2.1-30

200 nodes: Class C IAS 256 nodes: Class B CSS

128.97.0.1 128.97.1.2

200 nodes
Subnet: 128.97.3.0

IAS
128.97.3.1-200

256 nodes
Subnet: 128.97.4.0

CSS
128.97.4.1 128.97.5.2

Problem: Internet identifies only classes

Four networks each must receive an independent class of network number, (which exhausts IP addresses and floods network #s) Subnet: collects networks belonging to the same AS and give a single class of network number, which is then divided into subnet numbers internally.
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CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Subnetting How to Address

Subnet masks define variable partition of host part Subnets visible only within site
Network number Host number 127.97.0.1 127.97.255.254

Class B address 111111111111111111111111 00000000 # of bits in subnet mask

Subnet mask (255.255.255.0) 127.97.8.254/24 Network number Subnet ID Host ID Subnet ID Subnetted address
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Subnetting How to Address

#bits 16 17 18 Subnetwork Mask 255.255.0.0 255.255.128.0 255.255.192.0 #subnets in Class B 1 2 #subnets in Class C # of hosts 65534 32766 16382

19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.254 255.255.255.255

6
14 30 62 126 254 510 1022 2046 4094 8190 16382 32766 65534

1 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254

8190
4094 2046 1022 510 254 126 62 30 14 6 2 -

Note: subnet all 0s and all 1s are not recommended

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Routing with simple IP

[Note: NetworkNum values would typically be more like 128.96.34]

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Routing with subnetting

IP address & subnet mask = subnet number Example: 128.96.34.15 & 255.255.255.128
10000000.01100000.00100010.00001111 & 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 ----------------------------------10000000.01100000.00100010.00000000

= 128.96.34.0

Forwarding Table for R1

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Forwarding Algorithm
D = destination IP address for each entry (SubnetNum, SubnetMask, NextHop) D1 = SubnetMask & D if D1 == SubnetNum if NextHop is an interface deliver datagram directly to destination else deliver datagram to NextHop (a router)

Use a default router if nothing matches Not necessary for all 1s in subnet mask to be contiguous

But highly recommended Ex. Two or more departments want to have their own subnet and to allocate IP addresses in it while sharing just one physical network
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Can put multiple subnets on one physical network

Subnets not visible from the rest of the Internet

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Supernetting

Subnetting

Purpose: divide a large class of network numbers into sub network numbers helps assign addresses efficiently Problem: an AS with more than 255 hosts still needs class B

Supernetting

Solution: assign block of contiguous network numbers to an institution.

Ex. Assign two class C network numbers instead of one class B network.

Side effect: The information that routers store and exchange increases dramatically

Ex. If an AS has 16 class C network numbers, every Internet router needs 16 entries for this AS.

CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing

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CIDR

Basic concept of supernetting using class C:

Represent blocks with a single pair

(first_class_C_network_address, count) Points to a sequence of blocks: 192.5.48.0, 192.5.49.0 and 192.5.50.0

Example: (192.5.48.0, 3)

In practice

No restriction to class C nor use of count Restrict block sizes to powers of 2 Use a bit mask (CIDR mask) to identify block size

Ex. An AS assigned a block of 2048 (211) contiguous addresses starting at 128.211.168.0 is a collection of 8 (23) class C networks (with 28 addresses each) Lowest 128.211.168.0 10000000 11010011 10101000 00000000 Highest 128.211.175.255 10000000 11010011 10101111 11111111 CIDR mask (32 11 = 21 bits) 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 Address Notation: 128.211.168.0/21
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Classless Addressing Examples

CIDR allows to aggregate routes repeatedly

Corporation X 11000000 00000100 0000 192.4.0.0/20

Internet backbone

Regional network

Corporation Y 11000000 00000100 0001 192.4.16.0/20

Corporation Z 11000000 00000100 0011 192.4.48.0/20

Border gateway 11000000 00000100 00 192.4.0.0/18

Then, what if there is a router capable of forwarding packets both to the regional network and to the corporation Z? Prefix Next Hop 192.4.0.0/18 the regional network 192.4.48.0/20 corporation Z To which of those two should we forward a packet destined to 192.4.48.3? Use Principle of Longest Match
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing
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Reviews
Subnetting:

How to address and forwarding algorithm Supernetting: CIDR, principle of longest match, and classless lookup

Exercises in Chapter 3
Ex.

55 (Subnetting) Ex. 68 (CIDR) Ex. 72 (CIDR) Ex. 74 (CIDR)

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

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Ex 55 (Subnetting)

Suppose a router has built up the routing table shown in Figure 3.18. The router can deliver packets directly over interfaces 0 and 1, or it can forward packets to routers R2, R3 or R4. Describe what the router does with a packet addressed to each of the following destinations: (a) 128.96.39.10 (b) 128.96.40.12 (c) 128.96.40.151 (d) 192.4.153.17 (e) 192.4.153.90 SubnetNumber SubnetMask NextHop
128.96.39.0 128.96.39.128 128.96.40.0 192.4.153.0 (default) 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.0 Interface 0 Interface 1 R2 R3 R4
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CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

Ex 68 (CIDR)

An organization has been assigned the prefix 212.1.1/24 (Class C) and wants to form subnets for four departments, with hosts as follows: A: 75 hosts B: 35 hosts C: 20 hosts D: 18 hosts There are 148 hosts in all. (a) Give a possible arrangement of subnet masks to make this possible (b) Suggest what the organization might do if department D grows to 32 hosts

CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

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Ex 72

Table 3.20 is a routing table using CIDR. Address bytes are in hexadecimal. The notation /12 in C4.50.0.0/12 denotes a netmask with 12 leading 1 bits: FEF0.0.0. Note that the last 3 entries cover every address and thus serve in lieu of a default route. State to what next hop the following will be delivered: (a) C4.5E.13.87 Net/MaskLength NextHop (b) C4.5E.22.09 C4.50.0.0/12 A (c) C3.41.80.02 C4.5E.10.0/20 B (d) 5E.43.91.12 C4.60.0.0/12 C (e) C4.6D.31.2E C4.68.0.0/14 D (f) C4.6B.31.2E
80.0.0.0/1 40.0.0.0/2 00.0.0.0/2
CSS 432: Subnetting & CIDR

E F

G
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Ex 74

An ISP that has authority to assign addresses from a /16 prefix (an old Class B address) is working with a new company to allocate it a portion of address space based on CIDR. The new company needs IP addresses for machines in 3 divisions of its corporate network: Engineering, Marketing and Sales. These divisions plan to grow as follows:

Engineering has 5 machines as of the start of year 1 and intends to add 1 machine every week Marketing will never need more than 16 machines Sales needs 1 machine for every 2 clients

As of the start of year 1, the company has no clients, but the sales model indicates that, by the start of year 2, the company will have 6 clients and each week thereafter

will get one new client with probability 60%, will lose one client with probability 20%, or will maintain the same number with probability 20%

(a) What address range would be required to support the companys growth plans for at least 7 years if Marketing uses all 16 of its addresses and the Sales and Engineering plans behave as expected? (b) How long would this address assignment last? At the time when the company runs out of address space, how would the addresses be assigned to the three groups? (c) If, instead of using CIDR addressing, it was necessary to use old-style classful addresses, what options would the new company have in terms of getting address space?
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