Solutions Manual

Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics:

For Solid State Electronics and Optics

C.L. Tang
Cornell University
Ithaca, N. Y.










Cambridge University Press


All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without explicit permission in writing from the author and the publisher.
2 - 1
Chapter 2


2-1.

(a)

x
(x) [in units of A]
0 2 2 4 4 6
2
4



(b)



.
10
3
5
1
| |
3
250
] ) 6 ( ) 4 ( [ | | | ) ( | 1
2 2
6
1
2
1
4
2 2

+ +

+

A
A dx x dx x A dx x



(c) 1 > < x , by inspection.

Next, find
2
first:


2
5
] ) 6 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 ( [ | |
2
6
1
2 2
1
4
2 2 2

+ +

dx x x dx x x A ;

therefore,


2
7
2 2 2
> < + > < x x .
2 - 2
(d) The answer to this question is tricky due to the discontinuous change in the slope of the
wave function at x = -4, 1, and 6. Taking this into account ,

< K. E. > =

h
2
2m
3
250
(015 2+ 0 1)
3h
2
50m
.

2-2. Given

'

< <

. 0 for , 0
0 for ,
) (
a x and x
a x
x
x/a) sin(3
a
2





(a)


< H >
h
2
2m
2
a
sin( 3x / a)

2
x
2
0
a

sin( 3x / a) dx
9
2
h
2
2ma
2
.


(b)

) / 3 sin( ) / 3 sin(
2
) / 3 sin(

2
2 2
a x E a x
x m
a x H
1
]
1

h




E
9
2
h
2
2ma
2
.

(c)

t
e a x
a
t x
ma
i
2
2
2
9
) / 3 sin(
2
) , (
h

.

(d)
[ ]
2 2
> < > < H H H
2 - 3
=

h
2
2m
2
a
sin( 3x / a)

4
x
4
0
a

sin( 3x / a) dx -

9
2
h
2
2ma
2



_
,

2
= 0 .

Yes, it is as expected. Since the given state is an eigen state of the Hamiltonian as
shown in (b), the uncertainty in the total energy must be zero as shown in (2.5d).

2-3. Prove the following commutation relationships:
(a)


[

A +

B ,

C ] (

A +

B )

C

C (

A +

B ) (

A

C

C

A ) + (

B

C

C

B )
[

A ,

C ] + [

B ,

C ]
, Q.E.D.

(b)

]

[

]

[ )

( )

(

)

(

]

,

[
C A B C B A A C B C A B C A B C B A
A C B C A B C A B C B A A C B C B A C B A
+ +

. Q.E.D.

2-4. Prove the following commutation relations:
(a)
1
] , [

n n
x
x n i x p h .
Applying the left side to an arbitrary state function

( x) gives:


. ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ] , [
1
x x n i
x
x
x x
x
i x x p
n
n n n
x

h
h
Q.E.D.

(b)
x x
p i p x 2 ] , [
2
h .
Similar to (a) above:

Q.E.D. . ) ( 2
] ) ( 2 [ ) ( ) ( ) ( ] , , [
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
x p i
x
x
x x
x x
x x p x
x
x

h
h h


(c) Not possible .
2 - 4
2-5. Consider the two-dimensional matrices

x

0 1
1 0



_
,

,

y

0 i
i 0



_
,

, and

z

1 0
0 1



_
,

, whose
physical significance will be discussed later in Chapter VI.
(a) The eigen values
z
of

,
_

1 0
0 1

z
are clearly +1 and -1.
For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
z
= +1 :

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
b
a
z
1
1 0
0 1
;

,
_

,
_

0
1
b
a
.

For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
z
= -1 :

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
b
a
z
1
1 0
0 1
;

,
_

,
_

1
0
b
a
.

The eigen values
x
of

,
_

0 1
1 0

x
are clearly also +1 and -1.
For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
x
= +1 :

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
b
a
x
1
0 1
1 0
;

,
_

,
_

1
1
2
1
b
a
.
For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
x
= -1 :

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
b
a
x
1
0 1
1 0
;

,
_

,
_

1
1
2
1
b
a
.

The eigen values
y
of

,
_

0
0

i
i
y
are clearly also +1 and -1.
For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
x
= +1 :

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
i
i
b
a
y
1
0
0
;

,
_

,
_

i b
a 1
2
1
.

For the eigen function corresponding to the eigen value
x
= -1 :
2 - 5

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
a
b
a
i
i
b
a
y
1
0
0
;

,
_

,
_

i b
a 1
2
1
.


(b) These eigen states in the Dirac notation in the representation in which
z
is diagonal are
as follows:
The eigen functions corresponding to the eigen values
z
= +1 and -1 are, respectively

,
_

,
_

>
> +
0
1
, 1 |
, 1 |
z
z
, and

,
_

,
_

>
> +
1
0
, 1 |
, 1 |
z
z
.

The eigen functions corresponding to the eigen values
x
= +1 and -1 are, respectively

,
_

,
_

>
> +
1
1
2
1
, 1 |
, 1 |
x
x
, and

,
_

,
_

>
> +
1
1
2
1
, 1 |
, 1 |
x
x
.

The eigen functions corresponding to the eigen values
y
= +1 and -1 are, respectively

,
_

,
_

>
> +
i
y
y
1
2
1
, 1 |
, 1 |
, and

,
_

,
_

>
> +
i
y
y
1
2
1
, 1 |
, 1 |
.

Note: The + and signs in the Dirac notation for the eigen states of the Pauli spin-
matrices refer to the spin- up and spin-down states, respectively, in the
representation in which
z
is diagonal.

2-6. Consider the Hamiltonian operator

H with discrete eigen values. Suppose the Hamiltonian is a
Hermitian operator which by definition satisfies the condition:

2 - 6

*
( x)

H ( x)dx

*
(x)

H (x)dx
( )
*
.

(a) The eigen values of the Hamiltonian are all real:
Let ) ( x and ) (x in the definition of a Hermitian operator be an eigen state of the
Hamiltonian

H corresponding to the eigen value E
i
.


i E E
E dx x H x dx x H x
i i

) (

) ( ) (

) (
* *
.

Similarly,


* * * * *
) ) (

) ( ( ) ) (

) ( (
i E E
E dx x H x dx x H x
i i

.

The condition of Hermiticity of the Hamiltonian leads to: E
i
E
i
*
.

(b) Let ) ( x and ) (x in the definition of a Hermitian operator be an eigen state of the
Hamiltonian

H corresponding to the eigen value E
i
and E
j
, respectively. The
Hermiticity condition gives:

0 ) ( ) ( ) (
*

dx x x E E
j i
E E j i
.

Therefore, if 0 ) (
j i
E E , then 0 ) ( ) (
*

dx x x
j i
E E
, or the eigen functions
corresponding to different eigen values are necessarily orthogonal to each other.

2-7. Consider a particle of mass m in a potential field V(x).
(a) On the basis of Heisenbergs equation of motion, (2.49) , and the commutation relation
(2.11a):

> < > + < > <
m
p
x x V
m
p i
x
dt
d
x x

] , ) (

[
2
h
.
2 - 7

(b) On the same basis, the time variation of the expectation value of the momentum is given
by :
x x
x
x
F
x d
x dV
p x V
m
p i
p
t d
d
> < > + < > <
) (
] , ) (

[
2
h
,

which is known as Ehrenfests theorem.


Chapter 3


3-1.

(a)
deBroglie
(electron)
=
h
2mE
=
12.3
E(ineV)
A
o
.


deBroglie
( proton)
=
0.3
E(ineV)
A
o
.

(b)
deBroglie
(neutron)

deBroglie
( proton)
=
0.3
E(ineV)
A
o

deBroglie
( photon)
=
1.24
E(eV)




2 4 6 8 10
2
4
6
8
0

De Broglie
(electron)

De Broglie
(proton)
E(eV)
A
o

2 4 6 8 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0

De Broglie
(neutron)

photon
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

E(eV)
A
o





3-2. Suppose we know that there is a free particle initially located in the range a < x < a with a
spatially uniform probability.
(a) The normalized state function ) t , x ( 0 = of the particle in the Schroedinger-
representation is, assuming the phase of the wave function is arbitrarily chosen to be
zero:
(x)
x
(2a)
-1/2
-a +a



(b) The corresponding momentum representation is:


( p) =
h
a
1
p
x
sin(
p
x
h
a) .

(c) The corresponding state function at an arbitrary later time ) t , x ( 0 > in the integral
form is :


(x, t ) =
1

1
2a
sin(
p
x
h
a)
p
x
e
i(
p
x
x
h

p
x
2
2mh
t )

dp
x
.


3-3. Consider a free particle with the initial state function in the form of:


ikx ax
Ae ) t , x (
+
= =
2
0 .

(a) To normalize this state function:

1= | A |
2
e
2ax
2

dx = | A |
2

2a
; A =
2a

1/ 4


(b) After a considerable amount of algebra by first completing the square of the exponential
in Fourier-transform integral, it can be shown that the corresponding momentum
representation of this state function is:


( p) =
1
2h
2a

1/ 4
e
ax
2
+ ikxi p
x
x / h
dx =
1
2(p
x
2
)






1/ 4
e

( p
x
< p
x
>)
2
4 p
x
2
,

where


p
x
=
h
2x
= h a ,

< p
x
>
h
= k , x =
1
4a
.

(c) The corresponding state function ) t , x ( 0 > is:


(x, t) =
1
2h
1
2 p
x
2






1/ 4
e

( p
x
< p
x
>)
2
4 p
x
2
e
i
p
x
2
2mh
t + i
p
x
h
x
dp
x

=
1
2h
2






1/ 4
1
4p
x
2
+
i
h
t
2m






1/ 4
e

(x
<p
x
>
m
t )
2
4h
2
(
1
4 p
x
2
+
i
h
t
2m
)












+
i<p
x
>
h
(x
<p
x
>
2m
t )+i
,

where is a time-dependent phase-shift of no physical consequence that goes to zero at t
= 0.

(d) From c above, the expectation value and the corresponding uncertainty of the position
for t > 0 are, respectively:


<x > =
hk
m
t and

x =
1
2 a
1+
2ha
m
t






2






1
2
.

Similarly, the expectation value and the corresponding uncertainty of the linear
momentum for t > 0 are, respectively:


< p
x
>
t
= hk and

p
x
(t) = p
x
(0) = h a .

(e) The uncertainty product of the position and momentum for this state is:


(x) (p
x
) =
h
2
1+
2ha
m
t






2






1
2

h
2
,

which satisfies Heisenbergs uncertainty principle for all time t 0.



- 1 -
Chapter 4


4-1. From Eq. (4-19):


F
A
=
e
ik
3
d
cosk
2
d i
k
1
2
+ k
2
2
2k
1
k
2
sink
2
d






.

The corresponding transmission coefficient is :

T =
F
A
2
= cos
2
k
2
d +
k
1
2
+ k
2
2
2k
1
k
2






2
sin
2
k
2
d








1
= 1+
(2E V
0
)
2
4E(E V
0
)
1






sin
2
k
2
d






1
= 1+
V
0
2
4E(E V
0
)
sin
2
k
2
d






1
= 1+
V
2
4(E V
I
)(E V
II
)
sin
2
k
2
d






1
,

which is Eq. (4.20a).
In the limit of (E V
0
) 0,

sin
2
k
2
d
2m(E V
0
)
h
2
d
2
; therefore,



EV
0
lim
T = 1+
2mV
0
d
2
4 h
2






1
= 1+

2
4






1
.






- 2 -
Plots of T for = 4:


and = 10 :



4 -2. A particle with energy E in a region of zero potential is incident on a potential well of depth V
o

and width "d". From the expression for the probability of transmission T of the particle past the
well given in (4.20a), the approximate values of E (in terms of
2
h /2md
2
)

corresponding to the
maxima and minima in T:

(a) for = 10 are:


E
n

h
2
2md
2
[n
2

2
+10
2
] and

E
n

h
2
2md
2
[
(n +1)
2

2
4
+10
2
] , respectively ;


- 3 -
(b) for = 250 are:


E
n

h
2
2md
2
[n
2

2
+ 250
2
] and

E
n

h
2
2md
2
[
(n +1)
2

2
4
+ 250
2
] , respectively.

4 3. Consider a one-dimensional rectangular potential well structure such as that shown in Figure 4.9
below.

V = V
1
for x < -a
V = 0 for -a < x < 0
V = V
1
/ 2 for 0 < x < a
V = V
1
for x > a


I II
III
E
V = 0
-a
0
V
1
IV
a
V
1
/2

The wave functions in regions I through IV and the equations describing the boundary conditions
on these wave functions for

(a) E > V
1
are:

1
= e
ik
1
x
+ Ae
ik
1
x



2
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
x



3
= De
ik
3
x
+ Fe
ik
3
x



4
= Ge
ik
4
x


- 4 -

where


k
1
=
2m(E V
1
)
h
2






1
2
,

k
2
=
2mE
h
2






1
2
,

k
3
=
2m (E
V
1
2
)
h
2










1
2
, k
4
= k
1
.

The boundary conditions (b. c.) at x = -a are:

e
ik
1
a
+ Ae
ik
1
a
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
a
and k
1
[e
ik
1
a
Ae
ik
1
a
] = k
2
[Be
ik
2
x
Ce
ik
2
a
].

The corresponding b.c. at x = 0 are:

B + C = D+ F and k
2
(B C) = k
3
(D F) .

The corresponding b.c. at x = a are:

De
ik
3
a
+ Fe
ik
3
a
= Ge
ik
4
x
and k
3
(De
ik
3
a
F e
ik
3
a
) = k
4
Ge
ik
4
x
.


(b) For V
1
> E > V
1
/ 2 , the wave functions in the various regions are:

1
= Ae

1
x



2
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
x



3
= De
ik
3
x
+ Fe
ik
3
x



4
= Ge

4
x
,
where

- 5 -

1
=
2m(V
1
E)
h
2






1
2
,

k
2
=
2mE
h
2






1
2
,

k
3
=
2m (E
V
1
2
)
h
2










1
2
,
4
=
1
.
The b. c. at at x = -a are:

Ae

1
a
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
a
and
1
Ae
a
= i k
2
[Be
ik
2
x
Ce
ik
2
a
].

The corresponding b.c. at x = 0 are:

B + C = D+ F and k
2
(B C) = k
3
(D F) .

The corresponding b.c. at x = a are:

De
ik
3
a
+ Fe
ik
3
a
= Ge

4
a
and i k
3
(De
ik
3
a
F e
ik
3
a
) =
4
Ge

4
x



(c) For E < V
1
/ 2 , the wave functions in the various regions are:

1
= Ae

1
x



2
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
x



3
= De

3
x
+ Fe

3
x



4
= Ge

4
x
,
where

1
=
2m(V
1
E)
h
2






1
2
,

k
2
=
2mE
h
2






1
2
,

3
=
2m (
V
1
2
E)
h
2










1
2
,
4
=
1
.

- 6 -
The b. c. at at x = -a are:

Ae

1
a
= Be
ik
2
x
+ Ce
ik
2
a
and
1
Ae
a
= i k
2
[Be
ik
2
x
Ce
ik
2
a
].

The corresponding b.c. at x = 0 are:

B + C = D+ F and i k
2
(B C) =
3
(D F) .

The corresponding b.c. at x = a are:

De

3
a
+ F e

3
a
= Ge

4
a
and
3
(De

3
a
Fe

3
a
) =
4
Ge

4
x


4 4. Suppose the following wave function describe the state of an electron in an infinite square
potential well, 0 < x < a, with V(x) = 0 inside the well:


( ) ( )

=

elsewhere 0
a x 0 for cos sin A
(x)
,
2a
x
2a
x 3
.

(a) One way to normalize the wave function is to expand the given wave function in terms of
the normalized energy eigen functions from x = 0 to x = a:

(x) = A
a
8
2
a
sin(
2x
a
) +
2
a
sin(
x
a
) ]






.
1= | A |
2
[
a
8
+
a
8
] ; A =
2
a
.

(b) Time-dependence of the normalized wave function is:
t
ma
i
t
ma
i
e
a
x
a
e
a
x
a
t x
2
2
2
2
2
2
) sin(
1
)
2
sin(
1
) , (
h
h

=


- 7 -

(c) If measurements of the energy of the electron are made, the values of the energy that will
be measured and the corresponding absolute probabilities are:

Energy Probability


2
2 2
2
ma
h

1
2

2
h
2
2ma
2

1
2


4 -5. Consider the one-dimensional potential of Figure 4.10:
Region
V = x < 0 I
V = 0 0 < x < a II
V = V
o
a > x III


I II III
E
V = 0
V = V
0
0 a
V

(a) The equations whose solution give the eigen energies of the bound states (E < V
o
) of the
above potential well are the same as those for the antisymmetric solutions of a full
potential well of depth V
o
from x = -a to x = a, namely:


n
cot
n
=
n
,
n
2
+
n
2
=
2
,

- 8 -

where

n
= k
n
a =
2mE
n
h
a ,

n
=
2m(V
0
E
n
)
h
a ,

=
2mV
0
h
a .

(b) The eigenfunctions of the three lowest energies assuming V
0
is sufficiently large so that
there are at least three bound states are qualitatively as shown in the following figure:

I II
III
0

n
x
n=1
2
3



4 -6. Consider the case of an electron ( g x . m
e
27
10 91 0

= ) in a finite potential well of depth 1.25 V

and width 145 .
(a)
2a = d 2a = d =145 A
o
, V
o
=125 eV = 2 10
12
erg.

a
=
2mV
0
h
2






1
2
= 5.75 10
7
cm
-1
, = 41.7 ,

(N1)( 2) < 41.7 < N ( 2) ;

therefore, the estimated number of bound states N = 27.


- 9 -
(b) To calculate the energies of the lowest two bound states, we must find the numerical
solutions of the secular equations:


2 / 1 2 2
] [ tan = for the symmetric modes ,

and

2 / 1 2 2
] [ cot = for the anti-symmetric modes .

Solving these equations using, for example, Mathematica gives:


1
=1.534 and
2
= 3.07 .

The corresponding bound-state energies are, respectively:

E
1
=V
0

2
=1.69 meV and E
2
=V
0

2
= 6.79 meV .

(c) The wave functions for the lowest two bound states are sketched qualitatively below:
x
-a +a

n
1
n=2

4-7. A particle of mass m is confined to move in a quantum-well in the (x,y) plane which consists of a
pair of impenetrable walls at x = a but is unbounded for motion in the y-direction.


- 10 -
(a) Let the total energy of the particle be E and the energy associated with the motion in the
x- and y-directions be E
x
and E
y
, respectively. The allowed values of E
x
, E
y
, and E
are, respectively:


E
x
=
n
2

2
h
2
8ma
2
, E
y
= 0 is unlimited, and E = E
x
+ E
y
.

(b) E versus k
y
for various allowed values of E
x
. are sketched below:


k
y
E
x3
1
E
2
0


(c)

E
y
= E E
x
= E
h
2

2
2ma
2
.

(d) A possible, un-normalized, space- and time-dependent wave function to describe the
particle in Part c above is:


(x, t) = sin(x / a)e
i
2mE
y
h
y
i
h
Et


(e) If the particle's total energy is E =
2
2
h /4ma
2
, n
x
can only be 1 and

E
y
=
h
2
k
2
2m
=

2
h
2
8ma
2

. The corresponding wave function of the particle must be of the

- 11 -
form:


(x, y,t ) = cos(x /2a)[ Ae
i

2a
y
+ Be
i

2a
y
] e
i

2
h
4ma
2








t
.

(f) Suppose now an infinite potential barrier at y = a is imposed. The particle's energy
cannot be measured to be 3
2
2
h /4ma
2
, because



E
x
+ E
y
=

2
h
2
8ma
2
( n
x
2
+ n
y
2
) .

For the total energy to be equal to 3
2
2
h /4ma
2
, ( n
x
2
+ n
y
2
) must equal to 6, which is not
possible for any integer values of n
x
and n
y
.



5 1
Chapter 5


5-1. For an eigen state of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, the following results are true:
(a) The expectation values of the position and momentum are zero:

0 | ) ( |
2
| |
0
> <

> <
+
n a a n
m
i n x n
h
, and

0 | ) ( |
2
| |
0
> + <

> <
+
n a a n
m
n p n
x
h
.

(b) The expectation values of the potential energy and the kinetic energy (T

) are
equal:

) 1 2 (
4
| ) ( ) ( |
4
|
2
| |

|
0 0
2
+

> + + <

> < > <

+ +
n n a a a a n n
m
p
n n T n
x
h h
,

> < +

> <

> <
+ +
n T n n n a a a a n
m
k
n x V n | | ) 1 2 (
4
| ) ( ) ( |
2 2
| ) (

|
0
0
h h
.

(c) The uncertainty product of the position and momentum x p
x
is equal to

(n +
1
2
)h:


p
x
2
< p
x
2
> < p
x
>
2

hm
0
2
(2n +1) ,



x
2
< x
2
> < x >
2

h
2m
0
(2n +1) ;

5 2


p
x
x (n +
1
2
) h .




5-2. For a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, in the basis in which the Hamiltonian is
diagonal, the matrix representations of :
(a) the position and momentum operators

x and

p
x
are, respectively :



x i
h
2m
0
0 1 0 0
1 0 2 0
0 2 0 3
0 0 3 0











_
,







,



p
x

hm
0
2
0 1 0 0
1 0 2 0
0 2 0 3
0 0 3 0











_
,







;



(b) the operator products

a
+

a

and

a

a
+
, respectively:

5 3

a
+

a

0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 3











_
,







, and
a

a
+

1 0 0 0
0 2 0 0
0 0 3 0
0 0 0 4











_
,







.




(c) Using the above matrices, it can be shown immediately that the commutator of

a

and

a
+
is :



a

a
+

a
+

a

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1











_
,







1 .


5-3. Substituting the wave function of the form :

E
n
( x) C
n
H
n
(
m
0
h
x)e

m
0
2h
x
2


into the Schroedinger-equation gives :


[
h
2
2m
d
2
H
n
( x)
dx
2
+ h
0
x
dH
n
(x)
dx
+
h
0
2
H
n
(u) ] e

h
0
2 h
x
2
E
n

n
(x)
.

Change the variable from x to

u
m
0
h
x gives indeed Eq.(5.33), which defines the Hermit
polynomials:
5 4


d
2
H
n
(u)
du
2
2u
dH
n
(u)
du
+ 2(
E
n
h
0

1
2
)H
n
(u) 0 .

5-4. Suppose the harmonic oscillator is initially in a superposition state | (t 0) >
1
2
[ | 0 > + |1>],
the expectation value of the position of the oscillator < x >
t
< (t) | x | (t) > as a function of
time is:

. sin
2
] 1 | 0 | [ ] ) ( [ ] | 1 | 0 [
2
1
) ( | | ) (
0
0
0
0 0
t
m
e a a
m
i e
t x t x
t i t i
t

> + >

< + <
> < > <
+
h
h
h


5-5. From Maxwell equations, (5.65 a-d), and the condition for transverse waves 0 E
r
that

2
r
E
1
c
2

2
r
E
x
2
0 .
It is clear that

r
E (
r
r , t) E
x
(z,t) e
x
i
2h
k
L
a
k

e
i
k
t +i kz
a
k
+
e
i
k
tik z
( )
e
x
(5.68a)

satisfies the above wave equation as long as k
2

k
2
c
2
. Under the same condition, it can be
shown that (5.68a) and



r
B (
r
r , t) B
y
(z,t) e
y
i
2h
k
L
a
k

e
i
k
t +ik z
a
k
+
e
i
k
tik z
( )
e
y
(5.68b)

satisfy (5.65c).

5 5
Substituting (5.68a) and (5.68b) into


1
8
E
x
2
(z,t ) + B
y
2
(z, t)
[ ]
0
L

dz
and making use of the commutation relationship (5.69) after changing the
t
a s into operators
gives (5.70):



H [ a
k
+
a
k

+
1
2
] h
k


and


E
k n
< n |

H | n > ( n +
1
2
) h
0
.

5-6. The Rayliegh-Jeans law and Plancks law for black-body radiation as functions of wavelength
and in units of energy per volume per wavelength- interval:
Since
c

, Plancks radiation law as a function of the wavelength is:

b
() d
b
(
c

d
8hc

1
e
hc/ k
B
T
1
d .

In the limit of
h

<<k
B
T , it reduces to the classical Rayleigh-Jeans law:

lim
0

b
()
8k
B
T

4


with its
4
dependence on wavelength and, therefore, diverges in the ultraviolet limit 0.



6 - 1
Chapter 6


6-1. The matrix representations of the angular momentum operators

L
x
,

L
y
,

L
z
,

L
+
,

L

, and

L
2
,
for

l = 0 ,1, and 2, in the basis in which

L
z
and

L
2
are diagonal can be found from (6.29)
(6.31) and (6.8):
For the trivial case of

l=0 , all these operators are equal to zero.

For

l=1, the matrices are:



L
2
=
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2










h
2
,


L
z
=
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1










h ,


L
x
=
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0










h
2
,



L
y
=
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0










i h
2
,


L
+
=
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0










2 h ,


L

=
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0










2 h .

For

l=2, the matrices are:



L
2
=
6 0 0 0 0
0 6 0 0 0
0 0 6 0 0
0 0 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 6
















h
2
,


L
z
=
2 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 2
















h, h

=
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
x
L

h i L
y

0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
,


L
+
=
0 2 0 0 0
0 0 6 0 0
0 0 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0
















h ,


6 - 2
h

0 2 0 0 0
0 0 6 0 0
0 0 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0

L .

6-2. From the above matrix representations of the angular momentum operators, it can be shown that
all the cyclic commutation relationships among all such operators are indeed satisfied. For
example, for

l=1:




L
x

L
y
=
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0










0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0










i h
2
2
=
1 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1










i h
2
2
,
2
1 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

2
h i
L L
x y

= ;

L
x

L
y

L
y

L
x
=
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1










i h
2
= i h

L
z
.

Similarly, one can show all the other cyclic commutation relationships.

6-3. No. All three components of the angular momentum operators can be specified precisely at the
same time if the expectation values of all the commutators of the angular momentum operators
are precisely zero in a particular state. This is the case when the hydrogen atom is in the ground
state, or the s-level (

l=0).

6-4. Show that the n=2, 1 = l , and 1 =
l
m wave function indeed satisfies the time-
independent Schroedingers equation given in the text for the hydrogen atom:

211
(r,, ) = R
21
(r)Y
11
(,) =[(2a
0
)
3/ 2
1
3
r
a
0
e
r / 2a
0
] [
3
8
e
i
sin] ,


6 - 3

r
(r
2

r
)[(2a
0
)
3/ 2
1
3
r
a
0
e
r / 2a
0
] = (2a
0
)
3/ 2
1
3
r
a
0
[2 2
r
a
0
+
r
2
(2a
0
)
2
] e
r / 2a
0
,

1
sin

sin

+
1
sin
2

2






e
i
sin = 2e
i
sin .

Therefore,

, ) , , (
) , , ( ]
) 2 (
1
2
[ ) , , ( 2
) 2 (
2 2
1
2
) , , (
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
2
211 21
211
2
0
2
211
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
211
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
=
=

+ =

r E
r
a m
r
r
e
a
r
a
r
r m
r
r
e
r r r
r
r r m
h h
h


and


E
211
=
h
2
2m a
0
2
2
2
=
me
4
2h
2
2
2
. Q.E.D.

Also, the wave function is indeed normalized:

211
0

0
2

2
r
2
sindr dd = (2a
0
)
3
r
4
3a
0
2
e
r / a
0
dr
0

3
4
sin
3
d
0

=1. Q.E.D.


6-5. A particle is known to be in a state such that

L
2
= 2h
2
. It is also known that
measurement of

L
z
will yield the value +h with the probability 1/3 and the value - h with
the probability 2/3.
(a) The normalized wave function, ) , ( , of this particle in terms of the spherical
harmonics is:

6 - 4
) , (
3
2
) , (
3
1
) , , (
1 1 11
+ =

Y Y r .
(b) The expectation value, > <
z
L

, of the z-component of the angular momentum of

this particle is:

<

L
z
> =
1
3
h
2
3
h =
1
3
h .

6-6. The wave function of a particle of mass m moving in a potential well is, at a particular
time t :

2 2 2
z y x
e ) z y x ( ) z , y , x (
+ +
+ + =

(a) in the spherical coordinate system is:

.
3
4
3
8
2
1
3
8
2
1
] cos sin sin cos sin [ ) ( ) , , (
10 1 1 11
2 2 2
r
r z y x
e r Y Y
i
Y
i
e r r r e z y x z y x

+ +

+
+

+
=
+ + = + + =

To normalize:

.
4
1
;
3
4
3
8
)
4
2
4
2
( sin | ) , ( | 1
2 2

= = N N d d
.
The corresponding normalized wave function is:

.
3
1
6
1
6
1
) , (
10 1 1 11
Y Y
i
Y
i
+

+
+

+
=

(b) The probability measurement of
2
L

and

L
z
gives the values 2h
2
and 0,
respectively, is:


6 - 5


Pr obability =
1/ 3
1/ 3 +1/ 3 +1/ 3
=
1
3
.

6-7. Consider a mixed state of hydrogen:

= R
21
(r)Y
11
(,) + 2R
32
(r)Y
21
(,)

(a) The normalized is:

) , ( ) (
5
2
) , ( ) (
5
1
21 32 11 21
+ = Y r R Y r R .

(b) is not an eigen function of
2
L

, but is an eigen function of

z
L

corresponding
to the eigen value h .
(c) The expectation value > < | L

|
2
is :


2 2 2 2
5
26
6
5
4
5
2
|

| h h h = + = > < L .

(d) The > < | L

|
z
is h .

(e) eV H 6 . 13 )
9
1
5
4
4
1
5
1
( |

| + = > < .

6-8. Consider a hydrogen atom in the following mixed state at t=0:

) , ( Y ) r ( R ) , ( Y ) r ( R ) t , , , r ( + = =
11 21 20 32
3 0

(a) The normalized the wave function is:


6 - 6
) , ( ) (
10
1
) , ( ) (
10
3
) 0 , , , (
11 21 20 32
+ = = Y r R Y r R t r .

(b) The atom is not in a stationary state, because it is in a mixed state of n=2 and n
=3.
(c) The expectation value of the energy for t > 0 is:

eV H 6 . 13 )
4
1
10
1
9
1
10
9
( |

| + = > < .

(d) The expectation values are :


2 2 2
5
28
) 2
10
1
6
10
9
( |

| h h = + = > < L

h h
10
1
)
10
1
0
10
9
( |

| = + = > <
z
L

(e) The uncertainty of
z
L

in this state is:

h h
10
3
]
100
1
10
1
[ ] |

| |

| [
2 / 1
2
1
2 2
= = > < > < =
z z z
L L L .

.

6-9. This problem is somewhat like the finite square-well potential problem considered in the
text, Sect. 4.4. The Hamiltonian of a particle of mass m in a finite spherical potential
well:

=
a r if , V
a r if ,
) r ( V
0
0



6 - 7
is:
) (
2

2
r V
m
H + =
h
.

For 0 = l , it is:

) ( ] ) (
1
[
2

2
2
2
r V
r
r
r r m
H +

=
h
.

The corresponding Schroedingers equation is

) ( ) ( ) ( ] ) (
1
[
2
2
2
2
r R E r R r V
r
r
r r m
no n no
=

h
, for a r ,

and
) ( ) ( ] ) (
1
[
2
2
2
2
r R E r R
r
r
r r m
no n no
=

h
, for a r .

The equation for a r can be converted to:

) (
2
) (
2 2
2
r U
mE
r U
r d
d
h
= ,

where U(r) = r R(r) . The general solution of this equation is:

kr B kr A r U sin cos ) ( + =

where
h
mE
k
2
= . To satisfy the boundary condition that R
n0
(r) must be finite at r =0,
A must be equal to 0, or

6 - 8
kr B r U sin ) ( = , for a r .

Similarly, for a r ,


r r
e D e C r U

+ = ) ( ,
where
h
) ( 2
0
E V m
= . For U(r) or R
n0
(r) to be finite at r , C must be equal
to zero and:

r
e D r U

= ) ( , for a r .


Continuity of the wave function R
n0
(r) and its derivative at a r = leads to the
secular equation:

= ka k cot .

Defining ka = , the above equation is of exactly the same form as that corresponding
to the antisymmetric solution of the finite square potential-well problem:


2 2
cot = , where
2
2
0 2
2
h
a mV
= .

Just like in that problem, there is no solution, if
2

< or


m
a V
8
2 2
2
0
h
< . Q.E.D.




6 - 9

7 - 1
Chapter 7


7-1. The Slater-determinant for a 2-electron atom in the form given in (7.11) is:

a
1
a
2

1
2

a
1
(
r
r
1
)
a
1
(
r
r
2
)

a
2
(
r
r
1
)
a
2
(
r
r
2
)
.

It is indeed normalized:

a
1
a
2
2

d
r
r
1
d
r
r
2

1
2
[
a
1
(
r
r
1
)
2
d
r
r
1

a
2
(
r
r
2
)
2
d
r
r
2
+
a
1
(
r
r
2
)
2
d
r
r
2

a
2
(
r
r
1
)
2
d
r
r
1

a
1
(
r
r
1
)
*

a
2
(
r
r
1
) d
r
r
1

a
2
(
r
r
2
)
*

a
1
(
r
r
2
) d
r
r
2

a
1
(
r
r
2
)
*

a
2
(
r
r
2
) d
r
r
2

a
2
(
r
r
1
)
*

a
1
(
r
r
1
) d
r
r
1
]

1
2
[ 11+11 0 0 00 ] 1 . Q.E.D.

7-1. The Slater-determinant for a 2-electron atom in terms of the radial wave functions and the
spherical harmonics in the Schroedinger-representation and the spin state functions (
and ) in the Heisenberg-representation of a hydrogenic atom is:

a
1
a
2

1
2
R
n
1
l
1
(r
1
)Y
l
1
m
1
(
1

1
)
1
R
n
1
l
1
(r
2
)Y
l
1
m
1
(
2

2
)
2
R
n
2
l
2
(r
1
)Y
l
2
m
2
(
1

1
)
1
R
n
2
l
2
(r
2
)Y
l
2
m
2
(
2

2
)
2


7-3. The total orbital and spin angular momentum quantum numbers of the ground-state of
helium atom:
2 Electrons :

l 0 , m
l
0 , s
1
2
, m
s

1
2
and
1
2
.

Atom:

L 0 , M
L
0 , S 0 , M
S
0 .


7 - 2

For lithium atom:

3 Electrons :

l 0 , m
l
0 , s
1
2
, m
s

1
2
and
1
2
.


l 1 , m
l
0 or t1 , s
1
2
, m
s

1
2
or
1
2


Atom: L 1 , M
L
0 or t1 , S
1
2
, M
S

1
2
or
1
2
.

7-4. Ground state configuration Degeneracy

Carbon: (1s)
2
(2s)
2
(2p)
2
( 6 5 2 15 ) .

Silicon: (1s)
2
(2s)
2
(2p)
6
(3s)
2
(3p)
2
( 6 5 2 15 ) .

7-5. The ground state configuration of -

Ga : (1s)
2
(2s)
2
(2p)
6
(3s)
2
(3p)
6
(3d)
10
(4s)
2
(4p)
1


As : (1s)
2
(2s)
2
(2p)
6
(3s)
2
(3p)
6
(3d)
10
(4s)
2
(4p)
3
.




Chapter 8


8-1. Substituting (8.17) into the left side of (8.5) gives:


) ( 0 ) (
) (
) 1 ( ~
) ( ) , (
2 ) (
) (
+
1
1
]
1

i j
t E
i
E
t i
i j
t i
j z ij
t E
i
E i
j
j
i j
i j
i
i
e r e
e
E E ez e r E t r
t
i
h h
r
h
r r
h .


Substituting (8.17) into the right side of (8.5) gives in the limit of 1:



1
1
]
1

+ +

i j
t E
i
E
t i
i j
t i
j z ij
t E
i
E i
j
j
i j
i j
i
i
e r e
e
E E ez e r E V H
h h
r
h
r
) (
) (
) 1 ( ~
) ( ]

[
) (
) (
1 0
,


which is the same as the left side.

[ Note: To derive the right side equation above, use is made of the fact that

V
1
in the
representation in which

H
0
is diagonal is:



V
1

1

V
1

1 | E
j
>< E
j
| ez

E
z
j j'

| E
j'
>< E
j'
| e
it
and

< E
j'
| E
i
>
j' i
. ]

8-2. For circularly polarized waves:


r
E (
r
r ,t)

E
t
2
( e
x
m i e
y
) e
it
and


V
t

e

E
t
2
( xm i y) e
it
.

Therefore,


W
i j

e
2
h
2
|x
i j
|
2
+ |y
i j
|
2
[ ]
| E
t
|
2
(
i j
) .

For spherically symmetric systems, such as atoms:



W
i j

2e
2
3h
2
| r |
2
E
t
|
2
(
i j
) ,

where | r |
2
| x |
2
+ | y |
2
+ | z |
2
3 | x |
2
3 | y |
2
3| z |
2
.

8-3. For the selection rules on the orbital angular momentum,


< lm
l
| Y
10
| l' m
l'
> Y
l m
l
*
0

o
2

Y
10
Y
l' m
l
' sin dd
m
l
m
l '
,



< lm
l
| Y
1t1
| l' m
l'
> Y
lm
l
*
0

o
2

Y
10
Y
l' m
l
' sin dd
m
l
,(m
l'
t1)
,

and from the known properties of the integrals of three spherical harmonics,

| l | | l l' | 1. On the basis of parity considerations,

l and

l ' must be of
opposite parity; therefore,

l l l' t1.

8-4. Accoring to the Rydberg formula (8.24):

1

1s,2p
R
H
(1
1
n
2
) ,

1s,2p
91.127 x
n
2
n
2
1
nm .
For Lyman series:

n 2 3 4 5 6

Experiment 121.6 102.6 97.3 95.0 93.8 nm

Rydberg Formula 121.5 102.5 97.2 94.9 93.7 nm
8-5. Give the expectation value of the z-component of the electric dipole
moment of the hydrogen atom in the mixed state:



< | (ez) | >
e
1+ C
12
2
<100 | z | 210 >C
12
+ complex conjugate

C
21
e
1+ C
12
2
R
10
r R
21
r
2
dr Y
00
cosY
10
sin d + C. C.
0

C
21
e
1+ C
12
2
1.5a
0
+ C.C. .


8.6 An electron in the n = 3, l = 0, m = 0 state of hydrogen decays by a sequence of (electric
dipole) transitions to the ground state.
(a) The decay routes open to it are:

300>


|
210 >

100 >
21t1>

100 > .

(b) The allowed transitions from the 5d states of hydrogen to the lower states are:


s p
d
f
g
1
2
3
4
5

8.7. Assume a Lorentzian fluorescence linewidth of 10 Ghz. The stimulated emission cross-section
(in cm
2
) defined in connection with (8.31) for a hypothetical hydrogen laser with linearly
polarized emission at 121.56 nm (Lyman- line)is:

st

4
2
e
2

hc
x
12
g
f
() 7.1x10
4
x
12
2
.

Using the value of the dipole moment found in Problem 8-5, x
12
2
0.62x10
16
cm
2
,


st
4.4x10
12
cm
2
.

Assuming all the degenerate states in the 2p level are equally populated, the
corresponding spatial gain coefficient (in cm
-1
) is:

g ( N
2
N
1
)
st
4.4x10
2
cm
1
,

if the total population inversion between the 1s and 2p levels of hydrogen in the gaseous medium
is 10
10
cm
-3
.




9 -1
Chapter 9

9-1. The spin-orbit interaction in hydrogen is of the form, (6.62) :

S

) r ( S

r c m
Ze
H

o s
r r r r

,
_

3 2 2
2
2


The corresponding matrix for 1 l in the representation in which
2
L

,
z
L

,

S
2
,

S
z
are diagonal is
a 6x6 matrix. To diagonalize this matrix within the manifold of degenerate states

|n,l 1, m
l
, s 1/2, m
s
>, the columns and rows corresponding to the pairs of

(m
l
, m
s
) values
are arranged in a particular order:

) , (
s
m m
l
)
2
1
, 1 ( )
2
1
, 1 ( + )
2
1
, 0 ( ( 0, +
1
2
) )
2
1
, 1 ( + )
2
1
, 1 ( + +


(1,1/ 2)
(1, +1/ 2)
( 0,1/ 2)
( 0, +1/ 2)
(+1,1/ 2)
(+1, +1/ 2)
1/2 0 0 0 0 0
0 1/2 1/ 2 0 0 0
0 1/ 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1/ 2 0
0 0 0 1/ 2 1/2 0
0 0 0 0 0 1/2









_
,








nl
h
2
.


This matrix breaks down into two 2x2 and two 1x1 matrices which can be easily diagonalized .
Doing so according to the degenerate perturbation theory yields two new eigen values:

nl
h
2
/ 2
and

nl
h
2
. These correspond to the two new sets of 4-fold ( j
3
2
, m
j
t
1
2
, t
3
2
) and 2- fold
( j
1
2
, m
j
t
1
2
) degenerate levels split from the original 6-fold degenerate level in the absence
of spin-orbit interaction as given in Sect. 6.5. The two sets of new eigen states correspond to the
spin-orbit coupled

j 3/ 2 , m
j
t 3/ 2, t1/ 2 and j 1/ 2 , m
j
t1/ 2 hydrogenic states.
The diagonization procedure gives also the relevant vector-coupling coefficients
9 -2

< lm
l
sm
s
| jm
j
ls > defined in (6.59) for the eigen functions for this particular case. For
example, the vector-coupling coefficients:


< j m
j
l s |l m
l
s m
s
> < 3/ 2,t3/2,1,1/2|1,t1,1/2,t1/ 2> 1 ,


< j m
j
ls|lm
l
sm
s
> < 3/ 2,1/ 2,1,1/ 2|1,1,1/2,1/2>
1
3
,


< j m
j
ls|lm
l
sm
s
> < 3/ 2,1/ 2,1,1/2|1,0,1/ 2,1/2>
2
3
,

etc.
This is the procedure for calculating vector-coupling coefficients in general.

9-2. The perturbation theory for the covalent bonded homo-nuclear diatomic molecule can be extend
to the case of hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules:


E
A

H
AB

H
BA
E
B




_
,


C
A
C
B



_
,
E

C
A
C
B



_
,


where

E
A
< A |

H | A > E
B
< B |

H | B >, H
AB
< A |

H | B > H
BA
*
< B |

H | A >
*
.

Setting the corresponding secular determinant to zero gives:



E

2
(E
A
+ E
B
) E

H
AB
2
+ E
A
E
B
0 ,

which gives the bonding and anti-bonding levels of the heteronuclear molecule:

9 -3

E
a
b

( E
A
+ E
B
)
2
t
1
2
( E
A
E
B
)
2
+4 H
AB
2
[ ]
1/ 2
E
A
B
t
H
AB
2
( E
A
E
B
)
,


for ( E
A
E
B
) >> H
AB
2
and E
A
> E
B
. The corresponding wave functions of the bonding and
antibonding orbitals of the molecule are:

| b > C
A
( b )
| A > + C
B
( b )
| B > and | a > C
A
(a )
| A > + C
B
( a )
| B > ,

where ( E
A
E
a,b
)C
A
(a,b)
+ H
AB
C
A
(a,b)
0.

More specifically, they are:

C
A
(a,b)

H
AB
H
AB
2
+(E
A
E
a,b
)
2
[ ]
and C
A
(a,b)

E
A
E
a,b
H
AB
2
+(E
A
E
a,b
)
2
[ ]
.

[ Note: H
AB
H
AB
.]

9-3. Suppose the un-normalized molecular orbital of a diatomic homo-nuclear diatomic molecule is:

mo
C
A
| A > +C
B
| B >

where | A > and | B > are the normalized atomic orbitals.
(a) The normalized molecular orbital is:

m.o.

1
| C
A
|
2
+ | C
B
|
2
+2SC
A
C
B
C
A
| A > + C
B
| B >
[ ]
,

9 -4
where S < A | B > is the overlap integral between the atomic orbitals and C
A
and C
B
are
assumed to be real.


(b) The corresponding molecular energy is:

E
m
<
m
|

H |
m
>
| C
A
|
2
E
A
+ | C
B
|
2
E
B
+2C
A
C
B
H
AB
| C
A
|
2
+ | C
B
|
2
+2SC
A
C
B
,

and



E
m
| C
A
|
2
+ | C
B
|
2
+2SC
A
C
B
[ ]
| C
A
|
2
E
A
+ | C
B
|
2
E
B
+2C
A
C
B
H
AB
.

Following the basic concept of Coulsons molecular-orbital theory, differentiate the
above equation against variations in C
A
gives:



E
m
C
A
| C
A
|
2
+ | C
B
|
2
+2SC
A
C
B [ ]
+2E
m
C
A
+S C
B
[ ]
2 C
A
E
A
+ C
B
H
AB
[ ]


Minimizing the molecular energy against variations in C
A
, or setting E
m
/C
A
0, yields one
condition that E
m
, C
A
, and C
B
must satisfy:



(E
A
E
m
) C
A
+ ( H
AB
E
m
S ) C
B
0 .

Similarly, by minimizing the molecular energy against variations in C
B
, or setting
E
m
/C
B
0, yields another condition E
m
, C
A
, and C
B
must satisfy:

(H
BA
E
m
S) C
A
+ ( E
B
E
m
) C
B
0 .

The secular determinant of these two homogeneous equations must be zero:
9 -5

E
A
E
m
H
AB
H
BA
E
B
E
m
0 ,

assuming the overlap integral is negligible or S 0. This result is the same as that obtained in
Problem 9-2 above according to degenerate perturbation theory.

9-4. The number of atoms per cubic cell of volume a
3
in such a lattice:


N
a
3
2[( 8
1
8
) + 6
1
2
]
8
a
3
.

The number of valence electrons per conventional unit cell of diamond lattice = 4
8
a
3
.

9-5. The primitive translational vectors for;

SCC:

r
a a e
x
,

r
b a e
y
,

r
c a e
z
;

FCC:

r
a
a
2
(e
x
+ e
y
) ,

r
b
a
2
(e
y
+ e
z
) ,

r
a
a
2
(e
x
+ e
z
)

9-6. Diamond lattice = FCC with 2 atoms per basis at ( 0, 0, 0) and
1
4
,
1
4
,
1
4



_
,
. It is, therefore,
equivalent to two inter- laced FCC lattice displaced one quarter the distance along the body
diagonal of the FCC.

9-7. The C-C bond length in the diamond structure =
3
4
a .



9 -6


10 - 1

Chapter 10




10-1. For a two-dimensional electron gas, the density-of-state is independent of the energy;
therefore, the Fermi energy is directly proportional to the electron density:



N
e
D
(2)
(E) d
m
h
2
0
E
F

E
F
.

10-2.
(a) The chemical potential of a free-electron gas in two dimensions is given can be
found from Eq.(10.29):


N
e

mk
B
T
h
2
0

1
e
(E)/ k
B
T
+1
d E
k
B
T

mk
B
T
h
2
ln e
/ k
B
T
+1
[ ]
;



(T) k
B
Tln[e
h
2
N
e
mk
B
T
1] ,

for N
e
electrons per unit area.

(b) Plot (T) / E
F
as a function of kT / E
F
as in Figure 10.6(b):

E
F
k
B
T
E
F 0 0.1 0.2
1.00
0.95
.
10 - 2


10-3. For a typical 1-D energy band, sketch graphs of the relationships between the
wave vector, k, of an electron and its:
(a) energy,
E
k
0


(b) group velocity,

Vg
k
0


(c) and effective mass.

m*
k
0


10 - 3
d. The approximate density-of-states

D
(1)
(E) ) for the energy band of part a aboveis


D (E)
k
0
(1)



10-4. The E(k
x
) vs. k
x
dependence for an electron in the conduction band of a one-dimensional
semiconductor crystal with lattice constant a = 4 is given by:

E(k
x
) E
2
( E
2
E
1
)cos
2
[k
x
a/2] ; E
2
> E
1
.

(a) The E(k
x
) for this band in the reduced and periodic zone schemes.


periodic zone
reduced zone
2 2
0
E
1
E
2
E
k
x
a



(b) The group velocity of an electron in this band is:

10 - 4


v
g

1
h
E
k



1
]
1

( E
2
E
1
) a
2h
sin k
x
a

and is sketched below as a function of k
x
:

0
V
g
k
x
a


(c) The effective mass of an electron in this band as a function of k
x
is:


m* h
2

2
E

2
k



1
]
1
1
h
2
( E
2
E
1
) a
2
2
cosk
x
a



1
]
1
1


and is sketched below it in the reduced- zone scheme:



0
m*
k
x
a
e


A uniform electric field E
x
is applied in the x-direction, the motion of the electron
is as follows:

10 - 5
k
x
a v
g
m
e
*
Acceleration

0.2 > 0 > 0 -x direction

0.5 > 0 = 0

0.9 > 0 < 0 +x direction .

10-5. Suppose now the corresponding electron energy E(k
x
) vs. k
x
curve in the valence band is:

E(k
x
) E
3
+ E
3
cos
2
[k
x
a/2]

(a) The E(k
x
) sketch for this band in the reduced- and periodic-zone schemes:


periodic zone
reduced zone
2
2 0
E
3
E
k
x
a



(b) The group velocity of a hole in this band is:



v
g

1
h
E
h
k



1
]
1

E
3
a
2h
sin k
x
a

and is sketched below as a function k
x
:

10 - 6

0
V
g
k
x
a


(c) The effective mass of the hole in this band as a function of k
x
in the reduced zone
scheme is:


1
2
3 2
1
2
2
2
cos
2
*

1
]
1

1
]
1

a k
a E
k
E
m
x
e
h h .

The corresponding effective mass of an electron in the valence band is



0
m*
k
x
a
h



(d) A uniform electric field E
x
is applied in the x-direction, the motion of the holeis
as follows:

10 - 7
k
x
a v
g
m
h
*
Acceleration

0.2 > 0 > 0 +x direction

0.5 > 0 = 0

0.9 > 0 < 0 -x direction .

10-6. From (10.46) and (10.47), N(m*)
3 / 2
; therefore,



E
F

E
C
+ E
V
2
+
kT
2
ln
N
V
N
c



_
,

E
C
+ E
V
2
+
3kT
4
ln
m
h
*
m
e
*



_
,

.


10-7. A semiconductor has N
c
=4x10
17
cm
-3
and N
v
=6x10
18
cm
-3
at room temperature and has a
band gap of 1.4 eV. A p-n junction is made in this material with N
a
=10
17
cm
-3
on one
side, and N
d
=2x10
15
cm
-3
and N
a
=10
15
cm
-3
on the other side. Assume complete
ionization of donors and acceptors.
(a) If the semiconductor is not doped and choosing E 0 to be at the top of the
valence band or

E
v
0 :



E
F

E
C
+ E
V
2
+
kT
2
ln
N
V
N
c



_
,

0.7+
1
80
ln
60
4



_
,
0.73 eV ,
n
i
N
c
N
v
e

E
g
kT




_
,


1/ 2
12x10
13
( )
1/ 2
<<< N
d
+
N
d
or N
a

N
a
.
One, therefore, assume that on the p-side:

p N
v
e
( E
F
E
V
) / kT
N
a

N
a
and

E
F
E
V
kT ln
N
v
N
a



_
,

0.102 eV .

10 - 8
(b) Similarly, on the n-side,

N
D
+
N
D
N
d
N
a
10
15
cm
3
:


E
C
E
F
kT ln
N
C
N
D



_
,

0.15 eV .

(c) The built- in voltage across the junction at room temperature is then:



V
B
1.4 0.15 0.102 1.148Volt .

(d) The equilibrium minority carrier (electron) density on the p-side of the junction at
room temperature is then:



n
p
n
n
e
V
B
/ kT
N
D
e
V
B
/ kT
47 m
3
,

which is extremely small!

(e) When a forward bias of 0.1 eV is applied across the junction , the minority carrier
density on the p-side increased by the factor: 6 . 54
/ 1 . 0

kT
e .


0.102 eV
0.15 eV
0.1 eV
1.4 eV
E
c
E
v
p
n
V
app



11 - 1
Chapter 11


11-1. For a statistical ensemble of N spin-1/2 particles per volume, the matrices representing
the Cartesian components of the spin angular momentum of such particles in the
representation in which

S
z
and

S
2
are diagonal are given in (6.50). The averaged
expectation values per volume of the three components of the spin angular momentum in
terms of the appropriate density matrix elements for the statistical ensemble of particles
are:


<

S
z
> N Trace

11

12

21

22



_
,

1 0
0 1



_
,

h
2



1
]
1

Nh
2
(
11

22
) ,


<

S
y
> N Trace

11

12

21

22



_
,

0 i
i 0



_
,

h
2



1
]
1

i Nh
2
(
12

21
) ,


<

S
x
> N Trace

11

12

21

22



_
,

0 1
1 0



_
,

h
2



1
]
1

Nh
2
(
12
+
21
) ,


11-2. An electrical charged particle with a spin angular momentum will have a magnetization
proportional to the spin angular momentum. Suppose the averaged expectation value of
the magnetization of the medium considered in Problem 11-1 above is

r
M N Trace[

(

r
S ) ].
(a) The three Cartesian components of the magnetization in terms of the appropriate
density- matrix elements as in Problem 11-1 above are:


M
z

Nh
2
(
11

22
) ,


M
y

i Nh
2
(
12

21
) ,
11 - 2


M
x

Nh
2
(
12
+
21
) .


(b) The Hamiltonian of the spin-1/2 particles in the presence of a static magnetic field

r
H H
x
r
x + H
y
r
y + H
z
r
z , but in the absence of any relaxation processes is:




H
h
2
H
z
H
x
- iH
y
H
x
+ iH
y
- H
z



_
,


From the results of Part a above, on the basis of the density- matrix equation
(11.16), the dynamic equations describing the precession of the magnetization

r
M around such a magnetic field are:


d
dt
(
11

22
)
i
h
2 H
12

21

12
H
21
[ ]
i H
x
(
12
+
21
)+ H
y
(
12
+
21
)
[ ]
,

which can be shown to be


d
dt
M
z
H
x
M
y
+ H
y
M
x [ ]

r
M
r
H
[ ]
z
,

making use of the results in (a) above. Similarly for the x- and y-components of

r
M ,

d
r
M
dt

r
M
r
H , just like in classical mechanics.

(c) Suppose a magnetic field consisting of a static component in the

r
z -direction and a
weak oscillating component in the plane perpendicular to the

r
z -axis is applied to
the medium:

r
H H
0
r
z + H
x
r
x H
0
r
z + H
1
cos
0
t
r
x . The corresponding
Hamiltonian is:

11 - 3



H
h
2
H
0
H
1
cos
0
t
H
1
cos
0
t H
0



_
,

.

From (11.19),



d
dt
(
11

22
)
(
11

22
) (
11
(th)

22
(th)
)
T
1
+ i H
x
(
12
+
21
) .

Also, M
t
M
x
t iM
y
. Therefore,


d
dt
M
z

M
z
M
z
(th)
T
1
+ i
H
1
2
( M
+
M

) cos
0
t .

Similarly, for the other components:



d
dt
M
t

M
t
T
2
t i H
0
M
m
m i H
1
M
z
cos
o
t .

These are the well-known Bloch equations in the literature on magnetic
resonance phenomena.

11-3.
(a) From the dispersion relation for light waves, k
2

2
/c
2
, and the definitions
k + i and ' +i"
0
+i",


0

0
/c and "
0
2
/ c
2
.

Therefore, on the basis of (11.44) and near the resonance,
0

21
and :


11 - 4



"
0
2
c
2

"
0

0
c

4
2
( N
1
N
2
)
0
e
2
z
12
2

0
hc
g
f
(
0
)

p
2
f
4
0
c
g
f
(
0
) ,

where
p

4Ne
2
m

4(N
1
N
2
)e
2
m
, if most of atoms are in the ground
state, is known as the plasma frequency and

f
z

2m
21
h
z
21
2
is known as the
oscillator strength.

(b) To compare the result obtained in Part a above with the classical result based on a
damped harmonic oscillator model instead of the two-level atom model: Suppose
the equation of motion of the harmonic oscillator is of the form:



d
2
d t
2
z(t ) +
d
d t
z(t ) +
21
2
z(t )
f
1/ 2
e
m
(

E
z
e
i
0
t
+

E
z
*
e
i
0
t
)

which describes the oscillating motion of a particle of mass m and negative charge
of the magnitude f
1/ 2
e bound to a fixed point in space similar to the oscillator
shown in Figure 5.1. The spring constant of the harmonic oscillator is equal to
m
21
2
; the damping constant is ; and the deviation of the particle from its
equilibrium position in the absence of any electric field E
z
is z(t).
For the classical result, assume
0

21
>>
1
so that

0
2

21
2
2
0
(
0

21
). Solving the above equation for a damped harmonic
oscillator:

) (
4
1
~
0

f
g
m
E e f
z ;
and

Q ' + i " 4 [ ' + i "] 4 ' i 4
N f e z

E



_
,
,
11 - 5

therefore, the classical model gives also :


"
0

0
c

p
2
f
4
0
c
g
f
(
0
) ,

which is the same as the result obtained in (a) above on the basis of the quantum
mechanic density-matrix equation.

(c) Since the complex dielectric constant based on the oscillator strength f using
either the quantum mechanical model or the classical harmonic oscillator model
gives the same result for , it is obvious that the same should be true for .
The classical harmonic oscillator model, therefore, can be used to characterize
the dispersion and absorption characteristics of linear optical media with only
three phenomenological parameters: the oscillator strength f, that characterizes
the strength of the charge e
2
, the resonance frequency
21
, and the damping
constant associated with the bound particle in the harmonic oscillator model.

11-4. Differentiating (11.51)

' )] ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ( [ ) (
) ' )( / 1 (
' '
'
' '
) (
dt e t t V t V t
i
T
t
t t T i
t
n m mm
m
n m mm
mn
th
mn
mn
mn mn
+

'

h


gives:


d
d t

mn

mn
(th)
T
mn
+
i
h
[
mm'
V(t)
m' n
m'

V(t)
mm'

m'n
] ( i
mn
+
1
T
mn
)
mn
,

which is Eq.(11.27). (11.51), therefore, satisfies and is a solution of (11.27).

11 - 6
11.5 The second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility


(2 )
(
1
+
2

3
) relates the induced
macroscopic polarization component P
i
(
3
) to the applied electric field components
E
j
(
1
) and E
k
(
2
) in the medium:

P
i
(
3
)


ijk
(2)
(
1
+
2

3
) E
j
(
1
) E
k
(
2
)
j ,k

.

For any such medium with inversion symmetry, inverting the coordinate axes leaves



ijk
(2)
(
1
+
2

3
) invariant but changes the signs of all the vector components:

P
i
(
3
)


ijk
(2)
(
1
+
2

3
) E
j
(
1
)
[ ]
E
k
(
2
) [ ]
j,k

P
i
(
3
) .

Therefore,


(2 )
(
1
+
2

3
) must vanish.

11-6. Consider a laser with the following parameters: T
1
~ 10
-9
sec, T
2
~ 10
-12
sec, T
ph
~ 5x10
-12

sec , R
pump
~ 10
27
/cm
3
- sec,

Bh
0
g
f
(v
0
) ~6x10
7
cm
3
/sec. The corresponding laser rate
equations are:

d
d t
( N
2
N
1
) 10
9
( N
2
N
1
) 1.210
6
( N
2
N
1
) N
ph
+10
27
d
d t
N
ph
210
11
N
ph
+ 6 10
7
( N
2
N
1
) N
ph
+ 0(N
ph
(spont)
)

'







Changing the scales: t 10, ( N
2
N
1
) 10
15
n, N
ph
10
14
N so that the
numbers are more manageable in the numerical computation:

11 - 7
d
d
n 10n 1.2n N +10
4
d
d
N 2 10
3
N + 6 n N + 0(N
(spont)
)

'





.

The steady-state solutions of these equations are: n
ss
333.3 and N
ss
16.6.
Changing to normalized parameters:

n
333.3
y and

N
16.6
z , the above rate
equations become:



d
d
y 10 y (1+ 2z) + 30
d
d
z 210
3
z( y1) + 0( z
(spont)
)

'





.
The turn-on dynamics of such a laser can be calculated numerically on the basis of these
normalized laser rate equations using, for example, the Mathematica program:

NDSolve[{y'[x] == -20 y[x] Abs[z[x]] - 10 y[x] + 30,
z'[x] == -2000 z[x] + 2000 y[x] z[x] + 0.001, y[0] == 0,
z[0] == 0}, {y, z}, {x, 0, 2}]
g = 0/0
Plot[Evaluate[ y[x] /. g],{x, 0, 0.5},PlotRange-> {0, 2},
AxesOrigin->{0, 0},
AxesLabel->{"t", "n(t)/n(s.s)"}]
Plot[Evaluate[ z[x] /. g], {x, 0, 0.5}, PlotRange->{0, 10},
AxesLabel->{"t", "N(t)/N(s.s.)"}]

The resulting calculated dynamics for the normalized population inversion and
intracavity intensity are shown in the figures ( t in 10
-7
sec) below. These results show a
pattern of laser relaxation oscillations with the frequency in the range of a few tenths of a
Ghz and a damping time on the order of tens of nsec, numbers characteristic of a
semiconductor laser.
11 - 8




Figure 11.1 - Examples of the transient dynamics of a semiconductor laser.