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    Wind Turbine Noise

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    侯健勝
    Wind turbine noise can be measured using sound power level or sound pressure level. Sound power level measures the source strength while sound pressure level measures noise levels at receptors like homes. Regulations for allowable wind turbine noise vary between countries and jurisdictions, with limits typically ranging from 35-65 dB(A) depending on the land use and time of day. Background noise from the wind also increases noise levels and must be taken into account. Turbine design and placement are important factors in managing noise impacts.

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    Wind Turbine Noise

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    侯健勝
    110 views22 pages
    Wind turbine noise can be measured using sound power level or sound pressure level. Sound power level measures the source strength while sound pressure level measures noise levels at receptors like homes. Regulations for allowable wind turbine noise vary between countries and jurisdictions, with limits typically ranging from 35-65 dB(A) depending on the land use and time of day. Background noise from the wind also increases noise levels and must be taken into account. Turbine design and placement are important factors in managing noise impacts.

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    Wind turbine noise can be measured using sound power level or sound pressure level. Sound power level measures the source strength while sound pressure level measures noise levels at receptors like homes. Regulations for allowable wind turbine noise vary between countries and jurisdictions, with limits typically ranging from 35-65 dB(A) depending on the land use and time of day. Background noise from the wind also increases noise levels and must be taken into account. Turbine design and placement are important factors in managing noise impacts.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views22 pages

    Wind Turbine Noise

    Uploaded by

    侯健勝
    Wind turbine noise can be measured using sound power level or sound pressure level. Sound power level measures the source strength while sound pressure level measures noise levels at receptors like homes. Regulations for allowable wind turbine noise vary between countries and jurisdictions, with limits typically ranging from 35-65 dB(A) depending on the land use and time of day. Background noise from the wind also increases noise levels and must be taken into account. Turbine design and placement are important factors in managing noise impacts.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 22

    Wind turbine noise

    Jeroen van Dam 14 December 2004

    Contents
    Brief terminology Measurement techniques and results Examples of allowable levels

    Sound power vs. sound pressure


    Sound power level is a measure of the source strength; typical values 90-105 dB(A) Sound pressure level is a measure of the level at a receptor (neighbor, microphone); typically <45 dB(A)

    Information taken from The Scottish Office, Environment Department, Planning Advice Note, PAN 45, Annex A: Wind Power, A.27. Renewable Energy Technologies, August 1994

    dB scale
    dB scale is a logarithmic scale:
    Doubling distance to turbine reduces sound pressure level 6dB Two turbines produce 3dB more then one turbine. Examples:
    40dB(A) + 40dB(A) = 43dB(A) 40dB(A) + 45dB(A) = 46dB(A)

    A-weighting compensates for sensitivity of human ear

    Source: Acoustic noise measurements, Bruel & Kjaer

    Measurement techniques
    IEC 61400-11, 2nd edition. Wind turbine noise measurement techniques IEA recommended practices for wind turbine testing, part 10 Measurement of noise immission from wind turbines at noise receptor locations Measuring the source and calculating immission is typically preferred. IEC method used for certification of a turbine type

    IEA method

    or

    IEC 61400-11 method

    H+D/2

    Results

    sound pressure level [dB(A)] 2

    8 Measured wind speed @10 m

    10

    12

    14

    Sound power level


    Background correction

    Ls = 10 log 100.1Ls+n 100.1Ln

    Obtain apparent sound power level from background corrected sound pressure level

    LWA = LAeq ,c 6 + 10 log

    [ ]
    4R12 S0

    Results
    For wind speed range 6-10 m/s:
    Apparent sound power level 1/3rd octave spectra Directivity (optional) Tonality

    Tonality
    55

    50

    sound pressure level [dB]

    45

    40

    90
    35

    80

    70

    30 432 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 524 528 532 536 540 544 548 Frequency [Hz]

    Sound Pressure Level (dB)

    60

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10

    0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Frequency (Hz) 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

    Noise propagation
    Simple models, spherical or semispherical spreading, input: sound power level Semi complex, frequency dependence, input: octave or 3rd octave spectrum Complex, includes wind shear, input: 3rd octave spectrum
    90 Sound Pressure Level [dB(A)]

    Shortcomings: Turbulence Country dependent

    80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 Distance to turbine [m]

    Examples of allowable noise regulations


    Denmark:
    45 dB(A) for single residence, 40 dB(A) for groups of residences, 5 dB(A) penalty for prominent tones

    Germany:
    Commercial: 65 dB(A), 50 dB(A) (day, night) Mixed: 60 dB(A), 45 dB(A) Residential: 55 dB(A), 40 dB(A) Rural: 50 dB(A), 35 dB(A) penalty for tones industrial\commercial 60, 55, 50 (day, evening, night). Residential: 50, 45, 40 recreational: 40, 35, 35 5dB(A) penalty for tones

    Sweden:

    Examples of allowable noise regulations contd


    Netherlands, guideline:
    Background noise dependent, base line 40dB(A) at 1m/s, 50dB(A) at 12m/s

    France:
    5dB increase of background noise (3dB(A) at night)

    UK, guideline:
    Maximum of (background noise + 5dB(A)) or 35-40 dB(A) day Maximum of (background noise + 5 dB(A)) or 43dB(A) at night 2-5dB(A) penalty for tones

    Greece, law nr 2280:


    industrial: 70 dB(A), mainly industrial 65dB(A) mixed industrial and residential: 55dB(A) mainly residential: 50dB(A) inside dwelling with open windows: 45 dB(A), Penalties for tonality up to 6 dB(A)

    Examples of allowable noise regulations contd


    USA:
    Varies state by state, county by county, California Assembly Bill 1207: SWT shall not exceed 60dB(A) at
    nearest dwelling except for short term events

    Perception
    Sound quality:
    Amplitude variations Intermittent noises (yaw actions, stops, starts) Tonality

    Psycho-acoustics
    Ownership Control Human ear smarter then microphone Psycho-acoustics, facts and models E. Zwicker, H. Fastl

    Background noise
    Back ground noise increases with wind speed Typical levels 30-45dB(A)
    65 60

    55 sound pressure level [dB(A)]

    50

    45

    40

    35

    30 0 2 4 6 8 10 Wind speed [m/s] 12 14 16 18 20

    Background noise

    Noise sources
    Gearbox Cooling fans Generator Power converter Hydraulic pumps Yaw motors Bearings Blades

    Source: Wind turbine noise Wagner, Barei, Guidati

    Development
    130

    120
    80's 90's Multi MW sound power level = 22 LOG(D) + 72

    sound power level dB[A]

    110

    SWT's Log. (80's) Log. (90's)

    100

    90

    sound power level = 11 LOG (D) + 82

    80

    70 1 10 Diameter [m] 100 1000

    SWTs
    High rpm with more variation Less sophisticated controls Flutter Closer to dwellings, sometimes on houses No cut out wind speed References:
    P. Migliore, J. van Dam, A. Huskey Acoustic tests of small wind turbines, January 2004, NREL CP-500-34662 Paul Gipe, www.wind-works.org

    Conclusions
    Turbines make noise
    Typically both turbine noise and background noise increase with wind speed

    Noise level is not the only important measure


    Sound quality Psychological effects

    Planning is key

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