SECTION 5 STORM DRAINS

Table of Contents

SECTION 5 STORM DRAINS Table of Contents . .. 5.1.0 GENERAL ...... 5.2.0 DESIGN RULES ....

5-1 5-2 5-2

5.3.0 DESIGN PARAMETERS ... 5-3 5.3.1 Minimum Grades . 5.3.2 Maximum Velocities .... 5.3.3 Minimum Diameter .. 5-3 5-3 5-3

5.3.4 Roughness Coefficients .... 5-3 5.4.0 FLOW IN STORM DRAINS ..... 5-4

5.4.1 Flow Equation Method . 5-4 5.4.2 Nomograph Method . 5-5

5.5.0 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 5-6 5.5.1 Friction Losses . 5.5.2 Minor Losses 5.5.3 Hydraulic Gradient Calculation Table . 5.6.0 MANHOLES ...... 5.7.0 DEPTH OF COVER ... 5-6 5-9 5-13 5-15 5-16

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Drainage Criteria Manual

SECTION 5 - STORM DRAINS 5.1.0 GENERAL The purpose of this section is to consider the hydraulic aspects of storm drains and their appurtenances in a storm drainage system. Hydraulically, storm drainage systems consist of conduits (open or enclosed) in which unsteady and non-uniform flow exists. The design storm shall be the 25 year storm with provisions made for the 100 year storm as noted in Section 3 of this Manual. 5.2.0 DESIGN GUIDELINES The following rules are to be observed in the design of storm drain system components to be located in public right-of-way or public drainage easements in order to promote proper operation and to minimize maintenance of those systems: A. Select pipe size and slope so that the velocity of flow will increase progressively or at least will not appreciably decrease at inlets, bends or other changes in geometry or configuration. B. Do not discharge the contents of a larger pipe into a smaller one even though the capacity of the smaller pipe may be greater due to a steeper slope. C. For all pipe junctions other than a manhole, the angle of intersection between any two flow paths shall not be greater than forty-five (45) degrees. This includes discharges into box culverts and channels. E. No proposed pipe having a diameter greater than fifty (50) percent of the minimum dimension of an existing box culvert shall be allowed to discharge into that box culvert. Exceptions must be justified by structural engineering analysis. G. Pipe shall be reinforced concrete. Concrete pipe shall be manufactured and installed in compliance with the City of Round Rock DACS - Standard Specifications Manual. H. The 25 year hydraulic grade line shall remain six (6) inches below the theoretical gutter flow line of inlets.

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5.3.0 DESIGN PARAMETERS 5.3.1 Minimum Grades Storm drains should operate with velocities of flow sufficient to prevent deposition of solid material. The controlling velocity is near the bottom of the conduit and is considerably less than the mean velocity. Storm drains should be designed to have a minimum velocity of two and one half (2.5) feet per second (fps). 5.3.2 Maximum Velocities Maximum velocities in conduits are important because of the possibility of excessive erosion of the storm drain pipe material. Table 5-1 lists the maximum velocities allowed. Table 5-1 Maximum Velocity In Storm Drains Type Storm Drains (inlet laterals) Storm Drains (trunk) Maximum Permissible Velocity No limit 20 fps

5.3.3 Minimum Diameter Pipes that are to become an integral part of the public storm sewer system shall have a minimum diameter of eighteen (18) inches. 5.3.4 Roughness Coefficients The coefficients of roughness listed in Table 5-2 are for use in Manning's Equation.

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Table 5-2 Roughness Coefficients "n" For Storm Drains Materials of Construction Minimum Design Coefficient

Concrete

0.013

Corrugated-metal Pipe

0.024

Plain or Coated Paved Invert (Asphalt) Plastic Pipe Smooth Perforated

0.020

0.010 0.020

5.4.0 FLOW IN STORM DRAINS All storm drains shall be designed by the application of the Continuity Equation and Manning's Equation either through the appropriate charts and nomographs or by direct solution of the equations as follows: 5.4.1 Flow Equation Method Q = AV and Q = (1.49/n) AR2/3S1/2 where, Q A V n R S Wp = Pipe Flow, cfs = Cross-sectional area of flow, ft2 = Velocity of flow, ft/sec = Coefficient of roughness of pipe = Hydraulic radius = A/W p, ft = Friction slope in pipe, ft/ft = Wetted perimeter, ft

(Eq. 5-1) (Eq. 5-2)

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5.4.2 Nomograph Method Nomographs for determining flow properties in circular pipe, elliptical pipe and pipearches are given here as Figures 5-1 through 5-9 in Appendix B of this Manual. The nomographs are based upon a value of "n" of 0.012 for concrete and 0.024 for corrugated metal. The charts are self-explanatory, and their use is demonstrated by the following examples in this Section. For values of "n" other than 0.012, the value of Q should be modified by using the following formula: Qc= 0.012 Qn/nc where, Qc nc Qn = Flow based upon nc = Value of "n" other than 0.012 = Flow from nomograph based on n = 0.012

This formula can be used in two (2) ways. If nc = 0.015 and Qc is unknown, use the known values to find Qn from the nomograph, and then use the formula to convert Qn to the required Qc. If Qc is one of the known values, use the formula to convert Qc (based on nc) to Qn (based on n = 0.012) first, and then use Qn and the other known values to find the unknown variable on the nomograph. Example 5-1: Given: Slope d D n = 0.005 ft/ft = depth of flow = 1.8 feet = diameter = 36 inches = 0.018

Find:

Discharge (Q).

First determine d/D = 1.8'/3.0' = 0.6. then enter Figure 5-1 (in Appendix B of this Manual) to read Qn= 34 cfs. From the formula, Qc= 34 (0.012/0.018) = 22.7 cfs. Example 5-2: Given: Slope = 0.005 ft/ft D = diameter = 36 inches Q = 22.7 cfs n = 0.018

Find: Velocity of flow (ft/sec). First convert Qc to Qn so that nomograph can be used. Using the formula Qn= 22.7 (0.018)/(0.012) = 34 cfs, enter Figure 5-1 (in Appendix B of this Manual) to determine d/D = 0.6. Now enter Figure 5-3 (in Appendix B of this Manual) to determine V = 7.5 ft/sec.

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5.5.0 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT In storm drain systems flowing full, all losses of energy are a function of resistance of flow in pipes or by interference with flow patterns at junctions. These losses must be accounted for by their accumulation along the system from its tailwater elevation at the outlet to its upstream inlet. The purpose of determining head losses is to include these values in a progressive calculation of the hydraulic gradient. In this way, it is possible to determine the hydraulic gradient line which will exist along the storm drain system. The hydraulic gradient line shall be computed and plotted for all sections of a storm drain system flowing full or under pressure flow. The determination of friction loss and minor loss are important for these calculations. 5.5.1 Friction Losses Friction loss is the energy required to overcome the roughness of the pipe and is expressed as: hf= (29n2/R1.33)(V2/2g)L where, hf n L R V g = Friction loss, ft = Manning's Coefficient = Length of pipe, ft = Hydraulic radius, ft = Velocity of flow, ft/sec = Acceleration due to gravity, 32 ft/sec2 (Eq. 5-3)

In addition to Equation 5-3, Table 5-3 can be used to determine the friction slope and applied in Equation 5-4. hf= SfL where, hf Sf L C Q = Friction loss, feet = Friction slope, feet = (Q/C)2 = Length of pipe, feet = Full flow coefficient from Table 5-3 = Discharge, cfs (Eq. 5-4)

Example 5-3: Given: Discharge Q = 24 cfs, diameter D = 24 inches, the length of pipe L=300 feet and n = 0.013 Find: The friction loss Hf

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First, from Table 5-3 for D = 24 inches and n = 0.013, the full flow coefficient Second, the friction slope Sf= (Q/C)2= 0.011 The friction loss Hf= SfL = 3.3 feet

C = 226.

Table 5-3 Full Flow Coefficient Values for Circular Concrete Pipe D Pipe Diameter (inches) 8 10 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 42 54 60 A Area (square feet) 0.349 0.545 0.785 1.227 1.767 2.405 3.142 3.976 4.909 5.940 7.069 9.621 15.904 19.635 R Hydraulic Radius n = 0.010 (feet) 0.167 0.208 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.437 0.500 0.562 0.625 0.688 0.750 0.875 1.125 1.250 15.8 28.4 46.4 84.1 137 206 294 402 533 686 867 1308 2557 3385 Value of C* for n = 0.011 n = 0.012 n = 0.013 14.3 25.8 42.1 76.5 124 187 267 366 485 624 788 1189 2325 3077 13.1 23.6 38.6 70.1 114 172 245 335 444 574 722 1090 2131 2821 12.1 21.8 35.7 64.7 105 158 226 310 410 530 666 1006 1967 2604

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Table 5-3 (Continued) Full Flow Coefficient Values for Circular Concrete Pipe D Pipe Diameter (inches) 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 A Area (square feet) 23.758 28.274 33.183 38.485 44.170 50.266 56.745 63.617 70.882 78.540 86.590 95.033 103.870 113.100 R Hydraulic Radius n = 0.010 (feet) 1.375 1.500 1.625 1.750 1.875 2.000 2.125 2.250 2.375 2.500 2.625 2.750 2.875 3.000 4364 5504 6815 8304 9985 11850 13940 16230 18750 21500 24480 27720 31210 34960 Value of C* for n = 0.011 n = 0.012 n = 0.013 3967 5004 6195 7549 9078 10780 12670 14760 17040 19540 22260 25200 28370 31780 3636 4587 5679 6920 8321 9878 11620 13530 15620 17920 20400 23100 26010 29130 3357 4234 5242 6388 7681 9119 10720 12490 14420 16540 18830 21330 24010 26890

* C = (1.486/n)AR0.667 Source: American Concrete Pipe Association. Concrete Pipe Design Manual.

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5.5.2 Minor Losses From the point at which stormwater enters the drainage system at the inlet until it discharges at the outlet, it encounters a variety of hydraulic structures such as manholes, bends, enlargements, contractions and other transitions. These structures will cause head losses which are called "minor head losses." The minor head losses are generally expressed in a form derived from the Bernoulli and Darcy-Weisbach Equations: h = KV2/2g where, h = velocity head loss, feet K = coefficient for head loss (Eq. 5-5)

The following are minor head losses of hydraulic structures commonly found in a storm drainage system. A. Junction Losses. Equation 5-6 is used to determine the head loss at a junction of two (2) pipes, with the various conditions of the coefficient Kj given in Table 5-4. hj= (V22- KjV12)/2g where, V1 V2 Kj = Velocity for inflowing pipe, ft/sec. = Velocity for outflowing pipe, ft/sec. = Junction or structure coefficient of loss. (Eq. 5-6)

The detailed design information for junction losses can be found in the Bibliography of this Manual, Item 5-10. B. Bend Losses. The minor head loss at a bend results from a distortion of the velocity distribution, thereby causing additional shear stresses within the fluid. The bend loss is considered to be that in excess of the loss for an equal length of straight pipe. The equation to compute the bend loss is: hb= KbV2/2g (Eq. 5-7)

The coefficient Kb varies with the angle of the bend. Table 5-4 and Figure 5-11 in Appendix B of this Manual show the different Kb coefficients used in bend losses.

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Table 5-4 Junction or Structure Coefficient of Loss Cases A B C D E Reference Figure 5-10 5-10 5-11 5-11 5-11 Description of Condition Manhole on Main Line with 45 Branch Lateral Manhole on Main Line with 90 Branch Lateral 45 Wye Connection or cut-in Inlet or Manhole at Beginning of Main Line or Lateral Conduit on Curves for 90* Curve radius = diameter Curve radius = (2 to 8) diameter Curve radius = (8 to 20) diameter Bends where radius is equal to diameter 90 bend 60 bend 45 bend 22 bend Manhole on line with 60 Lateral Manhole on line with 22 Lateral Coefficient Kj 0.50 0.25 0.75 1.25

0.50 0.40 0.25

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0.50 0.43 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.75

*Where bends other than 90 degrees are used, the 90 degree bend coefficient can be used with the following percentage factor applied: 60 Bend - 85%; 45 Bend - 70%; 22 Bend - 40% Source: City of Austin Drainage Criteria Manual. Department of Public Works. Austin, Texas. January 1977.

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C. Transition Losses. The head losses resulting from sudden and gradual changes in the cross section or flow direction are included in this category. Four (4) transition losses are discussed here. 1. Sudden Enlargement. Table 5-5 shows the coefficients used in the different cases for head losses due to a sudden enlargement. 2. Gradual Enlargement. Table 5-6 shows the coefficients for calculating the head loss based on the angle of the cone transition. 3. Sudden Contraction. Table 5-7 illustrates the values of coefficients in determining the head loss due to a sudden contraction. 4. Gradual Contraction. The head losses due to a gradual contraction are determined by the following equation with a constant head loss coefficient. hgc= 0.04 V2/2g where, V = velocity for smaller pipe. Table 5-5 Values of K for Determining Loss of Head Due to Sudden Enlargement in Pipes, from the Formula H = K (V2/2g) d2/d1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 Velocity, V, fps 2 .11 .26 .40 .51 .60 .74 .83 .92 .96 3 .10 .26 .39 .49 .58 .72 .80 .89 .93 4 .10 .25 .38 .48 .56 .70 .78 .87 .91 5 .10 .24 .37 .47 .55 .69 .77 .85 .89 6 .10 .24 .37 .47 .55 .68 .76 .84 .88 7 .10 .24 .36 .46 .54 .67 .75 .83 .87 8 .09 .24 .36 .46 .53 .66 .74 .82 .86 10 .09 .23 .35 .45 .52 .65 .73 .80 .84 12 .09 .23 .35 .44 .52 .64 .72 .79 .83 .88 .90 15 .09 .22 .34 .43 .51 .63 .70 .78 .82 .86 .88 20 .09 .22 .33 .42 .50 .62 .69 .76 .80 .84 .86 (Eq. 5-8)

1.00 .99 .96 .95 .93 .92 .91 .89 1.00 1.00 .98 .96 .95 .94 .93 .91 V = velocity in smaller pipe d2/d1 = ratio of diameter of larger pipe to diameter of smaller pipe Source: Brater, E.F. and H.W. King. Handbook of Hydraulics, 1976.

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Table 5-6 Values of K for Determining Loss of Head Due to Gradual Enlargement in Pipes from the Formula H = K (V2/2g) d2/d1 2 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .03 .03 4 .01 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .04 6 .01 .02 .03 .04 .04 .04 .04 8 .02 .03 .04 .05 .05 .05 .05 10 .03 .04 .06 .07 .07 .07 .08 15 .05 .09 .12 .14 .15 .16 .16 Angle of cone* 20 .10 .16 .23 .26 .28 .29 .30 25 .13 .21 .30 .35 .37 .38 .39 30 .16 .25 .36 .42 .44 .46 .48 35 .18 .29 .41 .47 .50 .52 .54 40 .19 .31 .44 .51 .54 .56 .58 45 .20 .33 .47 .54 .58 .60 .62 50 .21 .35 .50 .57 .61 .63 .65 .66 .67 60 .23 .37 .53 .61 .65 .68 .70 .71 .72

.03 .04 .04 .05 .08 .16 .31 .40 .48 .55 .59 .63 .03 .04 .04 .06 .08 .16 .31 .40 .49 .56 .60 .64 * Angle of cone is twice the angle between the axis of the cone and its side. V = velocity in smaller pipe. d2/d1 = ratio of diameter of larger pipe to diameter of smaller pipe. Source: Brater, E.F. and H.W. King. Handbook of Hydraulics, 1976.

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Table 5-7 Values of K for Determining Loss of Head Due to Sudden Contraction in Pipe From the Formula H = K (V2/2g) Velocity, V in feet per second d2/d1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 2 .03 .07 .17 .26 .34 .38 .40 .42 .44 .47 .48 .49 .49 3 .04 .07 .17 .26 .34 .38 .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .48 .49 4 .04 .07 .17 .26 .34 .37 .40 .42 .44 .46 .47 .48 .48 5 .04 .07 .17 .26 .34 .37 .39 .41 .43 .46 .47 .48 .48 6 .04 .07 .17 .26 .34 .37 .39 .41 .43 .45 .47 .48 .48 7 .04 .07 .17 .26 .34 .37 .39 .41 .43 .45 .46 .47 .47 8 .04 .07 .17 .26 .33 .36 .39 .40 .42 .45 .46 .47 .47 10 .04 .08 .18 .26 .33 .36 .38 .40 .42 .44 .45 .46 .47 12 .04 .08 .18 .26 .32 .35 .37 .39 .41 .43 .45 .46 .46 15 .04 .08 .18 .25 .32 .34 .37 .38 .40 .42 .44 .45 .45 20 .05 .09 .18 .25 .31 .33 .35 .37 .39 .41 .42 .43 .44

V = velocity in smaller pipe d2/d1 = ratio of diameter of larger pipe to diameter of smaller pipe Source: Brater, E.F. and H.W. King. Handbook of Hydraulics, 1976.

5.5.3 Hydraulic Gradient Calculation Table After computing the quantity of storm runoff entering each inlet, the storm drain system required to convey the runoff can be designed. The ground line profile is now used in conjunction with the previous runoff calculations. Table 5-8 can be used to keep track of the pipe design and corresponding hydraulic grade line calculations. Note that the computations begin at the downstream discharge point and continue upstream through the pipe system. The following is an explanation of each of the columns in Table 5-8:

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Column 1. Design Point; this point is the first junction point* upstream. * "Junction Point" refers to any inlet, manhole, bend, etc. that occurs which would cause a minor head loss. Column 2. Junction point immediately downstream of design point. Column 3. Distance between one (1) and two (2) in feet. Column 4. Design discharge as determined in inlet calculations. (See Table 4-1). Column 5. Size of pipe chosen to carry an amount equal to or greater than the design discharge (Figures 5-12 and 5-15 in Appendix B of this Manual can be used to determine this). Column 6. Slope of frictional gradient (can be determined from Table 5-3 using (Q/C)2=Sf). Column 7. Elevation of hydraulic gradient (hg) at upstream end of pipe = elevation of downstream end + Column 6 times Column 3, or elevation at upstream end + d/D if pipe is not flowing under pressure flow conditions. Column 8. Elevation of hydraulic gradient at downstream end of pipe (Note: at outfall point assume hg is at top of pipe or above if actual tailwater elevation exists). Column 9. Velocity of flow in incoming pipe at design point (use Q=AV for full flow and Figures 5-1 and 5-3 in Appendix B of this Manual for partial flow). Column 10. Velocity of flow in outgoing pipe at design point. Column 11. Velocity head loss for outgoing pipe at design point. Column 12. Velocity head loss for incoming pipe at design point. Column 13. Head loss coefficients at junction (see Figures 5-10 and 5-11 in Appendix B of this manual). Column 14. Column 12 times Column 13. Column 15. Column 11 - Column 14 (Note for bends and inlets or manholes at the beginning of a line, V1= V2. The appropriate Kj value should be used in Column 14 and Column 14 = Column 15). Column 16. Column 7 + Column 15. Column 17. Invert elevation at design point for incoming pipe. Column 18. Invert elevation at design point for outgoing pipe.

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Table 5-8 Hydraulic Computations Storm Sewers

Source: City of Austin Drainage Criteria Manual 5.6.0 MANHOLES Manholes provide a very important access point for maintenance purposes. Due to equipment restraints, every point within the storm drain must be a maximum of two hundred fifty (250) feet from an access point for drains thirty (30) inches in diameter or smaller. For storm drains greater than thirty (30) inches in diameter, manholes shall be placed so that there is a maximum distance of three hundred (300) feet to an access point. Inlets and storm drain outfalls may be considered as access points for maintenance purposes. Access points must be accessible in accordance with the requirements of Section 1.2.4D. of this Manual and must provide a maintenance path within the storm drain that has no more than one horizontal bend, with that bend having a deflection of no more than forty-five (45) degrees in the direction of the maintenance path, and no vertical bend with a deflection of greater than five (5) degrees. Storm drain slope adjustments of less than five (5) degrees are not subject to this requirement. Manholes shall also be located where two or more laterals intersect the main line within five (5) feet of each other (See Figure 5-12 in Appendix B of this Manual for examples of possible manhole locations). Manholes shall also be placed at locations where changes in pipe size occur.

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5.7.0 DEPTH OF COVER The design of storm drains for areas that will or could receive vehicular traffic or that will be subject to other loading must be supported by structural engineering calculations or references to structural engineering standards.

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