Heat Heat is a form of energy that flows from hotter substance to colder one.

We mean by hotter and colder substance, substance having high temperature and low temperature with respect to a reference matter. There must be a difference in temperatures of the substance to have heat or energy transfer. Heat is related to the quantity of matter also. If the object has big mass it also has big thermal energy and consequently amount of transferred energy increases. Since it is a type of energy we use Joule or Calories as unit of heat. Differences between Heat and Temperature In daily life most of us use these terms interchangeably. In this section we learn differences between them. 1. Heat is a type of energy, but temperature is not energy. 2. Heat depends on mass of the substance, however; temperature does not depend on the quantity of matter. For example, temperature of one glass of boiling water and one teapot of boiling water are equal to each other; on the contrary they have different heat since they have different masses. 3. You can measure temperature directly with a device called thermometer but heat cannot be measured with a device directly. You should know the mass, temperature and specific heat capacity of that matter. 4. If you give heat to a matter, you increase its temperature or change its phase. Specific Heat Capacity If you give same amount of heat to different type of matters you observe that changes in their temperatures are different. For instance, all you experience that given an equal amount of heat to metal spoons and wooden spoons, metal spoon has greater change in its temperature. Thus, most of the housewives use wooden or plastic spoons while cooking. These examples show that each matter has its own characteristics to absorb heat. We call this concept as specific heat capacity of the matters. It is the distinguishing property of matters. We show it with the letter c and give the definition of it as, heat required to increase temperature of unit mass 1 C. On the contrary, heat capacity of the system is defined as heat required increasing the temperature of whole substance and we show it with C. C=m.c where m is the mass of the substance and c is the specific heat of the matter. With the help of specific heat capacity and mass of the matter we can find the relation between heat and change in the temperature in the given formula below. Q=m.c.T Where; Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity and T is the change in the temperature. Heat Transfer via Conduction Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer Heat flows from the warmer objects to cooler ones. This process continues until the temperatures of the whole system become equal. Heat transfer occurs in three ways, convection, conduction and radiation. Conduction:

When you give heat to an object the kinetic energy of the atoms at that point increases and they move more rapidly. Molecules or atoms collide to each other randomly and during this collision they transfer some part of their energy. With the same way, all energy transferred to the end of the object until it reaches thermal balance. As you can see from the picture, atoms at the bottom of the object first gain energy, their kinetic energies increase, they start to move and vibrate rapidly and collide other atoms and transfer heat. Conduction is commonly seen in solids and a little bit in liquids. In conduction, energy transfer is slow with respect to convection and radiation. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Convection: In liquids and gases, molecular bonds are weak with respect to solids. When you heat liquids or gases, atoms or molecules which gain energy move upward, since their densities decrease with the increasing temperature. All heated atoms and molecules move upward and cooler ones sink to the bottom. This circulation continues until the system reaches thermal balance. This type of heat transfer does not work in solids because molecular bonds are not weak as in the case of fluids. Heat transfer is quick with respect to conduction. Radiation: It is the final method of heat transfer. Different from conduction and convection, radiation does not need medium or particles to transfer heat. As it can be understood from the name, it is a type of electromagnetic wave and shows the properties of waves like having speed of light and traveling in a straight line. In addition to, it can travel also in vacuum just like sun lights. Radiation is a good method of transferring heat, in microwave ovens or some warming apparatus radiation is used as a method of heat transfer. Heat and temperature are related and often confused. More heat usually means a higher temperature. Heat (symbol: Q) is energy. It is the total amount of energy (both kinetic and potential) possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter. Heat is measured in Joules. Temperature (symbol: T) is not energy. It relates to the average (kinetic) energy of microscopic motions of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. It is measured in Kelvin (K), Celsius (C) or Fahrenheit (F). When you heat a substance, either of two things can happen: the temperature of the substance can rise or the state of substance can change. Mechanisms The fundamental modes of heat transfer are: Conduction or diffusion: The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Convection: The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. Radiation: The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Mass transfer: The transfer of energy from one location to another as a side effect of physically moving an object containing that energy. Heat Conduction: Conduction is heat transfer by means of molecular agitation within a material without any motion of the material as a whole. If one end of a metal rod is at a higher temperature, then energy will be transferred down the rod toward the colder end because the higher speed particles will collide with the slower ones with a net transfer of energy to the slower ones. Heat Convection: Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. Convection above a hot surface occurs because hot air expands, becomes less dense, and rises (see Ideal Gas Law). Hot water is likewise less dense than cold water and rises, causing convection currents which transport energy. Radiation is heat transfer by the emission of electromagnetic waves which carry energy away from the emitting object. In studying energy changes in systems we need to make a clear distinction between the terms heat and temperature.

Heat: Heat is the thermal energy (kinetic energy) that is transferred from one body to another. It is measured in metric unit termed Joules (symbol J). As mentioned above heat is transferred spontaneously from objects of higher temperature to ones of lower temperature (warmer to colder bodies). Temperature: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the substance. There is a fundamental difference between temperature and heat. Heat is the amount of energy in a system. The SI units for heat are Joules. A Joule is a Newton times a meter. A Newton is a kilogram-meter per second squared. Heat is transferred through radiation, conduction and convection. The amount that molecules are vibrating, rotating or moving is a direct function of the heat content. Energy is transported by conduction as molecules vibrate, rotate and/or collide into each other. Heat is moved along similar to dominos knocking down their neighbors in a chain reaction. An increase of electromagnetic radiation into a system causes the molecules to vibrate, rotate and/or move faster. With convection, higher energy molecules are mixed with lower energy molecules. When higher energy molecules are mixed with lower energy molecules the molecular motion will come into equilibrium over time. The faster moving molecules will slow down and the slow moving molecules will speed up. Temperature is the MEASURE of the AVERAGE molecular motions in a system and simply has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K). Notice that one primary difference between heat and temperature is that heat has units of Joules and temperature has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K). Another primary difference is that energy can be transported without the temperature of a substance changing (e.g. latent heat, ice water remains at the freezing point even as energy is brought into the ice water to melt more ice). But, as a general statement (ignoring latent heat), as heat energy increases, the temperature will increase. If molecules increase in vibration, rotation or forward motion and pass that energy to neighboring molecules, the measured temperature of the system will increase.