Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Chapter 3 Deferred Taxation

Reference: IAS 12 and SIC 21

Contents: 1. Definitions 2. Normal tax and deferred tax 2.1 Current tax versus deferred tax 2.1.1 A deferred tax asset 2.1.2 A deferred tax liability 2.1.3 Deferred tax balance versus the current tax payable balance 2.1.4 Basic examples Example 1A: creating a deferred tax asset Example 1B: reversing a deferred tax asset Example 2A: creating a deferred tax liability Example 2B: reversing a deferred tax liability 2.2 Calculation of Deferred tax the two methods 2.2.1 The income statement approach Example 3A: income received in advance (income statement approach) 2.2.2 The balance sheet approach Example 3B: income received in advance (balance sheet approach) Example 3C: income received in advance (journals) Example 3D: income received in advance (disclosure) 2.3 Year-end accruals, provisions and deferred tax 2.3.1 Expenses prepaid Example 4: expenses prepaid 2.3.2 Expenses payable Example 5: expenses payable 2.3.3 Provisions Example 6: provisions 2.3.4 Income receivable Example 7: income receivable 2.4 Depreciable non-current assets and deferred tax 2.4.1 Depreciation versus capital allowances Example 8: depreciable assets 2.5 Rate changes and deferred tax Example 9: rate changes date of substantive enactment Example 10: rate changes Example 11: rate changes 2.6 Tax losses and deferred tax Example 12: tax losses 3. Disclosure of income tax 3.1 Overview 3.2 Statement of comprehensive income disclosure 3.2.1 Face of the statement of comprehensive income 3.2.2 Tax expense note

Page 90 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 94 95 97 97 98 100 101 102 102 103 104 104 107 107 109 109 112 113 115 115 116 119 120 120 123 124 124 127 127 127 127 128

88

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Contents continued 3.3 Statement of financial position disclosure 3.3.1 Face of the statement of financial position 3.3.2 Accounting policy note 3.3.3 Deferred tax note 3.3.3.1 Other information needed on deferred tax assets 3.3.3.2 Other information needed on deferred tax liabilities 3.3.3.3 Other information needed on the manner of recovery or settlement 3.4 Sample disclosure involving tax 4. Summary

Page 129 129 129 129 130 130 130 131 133

89

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

1. Definitions The following definitions are provided in IAS 12 (some of these definitions have already been discussed under chapter 2): Accounting profit: is profit or loss for a period before deducting (the) tax expense. Taxable profit (tax loss): is the profit (or loss) for a period, determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities, upon which income taxes are payable (recoverable). Tax expense (tax income): is the aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax and deferred tax. Current tax: is the amount of income tax payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period. Deferred tax liabilities: are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets: are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of: deductible temporary differences; the carry forward of unused tax losses; and the carry forward of unused tax credits. Temporary differences: are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax base: taxable temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled; or deductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled. Tax base: the tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. Tax base of an asset: is the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will flow to an entity when it recovers the carrying amount of the asset. If those economic benefits will not be taxable, the tax base of the asset is equal to its carrying amount. Tax base of a liability: is its carrying amount, less any amount that will be deductible for tax purposes in respect of that liability in future periods. In the case of revenue that is received in advance, the tax base of the resulting liability is its carrying amount, less any amount of the revenue that will not be taxable in future periods.

Other definitions that are not provided in IAS 12 but which you may find useful include: Carrying amount: the amount at which an asset or liability is presented in the accounting records. Permanent differences: are the differences between taxable profit and accounting profit for a period that originate in the current period and will never reverse in subsequent periods, (for example, some of the income according to the accountant might not be treated as income by the tax authority because he doesnt tax that type of income, or alternatively, the tax authority might tax an item that the accountant will never treat as income. The same type of differences may arise when dealing with expenses).
90 Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Comprehensive basis: is the term used to describe the method whereby the tax effects of all temporary differences are recognised. Applicable or standard tax rate: is the rate of tax, as determined from time to time by tax legislation, at which entities pay tax on taxable profits, (a rate of 30% is assumed in this text). Effective tax rate: is the taxation expense charge in the statement of comprehensive income expressed as a percentage of accounting profits .

2. Normal tax and deferred tax 2.1 Current tax versus deferred tax As mentioned in the previous chapter, the total normal tax for disclosure purposes is broken down into two main components: current tax; and deferred tax. Current normal tax is the tax charged by the tax authority in the current period on the current periods taxable profits. The taxable profits are calculated based on tax legislation (discussed in the previous chapter). Since this tax legislation is not based strictly on the accrual concept, differences may arise such as income being included in taxable profits before it is earned! The total normal tax expense recognised in the statement of comprehensive income is the tax incurred on the accounting profits. Accounting profits are calculated in accordance with the international financial reporting standards, which are based on the concept of accrual. The difference between current normal tax (which is not based on the accrual concept), and the total normal tax in the statement of comprehensive income (which is based on the accrual concept), is an adjustment called deferred tax. The deferred tax adjustment is therefore simply an accrual of tax. In other words: current normal tax (i.e. the amount charged by the tax authority) is adjusted upwards or downwards so that the total normal tax in the statement of comprehensive income is shown at the amount of tax incurred. This results in the creation of a deferred tax asset or liability. 2.1.1 A deferred tax asset (a debit balance) A debit balance on the deferred tax account reflects the accountants belief that tax has been charged but which has not yet been incurred. This premature tax charge must be deferred (postponed). In some ways, this treatment is similar to that of a prepaid expense. Deferred tax asset Taxation expense Creating a deferred tax asset 2.1.2 A deferred tax liability (a credit balance) A credit balance reflects the accountants belief that tax has been incurred, but which has not yet been charged by the tax authority. It therefore shows the amount that will be charged by the tax authority in the future. This is similar to the treatment of an expense payable. Taxation expense Deferred tax liability Creating a deferred tax liability
91

Debit xxx

Credit xxx

Debit xxx

Credit xxx

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

2.1.3 Deferred tax balance versus the current tax payable balance The balance on the deferred tax account differs from the balance on the current tax payable account in the following ways: the current tax payable account reflects the amount currently owing to or by the tax authorities based tax legislation. This account is therefore treated as a current liability or asset; whereas the deferred tax account reflects the amount that the accountant believes to still be owing to or by the tax authorities in the long-term based on the concept of accrual. Since this amount is not yet payable according to tax legislation, this account is treated as a noncurrent liability or asset. 2.1.4 Basic examples Consider the following examples: Example 1A: creating a deferred tax asset (debit balance) The current tax charged by the tax authority (using the tax legislation) in 20X1 is expected to be C10 000. The accountant calculates that the tax incurred for 20X1 to be C8 000. The C2 000 excess will be deferred to future years. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: Show the ledger accounts and disclose the tax expense and deferred tax for 20X1. Solution to example 1A: creating a deferred tax asset (debit balance) The tax expense that is shown in the statement of comprehensive income must always reflect the tax that is believed to have been incurred for the year, thus C8 000 must be shown as the expense.
Ledger accounts: 20X1 Tax: normal tax (E) 10 000 DT (2) _____ Total c/f 10 000 8 000 Deferred tax (A) 2 000 Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (1) 10 000

CTP: NT (1)

2 000 8 000 10 000

Total b/f

Tax (2)

(1) recording the current tax (the estimated amount that will be charged/ assessed by the tax authority). (2) deferring a portion of the current tax expense to future years so that the balance in the tax expense account is the amount considered to have been incurred (i.e. C8 000). Notice that the deferred tax account has a debit balance of C2 000, meaning that the C2 000 deferred tax is an asset. This tax has been charged but will only be incurred in the future and so it is similar to a prepaid expense.

92

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Disclosure for 20X1: The disclosure will be as follows (the deferred tax asset note will be ignored at this stage): Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 20X1 Note Profit before tax Taxation expense (current tax: 10 000 deferred tax: 2 000) Profit for the period Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at 20X1 ASSETS Non-current Assets - Deferred tax: normal tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X1 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense - Current - Deferred Example 1B: reversing a deferred tax asset Use the same information as that given in 1A and the following additional information: The current tax charged by the tax authorities (based on tax legislation) in 20X2 is expected to be C14 000. The accountant calculates the tax incurred for 20X2 to be C16 000 (the excess tax charged in 20X1 is now incurred). There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: Show the ledger accounts and disclose the tax expense and deferred tax in 20X2. Solution to example 1B: reversing a deferred tax asset
Ledger accounts: 20X2 CTP: NT (1) DT (2) Tax: normal tax (E) 14 000 2 000 16 000 Deferred tax (A) 2 000 Taxation (2) Current tax payable: normal tax Tax (1) 14 000

3.

20X1 C xxx 8 000 xxx 0 xxx

20X1 C 2 000

20X1 C 8 000 10 000 (2 000)

Balance b/d

2 000

93

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

(1) recording the current tax (estimated amount that will be charged by the tax authorities) (2) recording the reversal of the deferred tax asset in the second year. The total tax expense in 20X2 will be the current tax charged for 20X2 plus deferred tax (the portion of the current tax that was not recognised in 20X1, is incurred in 20X2). Disclosure for 20X2: Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 20X2 Note Profit before tax Taxation expense (20X2: current tax: 14 000 + deferred tax: 2 000) Profit after tax Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at 20X2 Note ASSETS Non-current Assets - Deferred tax: normal tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X2 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense - Current - Deferred 20X2 C 16 000 14 000 2 000 20X1 C 8 000 10 000 (2 000) 20X2 C 0 20X1 C 2 000 3. 20X2 C xxx 16 000 xxx 0 xxx 20X1 C xxx 8 000 xxx 0 xxx

It can be seen that over the period of 2 years, the total current tax of C24 000 (10 000 + 14 000) charged by the tax authorities, is recognised as a tax expense in the accounting records: the tax expense in the first year is C8 000; and the tax expense in the second year C16 000. Example 2A: creating a deferred tax liability (credit balance) The current tax expected to be charged by the tax authorities (based on tax legislation) is C10 000 in 20X1. The accountant calculates that the tax incurred for 20X1 to be C12 000. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: Show the ledger accounts and disclose the tax expense and deferred tax in 20X1. Solution to example 2A: creating a deferred tax liability (credit balance) The tax shown in the statement of comprehensive income must always be the amount incurred for the year rather than the amount charged, thus C12 000 must be shown as the tax expense.

94

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Ledger accounts: 20X1 CTP: NT(1) DT(2) Tax: normal tax (E) 10 000 2 000 12 000 Deferred tax (L) Tax (2) Current tax payable: normal tax Tax (1) 10 000

2 000

(1) Recording the current tax (the estimated amount that will be charged by the tax authorities). (2) Providing for extra tax that has been incurred but which will only be charged/assessed by the tax authorities in future years (tax owing to the tax authorities in the long term): we have only been charged C10 000 in the current year, but have incurred C12 000, thus there is an amount of C2 000 that will have to be paid sometime in the future. Notice that the deferred tax account has a credit balance of C2 000, (a deferred tax liability). Disclosure for 20X1: Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 20X1 Profit before tax Taxation expense (current tax: 10 000 + deferred tax: 2 000) Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at ..20X1 LIABILITIES Non-current Liabilities - Deferred tax: Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X1 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense - Current - Deferred Example 2B: reversing a deferred tax liability Use the same information as that given in example 2A as well as the following information: The tax authority is expected to charge C14 000 for 20X2 but the tax incurred is calculated to be C12 000. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required:
95 Chapter 3

3.

20X1 C xxx 12 000 xxx 0 xxx

20X1 C 2 000

20X1 C 12 000 10 000 2 000

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Show the ledger accounts and disclose the tax expense and deferred tax in 20X2. Solution to example 2B: reversing a deferred tax liability The deferred tax liability (a non-current liability) will have to be reversed out in 20X2 since the amount will now form part of the current tax payable liability instead (a current liability).
Ledger accounts: 20X2 Tax: normal tax (E) 14 000 DT (2) 12 000 Current tax payable: normal tax Tax (1) 14 000

CTP: NT (1) Total

2 000

Tax (2)

Deferred tax (L) 2 000 Balance b/f

2 000

(1) recording the current tax (charged by the tax authority) (2) recording the reversal of the deferred tax in the second year. Disclosure for 20X2: Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended ..20X2 Profit before tax Taxation expense (current tax and deferred tax) Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at ..20X2 LIABILITIES Non-current Liabilities - Deferred Tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X2 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense - current - deferred 20X2 C 12 000 14 000 (2 000) 20X1 C 12 000 10 000 2 000 20X2 C 0 20X1 C 2 000 20X2 C xxx 12 000 xxx 0 xxx 20X1 C xxx 12 000 xxx 0 xxx

3.

It can be seen that over the period of 2 years, the total current tax of C24 000 (10 000 + 14 000) charged by the tax authority is recognised as a tax expense in the accounting records: the tax expense in the first year is C12 000 and the tax expense in the second year is C12 000.

96

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

2.2 Calculation of Deferred tax the two methods Although IAS 12 refers to only one method of calculating deferred tax, (the balance sheet method), there are in fact two methods: Balance sheet method: a comparison between the carrying amount and the tax base of each of the entitys assets and liabilities; and the Income statement method: a comparison between accounting profits and taxable profits. The method used will not alter the journals or disclosure. You will generally be required to calculate the Deferred tax using the balance sheet method. The income statement method is still useful though since it serves as a tool to check your balance sheet calculations and is useful in that it is easier to explain the concept of deferred tax. If there was deferred tax on a gain or loss that is recognised directly in equity (i.e. not in profit or loss), then the income statement method will need to bear this into account, since the income statement method looks only at the deferred tax caused by items of income and expense recognised in profit or loss. IAS 12 expressly prohibits the discounting (present valuing) of deferred tax balances. 2.2.1 The income statement approach The accountant and the tax authorities calculate profits in different ways: International Financial Reporting Standards govern the manner in which the accountant calculates accounting profit: profit or loss for a period before deducting (the) tax expense. Tax legislation governs the manner in which the tax authorities calculate taxable profit: the profit (or loss) for the period, determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities, upon which income taxes are payable or recoverable. In order for the accountant to calculate the estimated current tax for the year, he converts his accounting profits into taxable profits. This is done as follows: Conversion of accounting profits into taxable profits: Profit before tax (accounting profits) Adjusted for permanent differences: less exempt income (e.g. certain capital profits and dividend income) add non-deductible expenses (e.g. certain donations and fines) Accounting profits that are taxable (A x 30% = tax expense incurred) Adjusted for movements in temporary differences: add depreciation less depreciation for tax purposes (e.g. wear and tear) add income received in advance (closing balance): if taxed when received less income received in advance (opening balance): if taxed when received less expenses prepaid (closing balance): if deductible when paid add expenses prepaid (opening balance): if deductible when paid add provisions (closing balance): if deductible when paid less provisions (opening balance): if deductible when paid Taxable profits (B x 30% = current tax charge)
97

C xxx xxx (xxx) xxx A xxx xxx (xxx) xxx (xxx) (xxx) xxx xxx (xxx)

B
Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

As can be seen from the calculation above, the difference between accounting profits and taxable profits may be classified into two main types: temporary differences; and permanent differences.

Accounting profits

Profit before tax

+/Taxable accounting profits =

Permanent differences Portion of the accounting profits that are taxable although not necessarily now Temporary differences Profits that are taxable now, based purely on tax laws Tax expense Deferred tax expense/ income Current tax expense

X 30% =

+/Taxable profits =

X 30% =

X 30% =

The difference between total accounting profits and the taxable accounting profits are permanent differences. These differences include, for instance, items of income that will never be taxed as income and yet are recognised as income in the accounting records. The difference between taxable accounting profits (A above) and taxable profits (B above) are caused by the movement in temporary differences. These differences relate to the issue of timing: for instance, when the income is taxed versus when it is recognised as income in the accounting records. A deferred tax adjustment is made for the movement relating to temporary differences only. Example 3A: income received in advance (income statement approach) A company receives rent income of C10 000 in 20X1 that relates to rent earned in 20X2 and then receives C110 000 in rent income in 20X2 (all of which was earned in 20X2). The company has no other income. The tax authority taxes income on the earlier of receipt or earning. Required: Calculate, for 20X1 and 20X2, the current tax expense, the deferred tax adjustment and the final tax expense to appear in the statement of comprehensive income and show the related ledger accounts. Solution to example 3A: income received in advance (income statement approach) Current tax calculation: 20X1 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (10 000 10 000) (1) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense (3) Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (5) add income received in advance (closing balance): taxed in the current year (2) less income received in advance (opening balance): previously taxed
98

Profits 0 0 0 10 000 10 000 (0)

Tax at 30% 0 3 000

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Taxable profits and current normal tax (4)

10 000

3 000

Since the income is not recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in 20X1, it does not make sense to recognise the related tax in 20X1, (it makes more sense to recognise the tax on income when the income is recognised). Thus the recognition of this current tax is deferred to this future year (20X2). Current tax calculation: 20X2 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (110 000 + 10 000) (6) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense (8) Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (9) add income received in advance (closing balance): taxed in the current year less income received in advance (opening balance): previously taxed
(7)

Profits 120 000 0 120 000 (10 000) 0 (10 000) 110 000

Tax at 30% 36 000 (3 000)

Taxable profits and current normal tax (7)

33 000

(1) The receipt in 20X1 is not yet earned and is therefore not recognised as income but as a liability. (2) The income is taxed by the tax authority on the earlier date of receipt or earning: the amount is received in 20X1 and earned in 20X2 and is therefore taxed in 20X1 (the earlier date). (3) The tax that appears on the face of the statement of comprehensive income should be zero since it should reflect the tax owing on the income earned. Since no income has been earned, no tax should be reflected. (4) The difference between the current tax charged (3 000) and the tax expense (0) is the deferred tax adjustment, deferring the current tax to another period. (5) Notice that the deferred tax account has a debit balance at the end of 20X1 and is therefore classified as an asset: tax has been charged in 20X1 for taxes that will only be incurred in 20X2. (6) The income in 20X2 includes the C10 000 received in 20X1 since it is earned in 20X2. The income received in advance liability is reversed out. (7) Notice that the tax authority charges current tax in 20X2 on just the C110 000 received since the balance of C10 000 was received and taxed in an earlier year. (8) The accountant believes that the C36 000 tax should be expensed in 20X2 (together with the related income of C120 000). (9) This requires that the C33 000 current tax recorded in the books in 20X2 be adjusted to include the tax of C3 000 that was charged in 20X1 but not recognised in 20X1. This results in a reversal of the deferred tax balance of C3 000 brought forward from 20X1.
Ledger accounts: 20X1 Bank 10 000 Rent received in advance (L) Bank (1)

RRIA (1)

10 000

CTP: NT (2) Total b/f (3)

Tax: normal tax (E) 3 000 DT (4) 0 Deferred tax (A) 3 000

3 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (2) 3 000

Tax (4 & 5)

99

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Ledger accounts: 20X2 Bank Rent 110 000

Rent (6)

Rent received in advance (L) 10 000 Balance b/f

10 000

CTP:NT (7) DT (9) Total (8)

Tax: normal tax (E) 33 000 3 000 36 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Balance b/f 3 000 Tax (7) 33 000

Balance b/f

Deferred tax 3 000 Tax (9)

3 000

Rent (I) RRIA (6) Bank

10 000 110 000 120 000

2.2.2

The balance sheet approach

When calculating deferred tax using the balance sheet approach, the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities are compared with the tax bases of these assets and liabilities. Any difference between the carrying amount and the tax base of an asset or liability is termed a temporary difference: The carrying amounts are the balances of the assets and liabilities as recognised in the statement of financial position based on International Financial Reporting Standards. The tax bases are the balances of the assets and liabilities, as they would appear in a statement of financial position drawn up based on tax law (please read these definitions again you will find them at the beginning of this chapter). The total temporary differences multiplied by the tax rate will give: the deferred tax balance in the statement of financial position. The difference between the opening and closing deferred tax balance in the statement of financial position will give you: the deferred tax journal adjustment.
Temporary difference X 30% = Deferred tax balance: beginning of year Movement: Deferred tax journal adjustment

Carrying amount: Opening balance

Tax base: Opening balance

Carrying amount: Closing balance

Temporary difference X 30% = Deferred tax balance: end of year

Tax base: Closing balance

100

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

A useful format for calculating deferred tax using the balance sheet approach is as follows:
Carrying amount (SOFP) (a) Opening balance: in the SOFP Movement: deferred tax charge in the SOCI Closing balance in the SOFP Tax base (per IAS 12) (b) Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) Deferred tax (c) x 30% (d) Deferred tax balance/ adjustment

Asset/ liability dr FP; cr CI or cr FP; dr CI Asset/ liability

Example 3B: income received in advance (balance sheet approach) Use the information given in example 3A. Required: Calculate the Deferred tax adjustment using the balance sheet approach for both years. Solution to example 3B: income received in advance (balance sheet approach) Rule for liability: revenue received in advance (per IAS 12): The tax base of revenue received in advance is the carrying amount of the liability less the portion representing income that will not be taxable in future periods. Applying the rule for revenue received in advance (L) to the calculation of the tax base: 20X1 tax base: Carrying amount Less that which wont be taxed in the future (because taxed in the current year) This means that there will be no related current tax charge in the future. 20X2 tax base: Carrying amount Less that which wont be taxed in the future C 10 000 (10 000) 0 C 0 0 0

The carrying amount is zero since the income was earned in 20X2 so the balance on the liability account was reversed out to income (see journal 6 in the 20X2 t-accounts above).
Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach): Income received in advance Carrying amount (SOFP) (a) 0 (10 000) (10 000) 10 000 0 101 Tax base (IAS 12) (b) 0 0 0 0 0 Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 10 000 10 000 (10 000) 0 Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 (3) 3 000 Deferred tax balance/ adjustment

Opening balance 20X1 Deferred tax charge 20X1 (balancing: movement) Closing balance 20X1 (1) Deferred tax charge 20X2 (balancing: movement) Closing balance 20X2 (4)

dr DT; cr TE 3 000 Asset (2) (5) (3 000) cr DT; dr TE 0 Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Explanation of the above: 1) During 20X1, the C10 000 rent is received in advance. The accountant treats this as a liability whereas the tax authority treats it as income. Thus the carrying amount of the income received in advance account is C10 000 whereas the tax authority has no such liability: the tax base is therefore zero. This results in a temporary difference of C10 000 and therefore a deferred tax balance of C3 000. 2) The tax base of a liability that represents income, is that portion of the liability that will be taxed in the future. The difference between the carrying amount and the tax base represents the portion of the liability that wont be taxed in the future with the result that the deferred tax balance is an asset to the company: the tax that has been prepaid. 3) The deferred tax charge in 20X1 will be a credit to the statement of comprehensive income. 4) During 20X2, the C10 000 rent that was received in advance in 20X1 is now recognised as income (the accountant will debit the liability and credit income) with the result that the accountants liability reverses out to zero. As mentioned above, the tax authority had no such liability since he treated the receipt as income in 20X1. The carrying amount and the tax base are now both zero, with the result that the temporary difference is now zero and the deferred tax is zero. 5) The deferred tax charge in 20X2 is a debit to the statement of comprehensive income. Example 3C: income received in advance (journals) Use the current tax calculation done in example 3A and the deferred tax calculation done in 3B. Required: Show the related tax journal entries. Solution to example 3C: income received in advance (journals) 20X1 Taxation expense: normal tax (SOCI) Current tax payable: normal tax (SOFP) Current tax payable per tax law (see calculation in 3A) Deferred tax: normal tax (SOFP) Taxation expense: normal tax (SOCI) Deferred tax adjustment (see calculation in 3B) 20X2 Taxation expense: normal tax (SOCI) Current tax payable: normal tax (SOFP) Current tax payable per tax law (see calculation in 3A) Taxation expense: normal tax (SOCI) Deferred tax: normal tax (SOFP) Deferred tax adjustment (see calculation in 3B) Example 3D: income received in advance (disclosure) Use the information given in example 3A, 3B or 3C. The current tax for 20X1 is paid in 20X2 and that the current tax for 20X2 is paid in 20X3. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: Disclose all information in the financial statements. Debit 3 000 Credit 3 000 3 000 3 000

33 000 33 000 3 000 3 000

102

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 3D: income received in advance (disclosure) Company name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 ASSETS Non-Current Assets Deferred tax: normal tax LIABILITIES Current Liabilities Current tax payable: normal tax Income received in advance Company name Statement of comprehensive income (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before taxation Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Company name Notes to the financial statements (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 20X2 C 5. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current Deferred Total tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 6. Deferred tax asset The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Year-end accruals 36 000 33 000 3 000 36 000 20X1 C 0 3 000 (3 000) 0 5 20X2 C 120 000 36 000 84 000 0 84 000 20X1 C 0 0 0 0 0

Note 6

20X2 C 0 33 000 0

20X1 C 3 000 3 000 10 000

3 000

It can be seen that the deferred tax effect on profits is nil over the period of the two years. 2.3 Year-end accruals, provisions and deferred tax Five statement of financial position accounts resulting directly from the use of the accrual system include: income received in advance; expenses prepaid; expenses payable; provisions; and income receivable. Income received in advance has already been covered in example 3 above. The deferred tax effect of each of the remaining four examples will now be discussed. Since IAS 12 refers only to the use of the balance sheet approach, this is the only approach shown in this text.

103

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

2.3.1

Expenses prepaid

Remember that, although the tax authority normally allows a deduction of expenses when the expenses are incurred, he may, however, allow a deduction of a prepaid expense depending on criteria in the tax legislation. If this happens, deferred tax will result. Example 4: expenses prepaid Profit before tax is C20 000 in 20X1 and in 20X2, according to the accountant and the tax authority, before taking into account the following information: An amount of C8 000 in respect of electricity for January 20X2 is paid in December 20X1. The Receiver allows the payment of C8 000 as a deduction against taxable profits in 20X1. The company paid the current tax owing to the tax authorities for 20X1, in 20X2. There are no permanent differences, no other temporary differences and no taxes other than normal tax at 30%. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the Deferred tax for 20X1 and 20X2 using the balance sheet approach. B. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X1 and 20X2. C. Show the related journal entries in ledger account format. D. Disclose the tax adjustments for the 20X2 financial year. Solution to example 4A: expenses prepaid (deferred tax) Rule for assets: expenses prepaid (IAS 12): The tax base of an asset (that represents an expense) is the amount that will be deducted for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will flow to an entity when it recovers the carrying amount of the asset. If those economic benefits will not be taxable, the tax base of the asset is equal to its carrying amount (e.g. an investment that renders dividend income).
Applying the rule to the calculation of the tax base (expenses prepaid): 20X1 tax base: Carrying amount Less amount already deducted from taxable profits (deducted in current year: 20X1) Deduction from taxable profits in the future 20X2 tax base: Carrying amount Less that which wont be deducted for tax purposes in the future C 8 000 (8 000) 0

0 0 0 The carrying amount will now be zero since the expense was incurred in 20X2 with the asset balance transferred to an expense account (see journal 1 in the 20X2 t-accounts).

Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach): Expenses prepaid Carrying amount (per SOFP) (a) 0 8 000 8 000 Tax base (IAS 12) (b) 0 0 0 Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 (8 000) (8 000) Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 (2 400) (2 400) Deferred tax balance/ adjustment cr FP; dr CI (3) Liability (2)

Opening balance: 20X1 Movement (balancing) Closing balance: 20X1 (1)

104

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 4B: expenses prepaid (current tax)

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X1 The prepayment of C8 000 is allowed as a deduction by the tax authority in 20X1 but the accountant recognises the C8 000 as a prepaid expense, (an asset), thus causing a temporary difference. Profits Tax at 30% Profit before tax (accounting profits) (1) 20 000 Adjusted for permanent differences: 0 Taxable accounting profits and tax expense (1) 20 000 6 000 (3) Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (3) (8 000) (2 400) Less expense prepaid (closing balance): deductible in current year 20X1 (8 000) Taxable profits and current normal tax (6) 12 000 3 600

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X2 The accountant recognises (deducts) the C8 000 as an expense in 20X2 since this is the period in which the expense is incurred but the tax authority, having already allowed the deduction of the expense in 20X1, will not deduct it again in 20X2. The difference in 20X2 reverses the difference in 20X1. Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 8 000) (4) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense (4) Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (5) Add expense prepaid (opening balance): deducted in prior year 20X1 Taxable profits and current normal tax (7) Profits 12 000 0 12 000 8 000 8 000 20 000 Tax at 30%

(5)

3 600 2 400

6 000

Solution to example 4C: expenses prepaid (ledger accounts)

Ledger accounts: 20X1 Bank Exp Prepaid(1) Tax: normal tax (E) 3 600 2 400 6 000 Deferred tax (L) Tax (3) T-accounts: 20X2 EP(4) Electricity and water 8 000 Tax: normal tax (E) 6 000 DT (5) _____ Total c/f 6 000 3 600 Deferred tax (L) 2 400 Balance b/d Balance b/f Expenses prepaid (A) 8 000 E&W (4) 8 000 2 400 Expenses prepaid (A) 8 000

8 000

Bank (1)

CTP: NT(6) DT (3) Total

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (6) 3 600

CTP: NT(7)

2 400 3 600 6 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Bank (8) 3 600 Balance 3 600 Tax (7) 6 000

Total b/f Tax (5)

2 400

Bank CTP: NT (8)

3 600

105

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Comments on example 4 A, B and C 1) The accountant treats the payment as an asset since the expense has not yet been incurred whereas the tax authority treats the payment as an expense and therefore has no asset account. 2) This represents a deferred tax liability since it represents a premature tax saving (received before the related expense is incurred). 3) In order to create a deferred tax credit balance, the deferred tax liability must be credited and the tax expense debited. 4) The expense is incurred in 20X2, so the expense prepaid (asset) is reversed out to electricity expense (reducing profits). Now both accountant and tax authority have zero balances on the expense prepaid (asset) account and so there is no longer a temporary difference and thus a zero deferred tax balance. 5) In order to adjust a deferred tax credit balance to a zero balance, the liability must be debited and the tax expense credited. 6) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X1. 7) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X2. 8) Payment of the balance owing to the tax authority for 20X1 (the prior year).
It can be seen that over 2 years: the accountant recognises tax expense of C9 600 (6 000 + 3 600) as incurred; and this equals the actual tax charged by the tax authority over 2 years is C9 600 (3 600 + 6 000). The difference relates purely to when the tax is incurred versus when the tax is charged, thus the difference reverses out once the tax has both been charged and incurred.

Solution to example 4D: expenses prepaid (disclosure) Company name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 Note ASSETS Current assets Expense prepaid LIABILITIES Non-current liabilities Deferred tax: normal tax Current liabilities Current tax payable: normal tax Company name Statement of comprehensive income (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before taxation 20X2: 20 000 8 000 Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Company name Notes to the financial statements (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 5. Taxation expense Normal taxation current deferred
Total tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 106

20X2 C 0

20X1 C 8 000 2 400 3 600

0 6 000

20X2 C 12 000 3 600 8 400 0 8 400

20X1 C 20 000 6 000 14 000 0 14 000

20X2 C 3 600 6 000 (2 400) 3 600

20X1 C 6 000 3 600 2 400 6 000

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

6. Deferred tax asset/ (liability) The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Year-end accruals

(2 400)

It can be seen that the deferred tax effect on profits is nil over the period of the two years. 2.3.2 Expenses payable

The tax authority generally allows expenses to be deducted when they have been incurred irrespective of whether or not the amount incurred has been paid. This is the accrual system and therefore there will be no deferred tax on an expense payable balance. Example 5: expenses payable Profit before tax is C20 000 in 20X1 and in 20X2, according to the accountant and the tax authority, before taking into account the following information: A telephone expense of C4 000, incurred in 20X1, is paid in 20X2. The Receiver will allow the expense of C4 000 to be deducted from the 20X1 taxable profits. The current tax owing to the tax authorities is paid in the year after it is charged. There are no permanent or other temporary differences and no taxes other than normal tax at 30%. There are no components of other comprehensive income Required: A. Calculate the Deferred tax for 20X1 and 20X2 using the balance sheet approach. B. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X1 and 20X2. C. Show the related journal entries in ledger account format. D. Disclose the tax adjustments for the 20X2 financial year. Solution to example 5A: expenses payable (deferred tax) Rule for liabilities: expenses payable (IAS 12 adapted): The tax base of a liability (representing expenses) is its carrying amount less any amount that will be deductible for tax purposes in respect of that liability in future periods.
Applying the rule to the example (expenses payable): 20X1 tax base: Carrying amount Less deductible in the future (all deducted in the current year) 20X2 tax base: Carrying amount Less deductible in the future (already deducted in 20X1) C 4 000 0 4 000

0 0 0 The carrying amount will now be zero since the expense was paid in 20X2 with the balance on the liability account being reversed.

Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach): Carrying Tax Temporary amount base difference Expenses payable (per SOFP) (b) (a) (IAS 12) (a) (b) (c) Opening balance: 20X1 0 0 0 Movement (balancing) (4 000) (4 000) 0 Closing balance:20X1 (3) (4 000) (4 000) 0 Movement (balancing) 4 000 4 000 0 Closing balance: 20X2(5) 0 0 0

Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 0 0 0 0

Deferred tax balance/ adjustment N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

107

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 5B: expenses payable (current tax) Calculation of current normal tax: 20X1
Since the telephone expense is recognised as an expense and is also deducted for tax purposes in 20X1, the effect on accounting profits and taxable profits is identical. There is, therefore, no deferred tax. Tax at Profits 30% Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 4 000) (1) 16 000 Adjusted for permanent differences: 0 (1) Taxable accounting profits and tax expense 16 000 4 800 Adjusted for temporary differences: (3) 0 0 Taxable profits and current normal tax (2) 16 000 4 800

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X2

Since the telephone expense is recognised as an expense in the statement of comprehensive income in 20X1, it will have no impact on the statement of comprehensive income in 20X2. Similarly, since the telephone expense is deducted for tax purposes in 20X1, it will not be deducted for tax purposes in 20X2. Since the effect on accounting profits and taxable profit is the same, there is no deferred tax. Profit before tax (accounting profits) (4) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (6) Taxable profits and current normal tax (5) Profits 20 000 0 20 000 0 20 000 Tax at 30%

6 000 0 6 000

Solution to example 5C: expenses payable (ledger accounts)

Ledger accounts - 20X1 EP(1) Telephone 4 000 Tax: normal tax (E) 4 800 Expenses payable (L) Tel (1) 4 000

CTP: NT(2)

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (2) 4 800

Ledger accounts 20X2 Bank EP(4) CTP: NT (7) CTP: NT(5) Tax: normal tax (E) 6 000 4 000 4 800 Bank
(4)

Expenses payable (L) 4 000 Balance b/f

4 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Bank (7) 4 800 Balance 4 800 Tax (5) 6 000

Comments on example 5A, B and C (1) The telephone expense is incurred but not paid in 20X1 and is therefore recognised as an expense and expense payable in 20X1. (2) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X1. (3) Since the accountant and tax authority both treat the expense payable as an expense in the calculation of profits, there is no temporary difference and therefore no deferred tax adjustment. (4) Notice that although the telephone expense is paid in 20X2, the payment is not taken into account in the calculation of the profits for 20X2. The payment of the expense in 20X2 simply results in the reversal of the expense payable account. (5) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X2. (6) Since the tax authority has treated the expense in the same manner as the accountant, there is no temporary difference and therefore no deferred tax adjustment. (7) The balance owing to the tax authority at the end of 20X1 is paid in 20X2. 108 Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 5D: expenses payable (disclosure) Company name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 Note LIABILITIES Current liabilities Expense payable Current tax payable: normal tax Company name Statement of comprehensive income (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before taxation 20X1: 20 000 4 000 Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Company name Notes to the financial statements (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 5. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current Deferred Total tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 2.3.3 Provisions 20X2 C 6 000 6 000 0 6 000 20X1 C 4 800 4 800 0 4 800 5 20X2 C 20 000 6 000 14 000 0 14 000 20X1 C 16 000 4 800 11 200 0 11 200 20X2 C 0 6 000 20X1 C 4 000 4 800

Although the tax authority generally allows expenses to be deducted when they have been incurred, he often treats the deduction of provisions with more suspicion. In cases such as this, the tax authority generally allows the provision to be deducted only when it is paid. Example 6: provisions Profit before tax is C20 000 in 20X1 and in 20X2, according to the accountant and the tax authority, before taking into account the following information: A provision for warranty costs of C4 000 is journalised in 20X1 and paid in 20X2. The tax authority will allow the warranty costs to be deducted only once paid. The current tax owing to the tax authority is paid in the year after it is charged. There are no permanent differences, no other temporary differences and no taxes other than normal tax at 30%. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the Deferred tax using the balance sheet approach. B. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X1 and 20X2. C. Show the related ledger accounts. D. Disclose the above information.
109 Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 6A provisions (deferred tax) Rule for liabilities: provisions (IAS 12 adapted) The tax base of a liability (representing expenses) is its carrying amount less any amount that will be deductible for tax purposes in respect of that liability in future periods.
Applying the rule to the calculation of the tax base (provisions) 20X1 tax base: Carrying amount Less deductible in the future (all will be deducted in the future: 20X2) 20X2 tax base: Carrying amount Less deductible in the future (all deducted in 20X2 since now paid) C 4 000 4 000 0 0 0 0

The carrying amount will now be zero since the expense was paid in 20X2 with the balance on the liability account being reversed.
Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach) Carrying Tax amount base Provision for warranty (per SOFP) (IAS 12) costs (a) (b) Opening balance 20X1 0 0 Movement (balancing) (4 000) 0 Closing balance 20X1 (1) (4 000) 0 Movement (balancing) 4 000 0 Closing balance 20X2 (5) 0 0 Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 4 000 4 000 (4 000) 0 Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 1 200 1 200 (1 200) 0 Deferred tax balance/ adjustment
dr FP; cr CI (3) Asset (2) cr FP; dr CI (7)

Solution to example 6B: provisions (current tax)

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X1 Since in 20X1 the tax authority disallows the provision and the accountant recognises the provision, the accounting profits will be less than the taxable profits in 20X1. Profits Tax at 30% Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 4 000) (1) 16 000 Adjusted for permanent differences: 0 Taxable accounting profits and tax expense 16 000 4 800 Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (3) 4 000 1 200 Add back provision for an expense disallowed in 20X1 4 000 Taxable profits and current normal tax (4) Calculation of current normal tax: 20X2 The difference that arose in 20X1 will reverse in 20X2 when the tax authority allows the deduction of the provision since the taxable profits will now be less than the accounting profits (the provision will not affect the statement of comprehensive income again in 20X2). 20X2 Profits Tax at 30% Profit before tax (accounting profits) 20 000 Adjusted for permanent differences: 0 Taxable accounting profits and tax expense 20 000 6 000 Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (7) (4 000) (1 200) - provision for warranty cost allowed in 20X2 (4 000) Taxable profits and current normal tax (6) 16 000 4 800 20 000 6 000

110

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 6C: provisions (ledger accounts)

Ledger accounts: 20X1 Warranty costs (E) 4 000 Provision for warranty costs (L) WC (1)

Provision(1)

4 000

CTP: NT(4)

Total b/f

Tax: normal tax (E) 6 000 DT (3) Total c/f 6 000 4 800

1 200 4 800 6 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (4) 6 000

Taxation Ledger accounts: 20X2 Bank Provision(5) CTP: NT (8)

(3)

Deferred tax (A) (2) 1 200

4 000 6 000

Bank(5)

Provision for warranty costs (L) 4 000 Balance b/f 4 000

CTP: NT(6) DT (7) Total b/f

Tax: normal tax (E) 4 800 1 200 6 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Bank (8) 6 000 Balance b/f 6 000 Tax (6) 4 800

Balance b/f

Deferred tax (A) 1 200 Tax (7)

1 200

Comments on example 6A, B and C 1) Warranty costs of C4 000 are incurred but not paid in 20X1 and therefore an expense and expense payable are recognised in 20X1 (reducing 20X1 profits). Although the accountant believes these costs to be incurred, the tax authority does not believe this to be the case (therefore the tax authority does not recognise the expense and expense payable). 2) This represents a deferred tax asset since the expense (already incurred) will result in a future reduction in taxable profits (a future tax saving). 3) In order to create a deferred tax asset, the statement of financial position deferred tax account must be debited and the tax expense must be credited. Since the tax authority disallowed the deduction of the warranty costs in 20X1, the current tax was greater than the tax expense incurred, thus requiring a deferral of tax to future years. 4) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X1. 5) The payment of C4 000 reverses the provision and thus both the accountant and the tax authority now have balances of zero in the liability account. When the balances are the same, there are no temporary differences meaning that the deferred tax balance must be zero. 6) Current tax charged by the tax authority in 20X2. 7) In order to reverse a deferred tax asset, it is necessary to credit deferred tax and debit tax expense. 8) Payment of the current tax for 20X1 in 20X2.

111

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 6D: provisions (disclosure) Company name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 Note ASSETS Non-current assets Deferred tax: normal tax LIABILITIES Current liabilities Provision for warranty costs Current tax payable: normal tax 6 20X2 C 0 0 4 800 20X1 C 1 200 4 000 6 000

Company name Statement of comprehensive income (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before taxation (20X1: 20 000 4 000) Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income 5 20X2 C 20 000 6 000 14 000 0 14 000 20X1 C 16 000 4 800 11 200 0 11 200

Company name Notes to the financial statements (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 5. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current Deferred Total tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 6. Deferred tax asset/ (liability) The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Year-end accruals 20X2 C 6 000 4 800 1 200 6 000 20X1 C 4 800 6 000 (1 200) 4 800

1 200

It can be seen that the deferred tax effect on profits is nil over the period of the two years. 2.3.4 Income receivable

The tax authority generally taxes income on the earlier of the date the income is earned or the date it is received. Therefore the taxable income will equal the accounting income if the income is received on time or is receivable (as opposed to received in advance) and therefore there will be no deferred tax on an income receivable balance.

112

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Example 7: income receivable Profit before tax is C20 000 in 20X1 and in 20X2, according to the accountant and the tax authority, before taking into account the following information: Interest income of C6 000 is earned in 20X1 but only received in 20X2. The tax authority will tax the interest income when earned. The current tax owing to the tax authorities is paid in the year after it is charged. There are no permanent or other temporary differences and no taxes other than normal tax at 30%. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the Deferred tax using the balance sheet approach. B. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X1 and 20X2. C. Show the related ledger accounts. D. Disclose the above information. Solution to example 7A: income receivable (deferred tax) Rule for assets: income receivable: The tax base of an asset (that represents an income) is the carrying amount less that portion that will be taxed in the future.
Applying the rule to the calculation of the tax base (income receivable): 20X1 tax base: Carrying amount Less portion that will be taxed in the future (all taxed in current year: 20X1) 20X2 tax base: Carrying amount Less portion that will be taxed in the future (all taxed in 20X1) C 6 000 0 6 000

0 0 0 The carrying amount will now be zero since the income receivable was received in 20X2 (see journal 1 in the 20X2 ledger accounts).

Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach): Tax Carrying base Income receivable amount (IAS 12) (per SOFP) (a) (b) Opening balance 20X1 0 0 Movement (balancing) 6 000 6 000 Closing balance 20X1 (1) 6 000 6 000 Movement (balancing) (6 000) (6 000) Closing balance 20X2 (3) 0 0

Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 0 0 0 0

Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 0 0 0 0

Deferred tax balance/ adjustment N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Solution to example 7B: income receivable (current tax)

Since the tax authority taxes income either on the date it is received or on the date it is earned, whichever is earlier, the interest income will be taxable in 20X1. The accountant records income when it is earned and since the interest income is earned in 20X1, the accountant will record the income in 20X1. The accountant and tax authority therefore treat the interest income in the same way with the result that there are no deferred tax consequences.

113

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X1 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 + 6 000) (1) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (1) Taxable profits and current normal tax (2) Calculation of current normal tax: 20X2 Profits Profit before tax (accounting profits) (3) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (3) Taxable profits and current normal tax (4) Solution to example 7C: income receivable (ledger accounts)
20X1 Income receivable (A) 6 000 Interest income (I) Inc receivable(1) 6 000

Profits 26 000 0 26 000 0 26 000

Tax at 30% 7 800 0 7 800

Tax at 30% 6 000 0 6 000

20 000 0 20 000 0 20 000

Int income(1)

CTP: NT(2)

Tax: normal tax (E) 7 800

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax (2) 7 800

20X2 Income receivable (A) 6 000 Bank (3) Bank Int receivable (3) 6 000 CTP (5)

Balance b/d

6 000

7 800

CTP: NT(4)

Tax: normal tax (E) 6 000

Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Bank (5) 7 800 Balance b/d 7 800 Tax (4) 6 000

Comments on example 7A, B and C 1) Since the income is treated as income by both the accountant and the tax authority in 20X1 and yet it hasnt been received, both the accountant and the tax authority have the same income receivable account. There are therefore no temporary differences or deferred tax. 2) Current tax for 20X1. 3) Since the income is received, the receipt reverses the income receivable account to zero (in both the accountants and tax authoritys books). There are therefore still no temporary differences or deferred tax. 4) Current tax for 20X2. 5) Payment of current tax for 20X1 in 20X2.

114

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 7D: income receivable (disclosure) Company name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 Note ASSETS Current assets Income receivable LIABILITIES Current liabilities Current tax payable: normal tax Company name Statement of comprehensive income (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before taxation (20X1: 20 000 + 6 000) Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Company name Notes to the financial statements (extracts) For the year ended 31 December 20X2 5. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current Deferred Total tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 2.4 Depreciable non-current assets and deferred tax 2.4.1 Depreciation versus capital allowances 20X2 C 6 000 6 000 0 6 000 20X1 C 7 800 7 800 0 7 800 5 20X2 C 20 000 6 000 14 000 0 14 000 20X1 C 26 000 7 800 18 200 0 18 200 20X2 C 0 6 000 20X1 C 6 000 7 800

The accountant expenses (deducts from income) the cost of non-current assets through the use of depreciation and the tax authority allows (deducts from income) the cost of non-current assets through the use of depreciation for tax purposes. Depreciation in the tax records may be referred to in many different ways, for example it may be referred to as wear and tear, capital allowances or depreciation for tax purposes. For ease of reference, this text will generally refer to the depreciation for tax purposes as capital allowances. The difference between depreciation in the accounting records and capital allowances (depreciation in the tax records) is generally a result of the differences in the rate or method of depreciation. For example, the rate of depreciation in the accounting records may be 15% using the reducing balance method, whereas the rate of capital allowance may be 10% using the straight-line method. Another difference may arise when depreciation is apportioned for a period that is less than one year, if the capital allowance in the tax records is not apportioned for part of the year. Over a period of time, however, the accountant and the tax authority will generally expense the cost of the asset, meaning that any difference arising between the depreciation and capital allowance in any one year is just a temporary difference.

115

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Example 8: depreciable assets Profit before tax is C20 000, according to both the accountant and the tax authority, in each of the years 20X1, 20X2 and 20X3, before taking into account the following information: A plant was purchased on 1 January 20X1 for C30 000 The plant is depreciated by the accountant at 50% p.a. straight-line. The tax authority allows a capital allowance thereon at 33 1/3 % straight-line. This company paid the tax authority the current tax owing in the year after it was charged. The normal income tax rate is 30%. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the Deferred tax using the balance sheet approach. B. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X1, 20X2 and 20X3. C. Show the related ledger accounts. D. Disclose the above in as much detail as is possible for all three years. Solution to example 8A: depreciable assets (deferred tax) Rule for assets: depreciable assets (per IAS 12): The tax base of an asset is the amount that will be deducted for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will flow to an entity when it recovers the carrying amount of the asset. If those economic benefits will not be taxable, the tax base of the asset is equal to its carrying amount (e.g. an investment that renders dividend income).
Applying the rule to the calculation of the tax base (depreciable assets): 20X1: Tax base: Original cost Less accumulated capital allowances (30 000 x 33 1/3 % x 1year) Deductions still to be made (decrease in taxable profits in the future) Carrying amount: Original cost Less accumulated depreciation (30 000 x 50%) Expenses still to be incurred (decrease in accounting profits in the future) 20X2: Tax base: Original cost Less accumulated capital allowances Deductions still to be made Carrying amount: Original cost Less accumulated depreciation Expenses still to be incurred 20X3: Tax base: Original cost Less accumulated capital allowances Deductions still to be made Carrying amount: Original cost Less accumulated depreciation Expenses still to be incurred 116 C 30 000 10 000 20 000 C 30 000 15 000 15 000 C 30 000 20 000 10 000 C 30 000 30 000 0 C 30 000 30 000 0 C 30 000 30 000 0 Chapter 3

(10 000 x 2 years)

(15 000 x 2 years)

(10 000 x 3 years)

(15 000 x 2yrs) (fully depreciated at 31/12/20X2)

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Calculation of Deferred tax (balance sheet approach):

Depreciable assets Carrying amount (per SOFP) (a) 30 000 (15 000) 15 000 (15 000) 0 0 Tax base (IAS 12) (b) 30 000 (10 000) 20 000 (10 000) 10 000 (10 000) Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) Deferred tax balance/ adjustment

Opening balance: 20X1 Purchase Depreciation/ capital allowances (1) Closing balance: 20X1 (2) Depreciation/ capital allowances (1) Closing balance: 20X2 (2) Depreciation/ capital allowances (4) Closing balance: 20X3 (5)

5 000 5 000 5 000 10 000 (10 000)

1 500 1 500 1 500 3 000 (3 000)

dr FP; cr CI Asset (2) dr FP; cr CI Asset (2) cr FP; dr CI

Solution to example 8B: depreciable assets (current tax)

Calculation of current normal tax: 20X1 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 - 15 000) (1) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (1) - add back depreciation (30 000 x 50%) - less capital allowances (30 000 x 33 1/3%) Taxable profits and current normal tax (3) Calculation of current normal tax: 20X2 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (20 000 - 15 000) (1) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (1) - add back depreciation (30 000 x 50%) - less capital allowances (30 000 x 33 1/3%) Taxable profits and current normal tax (3) Calculation of current normal tax: 20X3 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (asset fully depreciated) (4) Adjusted for permanent differences: Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (4) - add back depreciation (the asset is fully depreciated) - less capital allowances (30 000 x 33 1/3%) Taxable profits and current normal tax (6) Profits 20 000 0 20 000 (10 000) 0 (10 000) 10 000 Tax at 30% Profits 5 000 0 5 000 5 000 15 000 (10 000) 10 000 Tax at 30% Profits 5 000 0 5 000 5 000 15 000 (10 000) 10 000 Tax at 30%

1 500 1 500

3 000

1 500 1 500

3 000

6 000 (3 000)

3 000

117

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 8C: depreciable assets (ledger accounts)

Tax: normal tax (E) 20X1 CTP: NT (3) Total 20X2 CTP: NT (3) Total 20X3 CTP: NT (6) DT (5) Total 3 000 1 500 3 000 1 500 3 000 3 000 6 000 DT (2) P&L DT (2) P&L 1 500 1 500 1 500 1 500 Current tax payable: normal tax (L) 20X1 Tax (3) Balance c/f 3 000 3 000 20X2 Bank 3 000 Balance b/f Balance c/f 3 000 20X2 Tax (3) 6 000 20X3 Bank 3 000 Balance b/f 20X3 Tax (6) Balance c/f 6 000 Balance b/f 3 000 3 000 3 000 3 000 6 000 3 000 3 000 6 000 3 000

P&L

6 000

20X1 Tax (2) 20X2 Tax (2)

Deferred tax (A) 1 500 1 500 20X3 Tax (5) 3 000

3 000 3 000

Depreciation (E) 20X1 Plant: AD (1) 20X2 Plant: AD (1) 20X1 Bank 15 000 15 000 P&L P&L 15 000 15 000

Plant: cost (A) 30 000

Plant: accumulated depreciation (A) 20X1 Depr(1) 15 000 20X2 Depr(1) 15 000 Balance 30 000 Comments on example 8A, B and C (1) The tax authority allows a capital allowance at 33 1/3% of the cost per year whereas the accountant allows depreciation at 50% of the cost per year in 20X1 and 20X2. (2) The fact that the depreciation and capital allowance are not the same amount results in temporary differences and deferred tax. This represents a deferred tax asset since the future tax deductions (20X1: C20 000 and 20X2: C10 000) are greater than the tax effect of the future economic benefits recognised in the statement of financial position (20X1: C15 000 and 20X2: C0). This asset is therefore similar to an expense prepaid since the current tax has been greater than the tax incurred in 20X1 and 20X2. (3) Current tax of C3 000 is recorded in 20X1 and 20X2. (4) The tax authority allows a capital allowance at 33 1/3% of the cost per year whereas the accountant allows depreciation at 50% of the cost per year. Notice that the accountant did not write off depreciation in 20X3 since the asset was fully depreciated at the end of 20X2. (5) At the end of 20X3, both the carrying amount and tax base of the asset are zero. The deferred tax balance of C3 000 must therefore be reversed. (6) Current tax of C6 000 is recorded in 20X3.

118

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 8D: depreciable assets (disclosure) Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 20X3 Note Profit before tax Taxation expense Profit for the period Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at 20X3 Note ASSETS Non-current assets Deferred tax: normal tax Property, plant and equipment LIABILITIES Current liabilities Current tax payable: normal tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X3 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense Current Deferred 4. Deferred tax asset The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Property, plant and equipment 20X3 C 6 000 3 000 3 000 20X2 C 1 500 3 000 (1 500) 20X1 C 1 500 3 000 (1 500) 4 20X3 C 0 0 3 000 20X2 C 3 000 0 3 000 20X1 C 1 500 15 000 3 000 3 20X3 C 20 000 6 000 14 000 0 14 000 20X2 C 5 000 1 500 3 500 0 3 500 20X1 C 5 000 1 500 3 500 0 3 500

3 000

1 500

Notice that over the three years, the capital allowances (10 000 x 3 years = 30 000) equals the depreciation (15 000 x 2 years = 30 000). Similarly, the current tax charged by the tax authority (3 000 x 3 years = 9 000) equals the tax expense (1 500 + 1 500 + 6 000 = 9 000).

2.5 Rate changes and deferred tax A deferred tax balance is simply an estimate of the tax owing to the tax authority in the longterm or the tax savings expected from the tax authority in the long-term. The estimate is made based on the temporary differences multiplied by the applicable tax rate. If this tax rate changes, so does the estimate of the amount of tax owing by or owing to the tax authority in the future. Therefore, if a company has a deferred tax balance at the beginning of a year during which the rate of tax changes, the opening balance of the deferred tax account will need to be re-estimated. This is effectively a change in accounting estimate, the adjustment for which is processed in the current years accounting records. Since the tax expense account in the current year will include an adjustment to the deferred tax balance from a prior year, the effective rate of tax in the current year will not equal the applicable tax rate. The difference between the effective and the applicable rate of tax results in the need for a tax rate reconciliation in the tax note.

119

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Example 9: rate changes date of substantive enactment A change in the corporate normal tax rate from 30% to 29% is announced on 20 January 20X1. No significant changes were announced to other forms of tax. The new tax rate will apply to tax assessments ending on or after 1 March 20X1. Required: State at what rate the current and deferred tax balances should be calculated assuming: A. The companys year of assessment ends on 31 December 20X0. B. The companys year of assessment ends on 28 February 20X1. C. The companys year of assessment ends on or after 31 March 20X1. Solution to example 9: rate changes date of substantive enactment The date of substantive enactment is 20 January 20X1 (no significant changes to other taxes were announced at the time). The effective date is 1 March 20X1 A Year end: 31 December 20X0 30% 30% (1) B Year end: 28 February 20X1 30% 29% (2) C Year end: 31 March 20X1 29% 29% (3)

Current tax payable/ receivable Deferred tax liability/ asset Explanations:

Explanations: 1) Since the year ends before the effective date of the rate change, the current tax payable will still be based on the old rate. Since the year ends before the date of substantive enactment, the deferred tax balance must still be estimated based on the old rate although a subsequent event note should be included to explain that the deferred tax balances will be reduced in the future due to a rate change that occurred after the end of the reporting period. 2) Since the year ends before the effective date of the rate change, the current tax payable will still be based on the old rate. Since the year ends after the date of substantive enactment, the deferred tax balance must be estimated using the new rate. 3) Since the year ends after the effective date of the rate change, the current tax payable will be based on the new rate. For the same reason, the deferred tax balance will be based on the new rate. Example 10: rate changes The opening balance of deferred tax at the beginning of 20X2 is C45 000, credit and is due purely to temporary differences caused by capital allowances on the property, plant and equipment. The tax rate in 20X1 was 45% but changed to 35% in 20X2. The profit before tax in 20X2 is C200 000, all of which is taxable in 20X2. No balance was owing to or from the tax authority at 31 December 20X1 and no payments were made to or from the tax authority during 20X2. There are no other temporary differences or permanent differences. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the effect of the rate change. B. Show the Calculation of Deferred tax using the balance sheet approach. C. Calculate the current normal tax for 20X2. D. Post the related journal in the ledger accounts. E. Disclose the above in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 20X2.

120

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 10A: rate change The opening balance in 20X2 (closing balance in 20X1) was calculated by multiplying the total temporary differences at the end of 20X1 by 45%. Therefore, the temporary differences (TD) provided for at the end of 20X1 are as follows: Deferred tax balance = Temporary difference x applicable tax rate C45 000 = Temporary difference x 45% Temporary difference = C45 000/ 45% Temporary difference = C100 000 The credit balance means that the company is expecting the tax authority to charge them tax on the temporary difference of C100 000 in the future. If the tax rate is now 35%, the estimate of the tax we expect to pay on this C100 000 needs to be changed to: Deferred tax balance = Temporary difference x applicable tax rate Deferred tax balance = C100 000 x 35% Deferred tax balance = C35 000 An adjustment to the deferred tax balance must be processed: Deferred tax balance was Deferred tax balance should now be Adjustment needed 45 000 Balance: credit 35 000 Balance: credit 10 000 Adjustment: debit deferred tax, credit tax expense

Solution to example 10B: rate change (deferred tax)

Depreciable assets Carrying amount (per FP) (a) xxx Tax base (IAS 12) (b) xxx Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 100 000 100 000 0 Deferred Deferred tax tax at 30% balance/ (c) x % adjustment (d) 45 000 Liability (10 000) dr FP; cr CI 35 000 0

Opening balance @ 45% Rate change (100 000 x 10%) Opening balance @ 35% Movement (there are no temporary differences in 20X2) Closing balance 20X2

xxx

xxx

100 000

35 000

Liability

Notice that the question stated that there were no other temporary differences other than the balance of temporary differences at 31 December 20X1. Solution to example 10C: rate change (current tax)
Taxable profits and current normal tax - 20X2 Profit before tax (accounting profits) (given) Adjusted for permanent differences: (given) Taxable accounting profits and tax expense Adjusted for movement in temporary differences: (given) Taxable profits and current normal tax Profits 200 000 0 200 000 0 200 000 Tax at 35%

70 000 0 70 000

Notice that the question stated that there were no permanent differences and no other temporary differences other than the balance of temporary differences at 31 December 20X1.

121

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 10D: rate change (ledger accounts) The credit balance of the deferred tax account must be reduced, thus requiring this account to be debited. The contra entry will go to the tax expense account, since this is where the contra entry was originally posted when the 45 000 was originally accounted for as a deferred tax liability.
CTP: NT Tax: normal tax (E) 70 000 Deferred tax Total c/f 70 000 60 000 60 000 P&L 10 000 60 000 70 000 60 000 60 000 Current tax payable: normal tax (L) Tax 70 000

Total b/f

Tax Balance c/d

Deferred tax (L) 10 000 Balance b/d 45 000 35 000 45 000 45 000 Balance b/d 35 000

Solution to example 10E: rate change (disclosure) Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 31 December 20X2 Note Profit before tax (given) Taxation expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at 31 December 20X2 Note LIABILITIES Non-current liabilities Deferred tax: normal tax Current liabilities Current tax payable: normal tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 20X2 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current (200 000 x 35%) Deferred - Current year (no temporary differences) - Rate change Tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income 20X2 C 60 000 70 000 (10 000) 0 (10 000) 60 000 4 20X2 C 35 000 70 000 20X1 C 45 000 0 3 20X2 C 200 000 60 000 140 000 0 140 000 20X1 C xxx xxx xxx 0 xxx

122

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Tax Rate Reconciliation Applicable Tax Rate Tax effects of: Profit before tax (200 000 x 35%) Rate change Tax expense charge per statement of comprehensive income Effective Rate of Tax (60 000/ 200 000)

35% 70 000 (10 000) 60 000 30%

The applicable rate of tax differs from that in the prior year because a change in the statutory tax rate was enacted on (date). 4. Deferred tax liability The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Property, plant and equipment Example 11: rate changes The closing balance of deferred tax at the end of 20X1 is C60 000. Required: Sow the journal entries relating to the rate change in 20X2 assuming that: A. the balance in 20X1 is an asset and that the rate was 30% in 20X1 and 40% in 20X2; B. the balance in 20X1 is a liability and that the rate was 30% in 20X1 and is 40% in 20X2; C. the balance in 20X1 is an asset and that the rate was 40% in 20X1 and is 30% in 20X2; D. the balance in 20X1 is a liability and that the rate was 40% in 20X1 and is 30% in 20X2. Solution to example 11A: rate change (deferred tax asset increasing) 1 January 20X2 Deferred tax: normal tax (A) Tax expense: normal tax Tax rate increased by 10%: 60 000 / 30 % x (40% 30%) Debit 20 000 Credit 20 000 20X2 C 35 000 20X1 C 45 000

Solution to example 11B: rate change (deferred tax liability increasing) 1 January 20X2 Debit Tax expense: normal tax 20 000 Deferred tax: normal tax (L) Tax rate increased by 10%: 60 000 / 30 % x (40% 30%) Solution to example 11C: rate change (deferred tax asset decreasing) 1 January 20X2 Tax expense: normal tax Deferred tax: normal tax (A) Tax rate decreased by 10%: 60 000 / 40 % x (40% 30%) Debit 15 000 Credit 20 000

Credit 15 000

Solution to example 11D: rate change (deferred tax liability decreasing) 1 January 20X2 Deferred tax: normal tax (L) Tax expense: normal tax Tax rate decreased by 10%: 60 000 / 40 % x (40% 30%) Debit 15 000 Credit 15 000

123

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

2.6 Tax losses and deferred tax A deferred tax asset shall be recognised for the carry forward of unused tax losses and unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses and unused tax credits can be utilised (IAS 12 para 34). Tax losses carried forward represent future tax savings. The future tax saving is an asset to the entity, but one that is only recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be sufficient to allow the tax saving from the tax loss to be utilised (i.e. realised). In many instances, therefore, an entity may not recognise the potential future tax savings as an asset because the very existence of a tax loss is often evidence that future profits will not be earned. If we do not earn profits in the future, the tax authorities will not be able to reduce our taxable profits by the assessed loss (tax loss). We would therefore not have an asset. Example 12: tax losses Cost of vehicle purchased on 1 January 20X1 Depreciation on vehicles to nil residual value Capital allowance (depreciation allowed by the tax authorities) Normal income tax rate C120 000 3 years straight-line 2 years straight-line 30%

Profit or loss before tax (after deducting any depreciation on the vehicle) for the year ended: 31 December 20X1 Loss: C40 000 31 December 20X2 Loss: C20 000 31 December 20X3 Profit: C100 000 There are no permanent differences and no temporary differences other than those evident from the information provided. There are no components of other comprehensive income. Required: A. Calculate the taxable profits and current tax per the tax legislation for 20X1 to 20X3. B. Calculate the Deferred tax balances for 20X1 to 20X3 assuming that the company expects to be able to utilise any tax losses to reduce future tax payable on future profits. C. Disclose the above tax-related information in the financial statements for 20X3. D. Repeat the disclosure assuming that the companys accounting policy was to not recognise deferred tax assets. Solution to example 12A: tax losses and current tax Calculation of current normal tax Profit before tax Add back depreciation (120 000 / 3 years) Less capital allowance (120 000 / 2 years) Tax loss brought forward Taxable profit/ (tax loss) Current normal tax at 30% 20X3 C 100 000 40 000 0 (100 000) 40 000 12 000 20X2 C (20 000) 40 000 (60 000) (60 000) (100 000) nil 20X1 C (40 000) 40 000 (60 000) 0 (60 000) nil

124

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Solution to example 12B: tax losses and deferred tax Property, plant and equipment 1 January 20X1 Purchase of asset Depreciation 31 December 20X1 Depreciation 31 December 20X2 Depreciation 31 December 20X3 Tax loss Carrying amount (SOFP) (a) 0 120 000 (40 000) 80 000 (40 000) 40 000 (40 000) 0 Carrying amount (SOFP) (a) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tax base (IAS 12) (b) 0 120 000 (60 000) 60 000 (60 000) 0 0 0 Tax base (IAS 12) (b) 0 60 000 60 000 40 000 100 000 (100 000) 0 Vehicle 0 (6 000) (12 000) 0 Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 0 (20 000) (20 000) (20 000) (40 000) 40 000 0 Temporary difference (b) (a) (c) 0 60 000 60 000 40 000 100 000 (100 000) 0 Tax loss 0 18 000 30 000 0 Deferred tax at 30% (c) x 30% (d) 0 0 (6 000) (6 000) (6 000) (12 000) 12 000 0 Deferred tax balance/ adjustment

Liability Liability

1 January 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X2 Movement 31 December 20X3

Deferred Deferred tax at 30% tax (c) x 30% balance/ (d) adjustment 0 18 000 18 000 Asset 12 000 30 000 Asset (30 000) 0 Total 0 12 000 12 000 6 000 18 000 (18 000) 0

Summary of deferred tax on: 1 January 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X2 Movement 31 December 20X3

Asset Asset

Solution to example 12C: tax losses and disclosure deferred tax asset recognised Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended ..20X3 Note Profit before tax Taxation income/ (expense) Profit for the period Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income 3 20X3 C 100 000 (30 000) 70 000 0 70 000 20X2 C (20 000) 6 000 (14 000) 0 (14 000)

125

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Entity name Statement of financial position As at ..20X3 Note ASSETS Non-current assets Deferred tax: normal tax Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation expense Current Deferred 20X3 C 12 000 18 000 30 000 20X2 C 0 (6 000) (6 000) 5 20X3 C 0 20X2 C 18 000

5. Deferred tax asset/ (liability) The deferred tax balance comprises tax on the following types of temporary differences: Property, plant and equipment 0 (12 000) Tax losses 0 30 000 0 18 000 Solution to example 12D: tax losses and disclosure deferred tax asset not recognised
Summary of deferred tax on: 1 January 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X1 Movement 31 December 20X2 Movement 31 December 20X3 Vehicle 0 (6 000) (12 000) 0 Tax loss 0 18 000 30 000 0 Total 0 12 000 12 000 6 000 18 000 (18 000) 0 Limited to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unrecognised/ (utilised) 0 12 000 12 000 6 000 18 000 (18 000) 0

Asset Asset

Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended ..20X3 Note Profit before tax Taxation expense Profit for the period Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income Entity name Statement of financial position As at ..20X3 Note LIABILITIES Non-current assets/ liabilities Deferred tax: normal tax 5 20X3 C 0 20X2 C 0 3 20X3 C 100 000 12 000 88 000 0 88 000 20X2 C (20 000) 0 (20 000) 0 (20 000)

126

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 3. Taxation expense Normal taxation Current Deferred Tax rate reconciliation Applicable tax rate Tax effects of: Profit before tax (100 000 x 30%) (20 000 x 30%) 40 000 x 30% 100 000 x 30% 20X3 C 12 000 0 12 000 30% 30 000 (18 000) 12 000 12% 0 0% 20X2 C 0 0 0 30% (6 000) 6 000

Unrecognised current tax loss Utilisation of previously unrecognised tax losses Tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income Effective tax rate

(12 000 / 100 000) (0 / 20 000)

5. Deferred tax asset/ (liability) The deferred tax balance comprises tax on the following types of temporary differences: Property, plant and equipment 0 0

3. Disclosure of income tax 3.1 Overview IAS 1 and IAS 12 require certain tax disclosure in the statement of comprehensive income, statement of financial position and related notes to the financial statements. Where the tax is caused by profits or losses, this tax: is presented as part of the tax expense in the profit or loss section of the statement of comprehensive income; and is supported by a note (the tax expense note). Where the tax is caused by gains or losses recognised directly in equity (other comprehensive income), this tax: is shown as a separate line item in the other comprehensive income section of the statement of comprehensive income; or is is deducted from each component thereof; and is supported by a note (the tax on other comprehensive income note): this note shows the tax effect of each component of other comprehensive income. 3.2 Statement of comprehensive income disclosure

3.2.1 Face of the statement of comprehensive income Normal tax on companies is considered to be the tax levied on income and are therefore combined to reflect the tax expense in the statement of comprehensive income (referred to as income tax expense). The tax expense must be reflected as a separate line item in the statement of comprehensive income (required by IAS 1, chapter 1).

127

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

3.2.2 Tax expense note This line item in the statement of comprehensive income should be referenced to a supporting note. The supporting note should provide details of the major components of the tax expense. A logical approach would be to first separate the tax note into the different types of tax levied on company profits, although not expressly required in IAS 12. The second step would be to identify the major categories of tax within each tax type (i.e. the current and deferred portions). The note should also provide a reconciliation explaining why the effective rate of tax differs from the standard or applicable rate of tax. A summary of the major components of tax that may need disclosure (IAS 12 .80) include: In respect of current tax: Current tax for the current period; Adjustments to current tax of prior periods; Reductions in current tax caused by utilisation of previously unrecognised: - tax credits; - tax losses; and - deductible temporary differences. In respect of deferred tax: Deferred tax adjustment for the current period; Effects of rate changes on prior year deferred tax balances; Adjustments to deferred tax expense caused by the write-down (or reversal thereof) of a deferred tax asset; Reductions in deferred tax expense caused by recognition of previously unrecognised: - tax credits; - tax losses; and - deductible temporary differences. In respect of the aggregate of current and deferred tax: The tax relating to changes in accounting policies and correction of errors that could not be adjusted in prior years. The following shall also be disclosed separately (IAS 12.81): An explanation of the relationship between tax expense (income) and accounting profit in either or both of the following forms: - a reconciliation between tax expense (income) and the product of accounting profit multiplied by the applicable tax rate(s); or - a reconciliation between the average effective tax rate and the applicable tax rate; An explanation of the basis on which the applicable tax rate(s) is (are) computed; An explanation regarding any changes in the applicable tax rate(s) compared to the previous accounting period; In respect of discontinued operations, the tax expense relating to: the gain or loss on discontinuance; and the profit or loss from the ordinary activities of the discontinued operation for the period, together with the corresponding amounts for each prior period presented; The total tax (current tax and deferred tax) relating to items charged directly to equity (this is covered in other chapters such as the one entitled property, plant and equipment.

128

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

3.3

Statement of financial position disclosure

3.3.1 Face of the statement of financial position The deferred tax asset or liability is always classified as a non-current asset or liability. Even if an entity believes that some of their deferred tax balance will reverse in the next year, the amount may never be classified as current (IAS 1.56). If there is a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability, these should be disclosed as separate line-items on the face of the statement of financial position (i.e. they should not be set-off against one another) unless (IAS 12.74): Current tax assets and liabilities are legally allowed to be set-off against each other when making tax payments; and The deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on: the same entity or on different entities within a group that intend to settle their taxes on a net basis or at the same time. 3.3.2 Accounting policy note Although not specifically required, it is important for foreign investors to know how a local company measures the elements in its financial statements. In this regard, a brief explanation of the method of calculation is considered appropriate. 3.3.3 Deferred tax note The deferred tax balance may reflect an asset or liability balance and therefore it makes sense to explain, in the heading of the note, whether the balance is an asset or liability (if, for example, you reflect liabilities in brackets, then the heading would be: asset/ (liability)). IAS 12.81(g) requires disclosure, in respect of each type of temporary difference (deductible and taxable), and in respect of each type of unused tax losses and unused tax credits, the amount of the deferred tax: assets and liabilities recognised in the statement of financial position for each period presented, and income or expense recognised in the statement of comprehensive income for each period presented, if this is not apparent from the changes in the amounts recognised in the statement of financial position. IAS 12.81(a) requires the following to be disclosed: The aggregate current and deferred tax relating to items charged or credited directly to equity. IAS 12.81(ab) requires the following to be disclosed in the notes: The amount of income tax relating to each component of other comprehensive income IAS 12.81(a), (ab) and (g) above means that a reconciliation between the opening deferred tax balance and the closing deferred tax balance (asset or liability) will be required: whenever a gain or loss is charged directly to equity, (because the deferred tax charge on the gain or loss will also be charged directly to equity and therefore the deferred tax charge will not affect the tax expense for the year); an example of a gain that would be recognised directly in equity is a revaluation surplus.

129

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

3.3.3.1 Other information needed on deferred tax assets An entity shall disclose the amount of a deferred tax asset and the nature of the evidence supporting its recognition, when (IAS 12.82): the utilisation of the deferred tax asset is dependent on future taxable profits in excess of the profits arising from the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, and the entity has suffered a loss in either the current or preceding period in the tax jurisdiction to which the deferred tax asset relates. Where a deferred tax asset is not recognised, IAS 12.81(e) requires the following disclosure: the amount (and expiry date, if any) of the unrecognised deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits. Where a deferred tax asset was previously not recognised, IAS 12.80(e) & (f) requires that the amount of the benefit must be disclosed if and when the previously unrecognised deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits is subsequently used to: reduce current tax; or reduce deferred tax. 3.3.3.2 ther information needed on deferred tax liabilities IAS 12.81(f) also requires the following disclosure: the aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates and interests in joint ventures, for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognised. IAS 12.81(i) requires disclosure of the following: the amount of income tax consequences of dividends to shareholders of the entity that were proposed or declared before the financial statements were authorised for issue, but are not recognised as a liability in the financial statements. 3.3.3.3 Other information needed on the manner of recovery or settlement The manner in which the entity plans to realise its assets (use or sale) or settle its liabilities affects the tax rates used when calculating the deferred tax balances. The manner of recovery or settlement of its assets or liabilities may have a significant effect on the deferred tax balance, in which case careful consideration needs to be given to whether sufficient information is provided in the financial statements to enable a user to understand how the deferred tax balance was calculated. If the manner of recovery or settlement could affect the deferred tax balance significantly, disclosure needs to be made of: the judgements made regarding the expected manner of recovery of the assets or settlement of the liability; and the tax rate/s used to calculate the deferred tax: where more than one tax rate was used to calculate the deferred tax balance, disclosure needs to be made of each component on which deferred tax was calculated at a different rate (including the components on which no tax was levied). The manner in which the entity expects to recover its assets or settle its liabilities may be clear from the reconciliation in the tax expense note. Extra disclosure may be required if, however, a reconciling item relating to an exempt capital gains, (disclosed in terms of IAS 12.81(c)), refers to a mixture of: realised gains (e.g. profit on sale of machine) and unrealised gains (e.g. revaluation surplus) on a multitude of assets whose manner of recovery differs from one another,
130 Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

3.4

Sample disclosure involving tax

Entity name Statement of financial position As at ..20X2

ASSETS/ LIABILITIES Non-current assets/ Non-current liabilities - Deferred tax: normal tax Current assets/ Current liabilities - Current tax payable: normal tax - Current tax payable: value added tax 5. 20X2 C 20X1 C

xxx xxx xxx

xxx xxx xxx

Entity name Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 20X2
Profit before tax Taxation expense Profit for the period Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income 20X2 C xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 20X1 C xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx

6.

Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 20X2
1. Accounting policies 20X2 C 20X1 C

1.1 Deferred tax Deferred tax is provided on the comprehensive basis. Deferred tax assets are provided where there is reason to believe that these will be utilised in the future. 5. Deferred tax asset / (liability) The closing balance is constituted by the effects of: Provisions Year-end accruals Property, plant and equipment Unused tax loss

xxx xxx (xxx) xxx (xxx)

xxx xxx xxx (xxx) (xxx)

The potential tax savings on an assessed loss of C100 000 has not been recognised as a deferred tax asset. This assessed loss will not expire. Reconciliation: Opening deferred tax balance (xxx) xxx Deferred tax charge recognised in equity xxx xxx Deferred tax charge recognised in the statement of 6. xxx (xxx) comprehensive income Closing deferred tax balance (xxx) (xxx)

131

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Entity name Notes to the financial statements For the year ended continued 20X2 C 6. Taxation expense Normal tax current current year provision prior year under/ (over) provision deferred 5. originating or reversing temporary differences assessed loss recognised write-down/ (reversal of a write-down) of def. tax asset rate change xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx (xxx) (xxx) xxx xxx xxx 20X1 C

Tax expense per the statement of comprehensive income Rate reconciliation: Applicable tax rate (ATR) Tax effects of: Profit before tax Less exempt income Add non-deductible expenses Applicable rate: 30%) rate (normal

xxx

xxx

x%

x%

Profit before tax x ATR Exempt income x ATR Non-deductible expenses x ATR Under/ (over) provision of Per above current tax Prior year tax loss: used Per above Deferred tax rate change Per above Prior year tax loss: Per above recognised as a deferred tax asset Deferred tax asset write- Per above down Total taxation expense per the statement of comprehensive income Effective tax rate (ETR) Taxation expense/ before tax profit

xxx (xxx) xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx

xxx (xxx) xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx

x%

x%

The current normal tax was reduced by Cxxx, as a result of a tax loss of Cxxx that had previously not been recognised as a tax asset. The applicable tax rate differs to that of the prior year since a statutory rate change was enacted on . (date).

132

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

4. Summary

Items included in the tax expense line item in the statement of comprehensive income

Current normal current year = taxable profits x tax rate under/ (over) provision in a prior year = assessment for the prior year current tax recognised in prior year

Deferred current year adjustment = movement in temporary differences x tax rate or temporary differences at end of year x tax rate temporary differences at beginning of year x tax rate rate change = opening deferred tax balance / old rate x difference in tax rate

133

Chapter 3

Gripping IFRS

Deferred taxation

Deferred tax adjustment for the year

@ 30 %

Timing difference

Equals

Taxable profits per RoR

Versus
Income statement approach Taxable profits per accountant

Methods of calculation

Balance sheet approach

Carrying value of Assets & Libilities

Versus

Deferred tax balance at end of year

@ 30 %

Temporary difference

Equals

Tax Base of Assets & Liabilities

The portion that will be deducted in the future

or

The portion that will not be taxed in the future

Tax base
L

The portion that will not be deducted in the future

or

The portion that will be taxed in the future

134

Chapter 3