THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT CHAPTER- 11 1. What is Nationalism? What were its causes? A.

Nationalism is a feeling that unites people of different spectrums. Its causes were: i. Shared historical past ii. Common language iii. Modern education iv. Administrative unification of India v. British exploitation 2. Write a note on Ilbert Bill controversy and Vernacular Press Act. A. Ilbert controversy: In 1883, there was an outbreak of excitement over the attempt by the government to introduce Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. While opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill, Indians were enrages. The event highlighted the racial attitudes of the British in India. Vernacular Press Act: In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government. It allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything against the Britishers, in other words objectionable. 3. When was Indian National Congress established? Who was its founder? A. The Indian National Congress was established when 12 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay. The founder was A.O. Hume a retired British official. 4. Name the first president of INC and its early leaders. A. W.C Bonnerji was the first president of INC. The early leaders were- Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, Surendranth Bannerji and Shubramania Iyer. 5. What do you understand by the term moderate? List out the demands made by the moderate phase (1885-1905) of INC. A. Moderate phase is a phase which is characterised by three Ps- Prayer, Petition and Presentation in a humble manner. During this period it demanded: i. A greater voice for Indians in the government and its administration. ii. It wanted the legislative councils to be made more representative, given more power and introduced in provinces where none existed. iii. It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government. iv. Other demands included the separation of the judiciary from the executive, the repeal of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression. 6. Why was it necessary to Indianise administrative services especially Civil Services? A. Since British officers were sending a major part of their salaries home, Indianisation, it was hoped, would reduce the drain of wealth to England. 7. What were the demands raised by the early Congress for the common people? A. i. The Congress demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation. ii. It passed many resolutions on the salt tax, treatment of Indian labourers abroad and the sufferings of forest dwellers-caused by an interfering forest administration.

iii. All this showed that despite being a body of educated elite, the Congress did speak on the behalf of professional groups, zamindars and industrialists. 8. In what ways has Congress developed public awareness about the unjust nature of the British rule? A.i) They published newspapers, wrote articles and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. ii) They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion. 9. What did the extremists emphasise on? A. They criticised the Moderates for their politics of prayers, and emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work. They argued that people must rely on their own strength and not on the good intentions of the government: people must fight for Swaraj. 10. When and why was Bengal partitioned? A. In October 1905, Bengal was partitioned. Becausei. Bengal was the biggest province of British India. ii. The British argued for dividing Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. iii. To curtail the influence of Bengali politicians iv. To split the Bengal people 11. What was the effect of the partition of Bengal on the INC and the Indians? A.i) The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. ii) Split of the Congress - the Moderates and the Radicals iii) Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised. iv) Novel methods of mass protest developed. Eg: Swadeshi Movement- in Bengal, Vnademataram movement in Deltaic Andhra 12. Write a note on Muslim League. A. A group of Muslim landlords and Nawabs formed the All India Muslim League at Dacca in 1906. The league supported the partition of Bengal. It desired separate electorates for Muslims. 13. What led to the growth of mass nationalism during First World War? A. The First World War altered the economic and political situation in India. i. It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. ii. Te government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. ii. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people. iii. On the other hand, business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war. All these led to the growth of mass nationalism during the First World War. 14. When did Gandhi come to India? Name the three movements he led. A. Gandhi, aged 46, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. His earlier interventions were on local movements in 1. Champaran 2. Kheda 3. Ahmedabad where he came in contact with Rajendra Prasad and Vallabh Bhai Patel. 15. Write a note on Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh massacre. A. Rowlatt Satyagraha: In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act as the Act curbed some of the fundamental rights such asi) The freedom of expression ii) Strengthened police powers

Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others criticised the Act as devilish and tyrannical. Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to this Act, as a day of humiliation and prayer and hartal. Satyagraha Sabhas were set up to launch the movement. The Rowlatt Satyagraha turned out to be the first all India struggle against the British government. Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh atrocities, inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on Baisakhi day (13th April,1919), were a part of repression. On learning about the massacre, Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood. 16. Why was Khilafat movement started and who were its leaders? A. Khilafat movement was started because- i) In 1920, the British imposed a harsh teaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalif. People were furious about this. ii) Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places. The leaders of Khilafat agitation were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. 17. Why was the non- co-operation movement started? How was it interpreted in different areas? Explain with example. A. Gandhi urged the Congress to campaign against Punjab wrongs, the Khilafat wrong and demand Swaraj. i) In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British. ii) Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu- liquor shops were picketed. iii) In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of forest satyagrahas. iv) In Sind, Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. v)In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants. Example of non-co-operation movement a. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges. b. Many lawyers such as C.R Das, Motilal Nehru, Asaf Ali and C. Rajgoplchari gave up their pratices. c. British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted. d. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. 18. How did the people understand Gandhiji? A. i)People thought of Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. ii) At times, ordinary people credited Gandhiji with their own achievements. iii) At other times, using Gandhijis name, tribals and peasants undertook actions that did not conform to Gandhian ideals. 19. Write a note on purna swaraj. A. The decade closed with the Congress resolving to fight for Purna Swaraj in 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Consequently, Independence Day was observed on 26th January 1930 all over the country.