International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Volume 3 Issue 1 March 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.53378/352960

AQUAMAG: Smart Water Quality

Monitoring through Internet of Things
1
Nilo B. Tubio II, 1Maria Sonia P. Alloso, 1Jenefer Mia G.
Rabago, 1Mona Liel E. Lacsa, 2Phoebe Ruth Alithea B. Sudaria,
3
Kenn Migan Vincent C. Gumonan

Abstract

One of the most fundamental needs of humanity is water. It is essential to provide clean water for human
consumption. This research aims to design and build a functional water monitoring system to guarantee a
safe water supply. Using the AQUAMAG device and web-based platform, the water quality is assessed in
real time, and the current water status is monitored. There is a webpage for viewing all the recorded data
from the database for analytical monitoring purposes. At the same time, the device sends a message
notification to the user for the water condition update. The evaluation-based ISO 25010 standards showed
end-users remarkably accepted the device attributed to the accurate turbidity and pH sensors. This water
monitoring mechanism can help the user visualize if the water source is polluted or contaminated through
a water quality test. With its efficient application and practicality, it has excellent potential for the
community. Hence, a portable and user-friendly device that can be used within households and
establishments as an alternative way of checking water quality before using it can be developed.
Relatively, the study can raise awareness on water quality in the community through the developed device,
which can also avoid illnesses caused by contaminated water.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Smart Water Quality Monitoring, Sensors, Arduino

Article History:
Received: November 19, 2022 Revised: December 30, 2022
Accepted: January 3, 2023 Published online: January 17, 2023

Suggested Citation:
Tubio II, N.B., Alloso, M.P., Rabago, J.G., Lacsa, M.E., Sudaria, P.B., Gumonan, K.C. (2023). AQUAMAG:
Smart Water Quality Monitoring through Internet of Things. International Journal of Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1, pp. 1 - 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53378/352960

About the authors:

1Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Instructor, Northern Bukidnon State College
2Master of Science in Computer Applications, Instructor, Northern Bukidnon State College
3Corresponding author. Master of Science in Information Technology, Program Head, Northern Bukidnon State

College. Email: [email protected]

© The author (s). Published by Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated.
This is an open-access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0)
license, which grants anyone to reproduce, redistribute and transform, commercially or non-
commercially, with proper attribution. Read full license details here:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

1. Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), drinking contaminated water
results in 485,000 deaths from diarrhea per year. Far worse, inadequate water quality
monitoring contributes to the development of other water-related diseases like cholera,
dysentery, polio, and others that have serious negative effects on human health (World
Health Organization, 2022). While it is vital to regularly check the quality of the water, there
are several factors limiting the capacity to test water quality.

The current situation in the Philippines shows that 91% of the estimated 100.7 million
people have access to at least essential water services. However, regional primary water
service access varies from 62% to 100% across the nation, making access extremely uneven
(WEPA, 2003). In addition, both urban and rural areas frequently experience water pollution.
In fact, the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (also known as Republic Act 9275), which
aims to protect the nation's water bodies from contamination caused by land-based industry
and commercial companies, is one environmental policy the government is pursuing to
combat water pollution (Aquino et al., 2014). For instance, in Manolo Fortich, a municipality
in the Northern Philippines, regular testing and water monitoring are being conducted by the
Municipal Water District and Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office to
ensure good water quality. According to the critical individuals interviewed, they have no
control over other elements that may impact the quality of the water when it enters the
pipeline. Aside from the regular water testing, an adequate amount of chlorine is also added
on a weekly basis. Therefore, to contribute to the fight against water pollution, water
sanitation is vital in domestic and commercial spaces.

The establishments that engage in domestic and commercial usage of water need to
have a clean water supply to meet the sanitation standards of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR). Because contaminated water can spread diseases, this act
safeguards people's safety. Hence, the development of a portable and user-friendly device
that applies Turbidity, pH, and ultrasonic sensors IoT (Internet of Things) as alternative way
of water quality monitoring in the households and commercial establishments can give
solutions to water sanitation concerns not only in the municipality of Manolo Fortich but in
other rural and urban areas.
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2. Literature review

All living creatures depend most heavily on water, so it is crucial to manage and
conserve it now for future generations. At the same time, water contamination is a significant
cause of diseases worldwide. This should not be ignored because diseases caused by
contaminated water may be even more dangerous, as it has been proven that water-related
diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, polio, and others are caused by a lack of water
quality monitoring, resulting to major health problems. Therefore, monitoring water quality
is of utmost importance (Mohd Tarik et al., 2021).

The digital age has seen significant improvements in the handling of water. To ensure
the containment and elimination of impurities, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart water
monitoring system helped identify and analyze water quality in real time (Jan et al., 2021). In
a similar study, the four distinct types of water were evaluated (river water, tap water, pond
water, and lake water) using three different types of sensors (PH sensor, turbidity sensor, and
flow sensor). Parameters from the water, such as water quality, water flow, and PH, were
obtained using these sensors. Examining various water sources can determine if water is safe
to use in various contexts. It is simple to determine if the water source is contaminated or
polluted with this (Patil et al., 2015). Similarly, Texas Instruments developed an IoT (Internet
of Things) based real-time water monitoring system to avoid water loss in water storage
tanks and sump pumps. This system can quickly manipulate and analyze the water level
utilizing IoT and cloud computing technologies. Additionally, because Internet of Things-
based system is fully automated, it might save time and resources by doing away with
manual water level monitoring (Supriya, 2020). A method for monitoring water quality with
low-cost IoT sensors was also created using Embedded-C, and the written code is replicated
using the Arduino IDE. It collects information on the immediate environment's pH,
Turbidity, water level, temperature, and humidity (Pasika & Gandla, 2020).

Another design in the development of an IoT application with Visual Analytics for
Water Consumption Monitoring is the assessment of water monitoring using a different
method, which is done by tracking water usage with the use of an IoT platform with visual
analytics. The researchers employed a visual analytics platform after processing data from a
Hall Effect water flow sensor mounted to every faucet using a NodeMCU (Tasong & Abao,
4 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

2019). For those residing in Bangladesh's outlying areas, where there is a lack of safe
drinking water, a microcontroller-based water quality monitoring system was created. The
instrument, which was meticulously designed, is sensitive to a number of water properties,
including temperature, Turbidity, and hydrogen potential. The pH was shown on the Liquid
Crystal Digital (LCD) panel. Finally, sensor levels and errors are calculated by comparing
each attribute value to the equipment (Dey et al., 2018).

Monitoring dams is highly significant in critical situations such as water overspill and
water shortages. Water level monitoring and managing dams are possible using IoT and
information technologies that deploy intelligent sensor networks based on existing systems
(Akhila, 2018). Approximately 65-70% of water pollution is caused by residential sewage,
with the rest originating from industrial sources such as tanneries, textile mills, food
processing plants, distilleries, chemical, and metal companies, and solid waste dumped
directly into rivers. This harms people's health, leisure time options, and the environment and
results to financial consequences. According to the Philippines Environment Monitor, the
yearly cost of water pollution's adverse economic effects is projected to be PHP67 billion
(more than USD1.3 Billion). The yearly economic cost, according to a World Bank analysis
in terms of poor sanitation in the Philippines, is almost USD1.4 billion, which is one of the
leading causes of pollution in urban waterbodies (Jalilov, 2018). All of these studies are
crucial for laying the theoretical groundwork for creating AQUAMAG, a smart water
monitoring device that can assess the water's purity using a turbidity sensor and its acidity or
alkalinity using a pH sensor. The data are recorded in a database, and a short message service
notification is sent to the end user. Additionally, the result is displayed on the device monitor.

3. Methodology

In this study, an agile development approach builds the project's hardware counterpart
and develops the software application that comes with it. Agile methodology is an effective
process for teams looking for a flexible product development approach (Eby, 2017). It gives
a good overview of how the hardware works and allows the developers to maneuver the
project, starting from hardware development to software development and improving both.
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Figure 1

Agile Methodology

Source: https://www.zucisystems.com/software-development/agile-methodology

The study used an agile methodology with slight modifications to design the Smart
Water Quality Monitoring through the IoT hardware and software. The methods and phases
in this study are based on the frame shown in Agile Methodology.

Plan. In the planning phase, the researchers systematically developed the

AQUAMAG device through proper planning and meeting to meet the requirements and
cascade accomplishments. The development target activities are clearly specified through a
Gantt chart.

Design. In this phase, there were two approaches taken in designing the AQUAMAG:
one was visual design, and the other was the architectural structure of the application. The
project manager convened the rest of the team at the first iteration and presented the
requirements created during the prior stage. The team then debated the best strategy for
achieving these objectives and suggested the tools required. The project designer also
designed the user interface. It is critical to evaluate user interface and experience when they
are done correctly and, more importantly, when they are not. The basic design is improved
each time to incorporate the new functionality.
6 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

Figure 2

System Architecture

Figure 2 shows the architectural system design of the AQUAMAG device. The
diagram shows each system's significant hardware component with their specified
connections to make the project work properly. The first water pump brings water into the
main tank and into the water tank tester when the switch is turned on. Then, the sample water
is tested using the pH and turbidity sensors. The ultrasonic sensor subsequently gets the water
level from the main tank. The Ultrasonic, Turbidity, and pH sensors are all attached to the
water tank. When the Ultrasonic sensor detects that the water level is low or full, the buzzer
warns the users. The Turbidity sensor is triggered if Turbidity is detected. On the LCD, the
pH sensor, which gauges the water's acidity or alkalinity, is also shown. If there are alarming
outcomes regarding the water condition, Sim900A sends a message to alert the user that the
water condition is at high risk. All gathered data are sent to the web page.
Figure 3 shows the block diagram that identifies the flow of information between the
systems. The real-time water quality monitoring concept in an internet of things context is
described. Numerous sensors (including pH, Turbidity, and ultrasonic) are shown in the
schematic connected to the core controller and the relay module, buzzer, and SIM900A. The
core controller accesses the sensor values and processes them to transmit data via the internet.
 ISSN 2799-1601 (Print) 2799-161X (Online) | 7

The central controller is an Arduino. Viewing of the sensor data is possible via the LCD and
WiFi systems. It can also send message notifications for the update of data results.

Figure 3

Block Diagram

Develop. Through this phase, multiple tests for the hardware, software, alterations,
and changeovers are done within the duration of the project. The researchers ultimately
decide what concept design they construct and implement by considering the working
prototype model used in the previous phase. The developers go through multiple
brainstorming and discussions to complete the hardware design constructed. The webpage is
also developed in this phase, considering the methods and workflow concluded for the
application. The developers used the following sensors and items to build the AQUAMAG
device:

Turbidity Sensor SKU: SEN0189- Turbidity is a metric used to assess a liquid's

relative clarity. It is a measurement of the amount of light scattered by the components of
water when light is shone through a water sample. It is an optical property of water. The
Turbidity increases with the intensity of the scattered light. This sensor measures the amount
of light dispersed due to the solid particles suspended.
8 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04- It is an electrical tool that uses ultrasonic sound waves
to estimate a target object's distance. It then turns the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
The tank is measured, and its water content determined.

pH Sensor SEN0161 - The pH scale measures the proportion of free hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions in water. Water that contains more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas more
free hydroxyl ions make water more basic. Since chemicals in the water can alter pH, pH is a
crucial sign of a chemical change in the water. This determines the alkalinity and acidity of
the water in the tester.

SIM900A – This module provides information by sending warning messages to the

user for the water status update.

LCD – The Liquid Crystal Display serves as the primary monitor where users can
view the result of the water condition from the three sensors.

Buzzer – This device is used as a warning and alarm sound to signal users when the
water tank is full or empty.

Water Tank Tester – This component acts as a tiny water tank in which the two
sensors, pH and Turbidity, are placed for easy water monitoring of the water quality. This is a
safety measure to protect the sensors from getting wet.

Water Pump – This water control device drains or removes the water that emerge
from the water tank tester using pumping or evaporation.

Arduino Uno R3– This microcontroller serves as the device's brain, where all the
different sensors' codes are put to command and give signals to determine the water level and
condition of the water quality.

ESP8266 D1 Mini – It served as both the voltage reader for the battery and the WiFi
module to send information to the web page and database through a localized WiFi network.

The developers interpreted the working design module into codes. They used a
detailed software IDE to code the Arduino Uno R3 and the ESP8266 WiFi module and used
the trial and error method to find the best suitable values for the limitations inputted to the
source code to enable the water monitoring device to work as desired. These coding
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processes for the microprocessors were done iteratively. The web page has its supporting
HTML script encoded in the ESP8266 D1 Mini and is accessible through the localized WiFi
by entering the Arduino IDE serial monitor's router IP address. To view the values stored in
the database, a PHP script is executed through the use of the web browser on a computer
where the localized database is also running.

Figure 4

The Hardware setup of AQUAMAG Device

Figure 4 shows the overall hardware circuit connections of the device, starting from
the Water pump 1. This is connected to the relay module, which is connected to Arduino
Uno. All three sensors, the buzzer, the SIM900A, and the ESP8266 WiFi module are
connected to the Arduino Uno. Water pump two disposes the water from the water tester
tank. The project needs 12 volts power supply to power up the system.
Test. In testing the system, the study selected 30 respondents, which are composed of
15 workers from the Manolo Fortich Water District and another 15 from City Environment
and Natural Resources Office - Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(CENRO-DENR), selected through purposive sampling. The ISO/IEC 25010 evaluation,
which was broken down into 8 characteristics, was employed to ascertain the quality traits
and properties of the software program. Functional suitability measures how well a system or
10 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

product satisfies all necessary requirements when used under certain circumstances.
Performance Efficiency measures a system's performance concerning the number of
resources it consumes when operating in a given environment. The degree to which a
product, design, or element may share data with other goods, systems, or components and
carry out its functions in the same software or hardware environment is referred to as
Compatibility. Usability is the degree to which particular users can utilize a system or
product to accomplish certain goals with productivity, usefulness, and satisfaction for a
specific setting. Reliability is the extent to which a system, product, or component performs
given functions for a particular duration under certain circumstances. Security is the degree to
which a system or product secures data so that users, other systems, and products have the
appropriate data access for their authorization levels and types. Maintainability means the
effectiveness and efficiency with which a system or product may be fixed, enhanced, or
modified to meet new needs and conditions. Portability is how easily and effectively a
system, product, or component can be transferred from one operational or usage context to
another, depending on its Portability (ISO 25000, 2021).

Figure 5

The scale of pH Sensor

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Figure 5 shows the scale measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of the water with
a value between 0-14. The calculation is an acidity balancing test or the alkaline content
of the hydrogen ions in the water (Cloete et al., 2016). The source of pH natural for water
is about 7. pH ranges from 6.5 to 9.5 can be considered safe water for drinking (Bande,
2016). The source of pH is low (0) for acidic and high (14) for alkaline solutions. Water
begins to turn more acidic as the pH value falls below seven. Any value over seven
indicates a higher alkaline level. Different pH sensors operate in various ways to gauge
the water's quality. Measurements of the water's Turbidity are used to determine the
intensity of infrared light reflected at a 90-degree traversing beam (ISO 7027 technique).

Figure 6

Testing of Water Sample

Figure 7

Displaying of Result
12 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

Figure 6 shows the interface of getting a water sample when the researchers
conducted the testing while Figure 7 shows the actual reading of water status, getting the data
to result using the pH, ultrasonic, and Turbidity sensors. Meanwhile, Figure 8 shows the data
results that were sent through SMS after the device tested the water quality. It contains the
acidity and turbidity level reading of the water sample. Figure 9 shows the ThingSpeak
application with the actual result in graphical form of the water using the pH sensor from the
different buffer solutions. ThingSpeak is an open data analytics platform for the internet of
things devices to communicate with a programming application interface to keep and analyze
the collected data.

Figure 8

Short Message Service Notification

Figure 9

ThingSpeak Application Result

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Release. In this phase, user training is conducted to make it easier for the users to use
the device. This is done by providing a guide or user manual and giving them step-by-step
directions on how it works. This Smart Water Quality Monitoring through the Internet of
Things provides an alternative way of water quality and water level monitoring to those who
need it at their convenience. This can be used primarily in isolated areas where local supply
is scarce and water quality is still being determined. For the time being, this is used in the
domestic, commercial space, and academic institutions within the Municipality of Manolo
Fortich for further efficiency testing and more data analysis. This information can be used to
improve the project prototype further if ever used on a more significant measure soon.

Feedback. Based on the comments and testing evaluation of the key persons from the
Manolo Fortich Water District and Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office -
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (MENRO-DENR) who are experts in the
field of water monitoring and testing, the device performance in testing the Turbidity and
acidity level of the sample water is good. In terms of the functionality and usability of the
device, it is very good and easy to use. The device is also commended as good in terms of
being reliable in testing results. Portability is also commended as good, but further
enhancement of the device size must be considered for better portability in transportation,
especially in far-flung areas of the municipality.

Figure 10

Testing and Feedback

14 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

Figure 10 shows the actual testing and feedback of the system by the Manolo Fortich
Water District and MENRO-DENR representatives with years of experience in water
monitoring and testing.

4. Findings and Discussion

Table 1

AQUAMAG Water Testing Result

Test pH Turbidity Date

Test 1 6.92 (Very Safe) 3.05 (Very Clear) November 17, 2021
Test 2 6.86 (Very Safe) 3.13 (Very Clear) November 24, 2021
Test 3 7.14 (Very Safe) 3.30 (Very Clear) December 1, 2021
Test 4 7.17 (Very Safe) 3.32 (Very Clear) December 9, 2021
Overall Mean 7.02 (Very Safe) 3.20 (Very Clear)

The water quality testing was conducted on the water sample of the municipality
during the 4-week testing using the AQUAMAG device. The municipal water source got a
very safe water quality result, with 6.92 as the lowest and 7.17 as the highest. The overall
mean for the water acidity testing is 7.02, which is safe for drinking. The Turbidity of the
water tested was overall very clear, with results from 3.05 as the lowest and 3.32 as the
highest. The overall mean of the water turbidity testing is 3.20 NTU, within the acceptable
turbidity level of less than 5 NTU. The device was also tested with an acidic and dirty water
sample by putting lime juice and mud in the sample water. It was able to determine that the
sample water was acidic and dirty.
Table 2 shows the result of the evaluation-based ISO 25010 standards. There are eight
items in the figure, namely: Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Compatibility,
Usability, Reliability, Security, Maintainability, and Portability. The Functional Suitability of
the device as perceived by the user-respondents got a weighted mean of 3.37, which has a
"Strongly Agree" verbal interpretation, given that the device functions well based on its
purpose. The respondents highly commended the functionality of the device. The
Performance Efficiency of the device got a weighted mean of 3.51 with a "Strongly Agree"
verbal interpretation based on its efficiency in producing fast results. The Compatibility of
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the device gained a weighted mean of 3.60, which is verbally interpreted as "Strongly Agree"
based on all the data gathered and processed.

Table 2

AQUAMAG Evaluation System ISO/IEC 25010

Area Mean Verbal Interpretation

Functional Suitability 3.37 Strongly Agree
Performance Efficiency 3.51 Strongly Agree
Compatibility 3.60 Strongly Agree
Usability 3.47 Strongly Agree
Reliability 3.21 Agree
Security 3.31 Strongly Agree
Maintainability 3.24 Agree
Portability 3.24 Agree
OVERALL RATING 3.36 Strongly Agree
Legend: Strongly Disagree (SD) 1:00 – 1.75, Disagree (D) 1.76 – 2.50, Agree (A) 2.51 – 3.25, and Strongly
Agree (SA) 3.26 – 4.00

The Usability of the device gained a weighted mean of 3.47, which is interpreted as
"Strongly Agree" since it is usable enough for actual implementation. The device's
Reliability gained a weighted mean of 3.21 with an "Agree" verbal interpretation. The device
is reliable in terms of consistent quality results. The Security of the device gained a weighted
mean of 3.31, which is interpreted as "Strongly Agree." The Maintainability of the device
gained a weighted mean of 3.24, which is verbally interpreted as "Agree" since it is easy to
maintain. The Portability of the device gained a weighted mean of 3.24 and an "Agree"
verbal interpretation for not requiring additional rework.

Among the eight items, the Compatibility component garnered the highest mean
value of 3.60, representing a verbal interpretation of "Strongly Agree." This indicates that the
device is compatible because it meets the desired functional requirements, while the
Reliability, among all indicators, obtained the lowest mean of 3.21. But in general, the device
achieved a grand mean of 3.36, with the verbal interpretation of "Strongly Agree." This
indicates that the device is deployable and highly acceptable.
16 | International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Volume 3 Issue 1

5. Conclusion

Based on the result from the table representation of AQUAMAG device readings,
testing, system evaluation, and numerous testing by the researchers, the system is
commended and accepted by the representatives of Manolo Fortich Water District and
Manolo Fortich CENRO-DENR. During the testing and system evaluation, it received high
ratings from the user-respondents. This shows that the developed device could provide an
alternative way of water testing and monitoring where the end-users can conveniently and
efficiently do the testing through this portable device. The gathered information is substantial
for the study to conclude that the AQUAMAG device is significant, accessible, and
convenient for monitoring the water level and its quality. With its accessibility, users can
view the data offline and online through LCD and SMS. In addition, the application
interprets the data into simple words for the user to understand the details quickly. One of the
possible additional features to the project for future research is the water level indicator using
LED for the user to see if the water level is full or empty. Furthermore, adding a flow sensor
to determine the user's water consumption is recommended. Users can also add an
uninterruptible power supply (UPS), back up of a power supply and helps prevent system
failure despite a power outage.

6. Acknowledgement

This study is part of a capstone project as a requirement for the course. As such, the
researchers are truly indebted to their instructors, family, and friends for their support,
commendable ideas, uplifting correction, and hands-on aid during this study.

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