Oral Communication in Context

Rosales National High School

Teacher: Ms. Aileen Grace D. Graza
TYPES OF SPEECHES:
I. According to Purpose:
a. Informative – This speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to
your audience.
b. Demonstrative Speeches – This has many similarities with an informative
speech. A demonstrative speech also teaches you something. The main difference
lies in including a demonstration of how to do the thing you’re teaching.
c. Persuasive – A persuasive speech works to convince people to change in some
way: what they think, the way they do something, or to start doing something that
they are not currently doing.
d. Occasional/Entertaining — the speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that
make the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information.
II. According to Delivery:
a. Impromptu Speeches - Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short
message without advance preparation.
b. Extemporaneous Speeches - This speech involves the speaker's use of notes
and some embellishment to deliver a speech.
c. Manuscript Speeches - the speaker reads every word from a pre-written speech.
d. Memorized - Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that
the speaker has committed to memory.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
1. Nomination- speaker tries to open a topic with the people he/she is talking to.
2. Restriction- any limitation you may have as a speaker. Instructions confine you as a
speaker and limit what you can say.
e.g. You might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver
a speech on drug addiction.
3. Turn-taking- process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor
because sometimes people are given unequal opportunities.
Primary Idea - give all communicators a chance to speak.
4. Topic Control- covers how procedural formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations.
E.g. In meetings, you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to
do so. (In contrast this with a casual conversation with friends over lunch or coffee
where you may take the conversational floor anytime)
5. Topic Shifting- involves moving from one topic to another. It is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins.
6. Repair- refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation; Self-initiated or other-
initiated.
e.g. If everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and
appreciate others’ initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.
7. Termination- participants initiate expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
Strategy:
Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic through
concluding cues.
e.g.
-Share what you learned from the conversation.
- Solicit agreement from the other participants (usually completes the discussion of the
topic meaningfully)

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH WRITING:

1. Audience Profile
2. Knowing your audience
specifically their general
age, gender, educational
3. level, religion, language,
culture and group
membership is one of the
most important
4. aspects in developing your
speech. Basically, this is done
so that you can tailor-fit
5. your speech content and
delivery to your audience.
6. Analyzing your audience
will help you discover the
information you can use
7. to build a connection
between you and members
of your audience.
1. Audience Profile. Knowing your audience specifically their general age, gender,
educational level, religion, language, culture and group membership is one of the
most important aspects in developing your speech. Basically, this is done so that you
can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. Analyzing your
audience will help you discover the information you can use to build a connection
between you and members of your audience.

- Who is the audience?

- How many?
- What does the audience know about the subject?
- Why should they be interested?
Use the following table to analyze your target audience.

2. Logical Organization. Once you have already analyzed your target audience,
the next part is to organize your speech manuscript. The logical organization
or arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech writing can be defined as all
aspects of your writing that help the reader move smoothly from one sentence to
the next, and from one paragraph to another. Thus, carefully planning the content
of your speech is also necessary. The written speech has three parts: the
introduction, body and conclusion.
- The role of introduction and conclusion is mostly similar in many speeches, that is,
the introduction presents the main idea of your speech, while the conclusion
reiterates the main idea.
- The body offers definitions, examples, or any information that can help you convey
your intent and clarify the main concept of your speech.

a. The Introduction. The introduction is the most crucial part of the speech. It is
generally only 10 to 15 percent of the time the speaker spends speaking. According
to Wrench (2012), a good introduction serves five functions: (1) you should be
able to gain audience attention and interest, (2), it states the purpose of your speech,
(3) it establishes your credibility, (4) it should provide reasons for your audience to
listen and (5) your introduction should preview the main idea of your speech.
b. The Body. The body of the speech is the core part of the speech that addresses the
main ideas and principles of the speech. It consists of the main points. This is
presented using methods of organization (Flores 2016).

Make sure that you move smoothly from one paragraph to another.
Transitional words are used to connect words, phrases or sentences. They help
the reader to move from one idea to the next to build coherent
relationships within the text. Study the following table showing examples of
different transitional words and their functions.
 c.
The Conclusion. After writing the body of your speech following the methods of
organization, the last thing that you need to work on is how to end it. The conclusion
functions as the summarizer of the entire speech. The conclusion has to be written
using different strategies (Tandoc, 2016).
- Present a summary
- Repeat the key ideas presented
- Repeat the central idea for emphasis
- Go back to the strategy used in the introduction
- Signal the end of your speech
- End with an impact
- Thought-provoking questions
- Humor
- Quotation
- A call for action
- A connection to a larger context

3. Duration. No matter how long the speech is, always divide it into five parts:
an introduction, the body (paragraph 2, paragraph 3, and paragraph 4) and a
conclusion. This format is adaptable to a speech of almost any length. By doing this,
you can actually monitor the time and length of your speech or the so-called
Duration. Most experts say that the ideal length of speech is up to 20 minutes. (Gray-
Grant, 2017)
4. Word Choice. There are a lot of vocabularies available to describe one's idea.
However, the speaker should carefully use the correct word in writing the
speech. The use of conversational language helps put the audience feel at ease
and creates a special bond between the speaker and the audience. However,
there are things that you should consider in choosing your words.
The following words should be avoided in a written speech. (Tandoc, 2016)
a. Jargons or technical terms specific only for a group of people
b. Redundancy or excessive repetition of words
c. Language inappropriate for the audience
d. Language inappropriate for the occasion
Jargons are specific words or phrases used by a certain individual or group which are difficult
for others to understand.
For example, the word idiopathic (which means unknown cause) and hyperventilate (rapid
breathing) are jargons because they are technical terms in medical fields. The word affidavit
(sworn) and circumstantial (specific details) are heard commonly in legal aspect or terms in the
field of Law. These words can be confusing if you are speaking in front of a general crowd or
audience.
5. Grammatical Correctness. Using correct grammar when you give a speech is
important to prevent misunderstanding and misinterpretation between you and the
audience. Good command of the language helps listeners understand you quickly.
Grammar inconsistencies slow down the communication process and generate
negative impressions for the audience, as your ideas and thoughts are not clear
and coherently conveyed.

TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY

1. Articulation. People always judge how well you speak in general. The perceived
intellect or education is sometimes used to measure how well you articulate. The
instance on how well and precisely you form vowels and consonants using your lips,
tongue, jaw, and palate to form the sounds to speak is crucial in making your
message get crossed. On the same idea, diction and enunciation are other forms of
articulation.
2. Modulation This happens when you control or adjust the tone or volume of your
voice as you try to lower your voice to a loud whisper in order to get the
attention of your audience as they find your message more appealing, dramatic
and mysterious. Modulation has various meanings, such as a change of key in music
or of the sound of a person's voice.
3. Stage Presence. The speaker’s ability to get and secure the audience's interest in
listening to him/her through his or her presentation style refers to stage presence.
Every time the speaker faces his audience, he is encouraged to keep his poise,
posture, gestures, and movements since they may make or break the presentation. A
good stage presence essentially engages the audience into the performance. It is the
ability to make the audience connect with the speaker and pull them into the story
being told, and as a result, the audience are affected by the feelings,
emotions, and ideas being conveyed.
4. Facial expressions. To effectively communicate emotions and enthusiasm while
speaking, the speaker must use emphatic and descriptive gestures. These help
enhance the verbal content of our speech. Gestures should appear spontaneous but
purposeful. Movements from the waist down should be decisively used to emphasize
a point or as a transition during a speech. Facial expressions are essential in setting
the emotional tone for a speech. It is really helpful that facial expressions jive with
the message being delivered. To achieve the positive tone of the speaker before
he begins, he simply must glance at the audience and smile. A smile may be
simple but its value is indispensable in communicating friendliness, openness,
and confidence. In addition, facial expressions communicate various types of
emotions which reflect the speaker’s moods and personality traits.
5. Rapport. It happens when you have everything in concordance or harmony. Your
discourse is correct. The crowd gets it well. They appreciate tuning in to it as much
as you appreciate conveying it. In any case, that upbeat agreeable state doesn't
happen without conscious effort.
6. Duration. No matter how long the speech is, always divide it into five parts:
an introduction, the body (paragraph 2, paragraph 3, and paragraph 4) and a
conclusion. This format is adaptable to a speech of almost any length. By doing this,
you can actually monitor the time and length of your speech or the so-called
Duration. Most experts say that the ideal length of speech is up to 20 minutes. (Gray-
Grant, 2017)