IPv6 Foundations-Basic IPv6 Config -Live Session 1-20-09-24

Mukom Akong T.
| @perfexcellent
AGENDA
IPv4 Exhaustion
and its implications 1
2 IPv6 Address Basics
notation, shortening rules
IPv6 Address Types

LLA | GUA | ULA etc 3
4 Basic Configuration
hosts and routers
IPv6 vs IPv4
key functions comparison 5
6 Address Planning
ISPs, campuses, enterprises
Neighbor Discovery
and it’s applications 7
8 Provisioning
SLAAC, DHCPv6, DHCP-PD
Basic IPv6 Routing
static & OSPFv3 9
10 Transition Techniques
usage scenarios
11
Transition Techniques
dual stack, tunnels, NAT64
END
Mukom Akong T. | @perfexcellent
IPv4 EXHAUSTION
Timelines, Implications, Consequences
Central IPv4 pool as at 31.01.2011
Used
Free
Unusable
learn.afrinic.net | slide 9
Global IPv4 address distribution is unbalanced
Number of IPv4 addresses per person

Exhaustion drives up address costs & NATs
Network complexity
$50
Increase in OPEX
/address
NAT Breaks end-to-end
Cripples innovation
Implications for Africa: ‘Scramble for Africa’
▪ African networks deprived

of critical IPv4 needed to
facilitate transition to IPv6
▪ We are forced to deploy

greenfield IPv6
▪ Use of NAT increases

How will you deal with IPv4 exhaustion?
Wait and see
Deploy IPv6 Deploy NAT on Steroids

IPv6 ADDRESSES
Notation, Format, Shortening Rules
IPv4 Exhaustion
IPv6 Address Types

4 IPv6 vs IPv4
key functions comparison
Recall: TCP/IP model (IPv4 – 32 bits)
APPLICATION
DNS HTTP IMAP SMTP POP NFS
TRANSPORT
TCP UDP
NETWORK
IPv4 ICMP IGMP IPSec NAT OSPF IS-IS mob. IP
DATA LINK
Ethernet et al NBMA ATM 3GPP
TCP/IP model (IPv6 – 128 bits)
APPLICATION
DNS HTTP IMAP SMTP POP NFS
TRANSPORT
TCP UDP
NETWORK
IPv6 ICMPv6 MLD IPSec ND OSPFv3 IS-IS mob. IP
DATA LINK
Ethernet et al NBMA ATM 3GPP
How to write IPv6 addresses (1/2)
0010000000000001 0100001010010000
0000000000010000 0000001001001001
1011101011101000 0101011011111111
1111111001001010 1110110011111110
128 bits
How to write IPv6 addresses (2/2)
128 bits
32 nibbles
hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh/n
▪ h = hexadecimal digit (hexit) [0 – 9, a – f]
▪ n = prefix length: decimal value
Full IPv6 address example
0010000000000001 0100001010010000 0000000000010000 0000001001001001
2001:4290:0010:0249:bae8:56ff:fe4a:ecfe
1011101011101000 0101011011111111 1111111001001010 1110110011111110
Rules for shortening IPv6 addresses
1
The Zero Suppression rule
Strip off all LEADING zeroes
2 The Zero Compression rule
Replace CONTIGUOUS groups of zeroes with ‘::’
Example: shortening an IPv6 address
2001:0000:0000:0249:0000:0000:0000:ecfe
Zero Compression Zero Suppression
2001::249:0:0:0:ecfe
Example: shortening an IPv6 address
2001:0000:0000:0249:0000:0000:0000:ecfe
Zero Suppression Zero Compression
2001:0:0:249::ecfe
WRONG! IPv6 address shortening
2001:0000:0000:0249:0000:0000:0000:ecfe
The Zero Compression rule The Zero Compression rule
2001::249::ecfe
Questions?
IPv6 ADDRESS TYPES
Types, Structure, Scope
IPv4 Exhaustion
IPv6 Address Types

hosts and routers
There’re 3 types of IPv6 addresses
1:1 1:n 1:closest
Unicast Multicast Anycast
Rx
Tx Tx
Tx
Rx Rx Rx Rx Rx Rx
No broadcast addresses (or communications) in IPv6

And address has scope = extent of uniqueness
Global scope Link-local scope
Within a scope, an address can be used as a unique ID for

an interface
Global unicast addresses (GUA)
‘Network’ portion ‘Host’ portion
n bits 64 - n bits 64 bits
001 Global Routing Prefix SubnetID InterfaceID
2000::/3
Ex: 2001:4290:10:249:bae8:56ff:fe4a:ecfe
Link-local addresses (LLA)
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
1111111010 0 InterfaceID
fe80
Ex: fe80:0000:0000:0000:bae8:56ff:fe4a:ecfe
Link-local reachability and scopeID
fe80::1 fe80::3
fe80::1a fe80::1b
Fe 0/0 Fe 0/1
fe80::2 fe80::4
ping fe80::1
▪ Which interface does the router send out the packet?
▪ You must additionally specify the egress interface
Resolving LLA ambiguity with zoneIDs
Identifies address scope

Automatically generated by OS
Typically a +ve integer or interface name
fe80::hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh%zoneID
▪ E.g on Mac OS X: fe80::bae8:56ff:fe4a:ecfe%en0
▪ E.g on Windows: fe80::bae8:56ff:fe4a:ecfe%10
Unique Local Addresses (ULA)
1111 110L 0 InterfaceID
fc00::/7
L=0 fd00::/8 L=1

Unassigned Free use self assignment
Generating the InterfaceID (IID)
‘Network’ portion ‘Host’ portion
64 bits 64 bits
Network Prefix InterfaceID
Static (manual) EUI-64 cryptographically Pseudo-random
Servers
Router interfaces Automatically configured hosts
Reserved InterfaceIDs (RFC 5453)
0000:0000:0000:0000 Subnet router anycast

FDFF:FFFF:FFFF:FF80
Subnet anycast
FDFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
How EUI-64 interfaceIDs are generated
00 90 27 17 FC 0F Start with MAC address (48 bits)
00 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F Expand it to 64 bits (add “fffe”)
Set U/L bit

0000 00X0 X = 0 for unique MAC
X = 1 for non-unique MAC
02 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F Voila! your InterfaceID

Important well-known addresses
• Unspecified address
:: •
•
•
Means host doesn’t have an IPv6 address
Never used as destination address
Link-local scope
::/0 • All IPv6 addresses
::1 • IPv6 loopback address

• Must never be forwarded outside the node
Anycast addresses
▪ Same unicast address assigned to multiple interfaces (yellow)

▪ Anycast packets are delivered to topologically closest one
Multicast addresses
ID of the multicast group within given scope
Prefix of unicast subnet which owns this address
4 4
8 bits bits bits 8 bits 8 bits 64 bits 32 bits
11111111 flags scope reserved p-len network prefix groupID
Number of bits in “network prefix” field

ff
All multicast addresses are in the range ff00::/8
Well-known multicast scopes
4
bits
b b b b Bits Hex Scope

0001 1 Interface-local
0010 2 Link-local
0100 4 Admin-local
0101 5 Site-local
1000 8 Organization-local
1110 e Global
Example: groupID with different scopes
If ‘NTP servers’ is assigned a permanent multicast group with ID = 101
FF01::101 All NTP servers on the same interface as sender

FF02::101 All NTP servers on the same link as sender
FF05::101 All NTP servers on the same site as sender
FF08::101 All NTP servers in same organization as sender
FF0E:101 All NTP servers on the Internet
Some well-known multicast addresses
FF01::1 All IPv6 nodes on the local interface

FF02::1 All nodes on the local link
FF01::2 All IPv6 routers on the local interface
FF02::2 All IPv6 routers on the local link
FF05::2 All IPv6 routers on the local site
RFC 2375 has the complete list

The Solicited-Node multicast address (SNMA)
The Solicited-Node multicast address (SNMA)
hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh
24 bits
ff02::1:ffhh:hhhh/104
▪ Computed for each unicast/anycast address
▪ Different addresses with same lower 24 bits have same SNMA
Example of a Solicited-Node multicast address
2000::01:800:200e:8c6c
24 bits
ff02::1:ff0e:8f6c/104
Example of Solicited-Node multicast addresses
#show ipv6 interface g0/0
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::CA9C:1DFF:FE6B:B6A0
Description: [Link to R1]
Global unicast address(es):
2001:43F8:90:C0::2, subnet is 2001:43F8:90:C0::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:2
FF02::1:FF6B:B6A0
Mapping multicast to Ethernet addresses
ffhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh
32 bits
33-33-hh-hh-hh-hh
Multicast MAC address
Multicast MAC address examples
ff02::1 33-33-00-00-00-01
ff02::2 33-33-00-00-00-02
ff02::1:ff3f:21ac 33-33-ff-3f-21-ac
Questions?
Understanding
IPv6 from an IPv4

Perspective
Section Objectives
⫞ Describe the IPv6 header & how it differs from the IPv4
⫞ Identify the IPv6 equivalents of key IPv4 protocols
IPv6 vs IPv4
key functions comparison 5
6 Address Planning
ISPs, campuses, enterprises
Neighbor Discovery
and it’s applications 7
8 Provisioning
SLAAC, DHCPv6, DHCP-PD
The IPv6 packet structure
Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address 40
bytes
Destination Address
Next Header Variable

Extension Header Information
length
Data
IPv6 extension headers
▪ Similar to IPv4 “Protocol” field

▪ Encode additional Internet-layer information
▪ Between base & upper-layer headers
▪ “Next Header” field holds unique value for each header
IPv6 packet with no extension header

Payload Length Next Header = UL Hop Limit
40
Source Address bytes
Destination Address
Variable
Upper Layer (e.g. TCP, UDP, ICMPv6, OSPFv3, tunnel etc.) Header
length
Data
IPv6 packet with extension headers
Payload Length Next Header = EH1 Hop Limit
40
Source Address bytes
Destination Address
Next Header = EH2

EH1 Header
Next Header = UL
EH2 Header
Upper Layer (e.g. TCP, UDP, ICMPv6, OSPFv3, tunnel etc) Header
Data
List and order of IPv6 extension headers
Order Header Code Description

1 Base IPv6 header
2 Hop-by-hop options 0 Examined by all hosts in path
3 Destination options 60 Examined only by destination node
4 Routing 43 Specify the route for a datagram (mobile v6)
5 Fragment 44 Fragmentation parameters

6 Authentication (AH) 51 Verify packet authenticity
7 ESP 50 Encrypted data
8 Destination options 60 Examined only by destination node
Packet header structure changes from IPv4
Version IHL Type of Service Total length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
Field eliminated from IPv6 Field removed from IPv6 base header
Field renamed in IPv6 header Field maintained
IPv4 vs IPv6 key functionality comparison
IPv4 IPv6
Automatic configuration of hosts & CPEs
▪ DHCP ▪ DHCPv6
▪ Stateless Address configuration
Network to Link-layer Address Resolution

▪ ARP ▪ ICMPv6 (NS, NA)
▪ Broadcast ▪ Multicasts
IPv4 IPv6
Domain name to address resolution
▪ DNS ▪ DNS
▪ A resource records ▪ AAAA resource records
▪ in-addr-arpa reverse zone ▪ ip6.arpa reverse zone
Joining a multicast group
▪ IGMPv1, IGMPv2, IGMPv3 ▪ MLDv1 and MLDv2
Default gateway auto-provisioning
▪ DHCP , IRD or Passive RIP ▪ RA (ICMPv6)
IPv4 IPv6
Supported Open Dynamic Routing Protocols
▪ RIPv1 , RIPv2 ▪ RIPng
▪ OSPFv2, IS-IS ▪ OSPFv3 , IS-IS
▪ BGPv4 (IPv4 Address Family) ▪ BGPv4 (IPv6 Address Family)
Minimum Supported MTU size
▪ 576 bytes ▪ 1280 bytes
Supported Communication Modes
▪ Unicast, multicast, broadcast ▪ Unicast, multicast
Questions?
Performing
Basic IPv6 Configuration

Section Objectives
⫞ Configure and verify IPv6 on Windows operating systems
⫞ Configure and verify IPv6 on Linux operating systems
⫞ Configure and verify IPv6 on the MAC OS X operating system
⫞ Configure and verify IPv6 on Cisco IOS
⫞ Configure and verify IPv6 on Junos
IPv4 Exhaustion
IPv6 Address Types

hosts and routers
Most OSes have IPv6 enabled by default
http://j.mp/OSv6-support
Host Configuration: Windows Vista/7

Host configuration: Mac OS X

Host configuration: Linux
(/etc/netplan)
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
ens3:
dhcp6: yes
addresses:
- <v6address>/<prefix>
nameservers:
addresses:
- <dns_resolver_1_v6_address>
- <dns_resolver_2_v6_address>
Configuring basic IPv6 on Cisco IOS
Enable IPv6 on an Interface
(config)#ipv6 enable
Assign an IPv6 address with automatic interfaceID

#ipv6 address <prefix/length> eui-64
Assign a static IPv6 address

#ipv6 address <address/length> [link-local | anycast]
Enable IPv6 routing and CEF

(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
(config)#ipv6 cef
Configuring basic IPv6 on Junos
Enable IPv6 on an Interface

#edit interfaces <interfacename> unit <unit_no>
Assign an IPv6 address with automatic interfaceID
#set family inet6 address <prefix/prefix-length> eui-64
Assign a static IPv6 address
#set family inet6 address <ipv6address/prefix-length>

Troubleshooting tools: Linux
Ping ping6 ping
Traceroute traceroute6 traceroute
Interface info ifconfig ifconfig
Route table netstat -A inet6 -rn netstat -A inet -rn
Neighbor table ip -6 neighbor show arp -an

Troubleshooting tools: OS X & *BSD
Ping ping6 ping
Traceroute traceroute6 traceroute
Interface info ifconfig ifconfig
Route table netstat -f inet6 -rn netstat -f inet -rn
Neighbor table ndp -an arp -an

Troubleshooting tools: Windows Vista & higher
Ping ping -6 ping -4
Traceroute tracert -6 tracert -4
Interface info ipconfig /all ipconfig /all

netsh interface ipv6 netsh interface ipv4
Route table
show route show route
netsh interface ipv6
Neighbor table arp -a
show neighbours
Questions?

IPv6 Foundations-Basic IPv6 Config -Live Session 1-20-09-24

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Mukom Akong T.

IPv6 Address Types

Number of IPv4 addresses per person

▪ African networks deprived

▪ We are forced to deploy

▪ Use of NAT increases

Wait and see

Deploy IPv6 Deploy NAT on Steroids

IPv6 Address Types

1011101011101000 0101011011111111 1111111001001010 1110110011111110

Strip off all LEADING zeroes

2 The Zero Compression rule

Replace CONTIGUOUS groups of zeroes with ‘::’

Zero Compression Zero Suppression

Zero Suppression Zero Compression

The Zero Compression rule The Zero Compression rule

IPv6 Address Types

No broadcast addresses (or communications) in IPv6

Within a scope, an address can be used as a unique ID for

‘Network’ portion ‘Host’ portion

n bits 64 - n bits 64 bits

001 Global Routing Prefix SubnetID InterfaceID

10 bits 54 bits 64 bits

Identifies address scope

8 bits 56 bits 64 bits

1111 110L 0 InterfaceID

L=0 fd00::/8 L=1

‘Network’ portion ‘Host’ portion

Network Prefix InterfaceID

Static (manual) EUI-64 cryptographically Pseudo-random

0000:0000:0000:0000 Subnet router anycast

00 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F Expand it to 64 bits (add “fffe”)

Set U/L bit

02 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F Voila! your InterfaceID

::/0 • All IPv6 addresses

::1 • IPv6 loopback address

▪ Same unicast address assigned to multiple interfaces (yellow)

11111111 flags scope reserved p-len network prefix groupID

Number of bits in “network prefix” field

b b b b Bits Hex Scope

If ‘NTP servers’ is assigned a permanent multicast group with ID = 101

FF01::101 All NTP servers on the same interface as sender

FF01::1 All IPv6 nodes on the local interface

RFC 2375 has the complete list

IPv6 from an IPv4

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Next Header Variable

▪ Similar to IPv4 “Protocol” field

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Next Header = EH2

Order Header Code Description

4 Routing 43 Specify the route for a datagram (mobile v6)

5 Fragment 44 Fragmentation parameters

Version IHL Type of Service Total length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

Network to Link-layer Address Resolution

Basic IPv6 Configuration

IPv6 Address Types

learn.afrinic.net | slide 106