Unit-2

Production Process in Cinema

How many stages are there in film production?

here are three key stages that take place in the production of any film: pre-production (planning), production
(filming), and post-production (editing, color-grading, and visual effects).

what are the stages of Pre shooting stage ?

Explain the term film begins with an idea .

What is above the line expenses?

Above the line in film production refers to the costs of making a movie associated with the major creative
talent, including the director, actors, writers, and producers. Films with special effects will also have a greater
number of above the line personnel and costs than films without them. In a production budget, the amounts to
be spent on "the principal creative elements," such as story and script, producer, director, and lead performers.

What is below the line expenses ?

In a production budget, all the amounts to be spent on the production of the film that are not included in
above-the-line costs, including cast (other than leading performers), crew, travel/living expenses, laboratory,
legal and accounting fees, insurance, financing expenses, and post- production expenses.

What is contingent expense?

An extra allowance added to the production budget to cover unexpected expenses. The contingency normally is
at least 10 percent of the above-the- line and below-the-line expenses to satisfy the completion guarantor.

Elaborate the term “no film can begin with empty pockets”.

What are the three stages of production ?

Pre-production
Production
Post-Production

what is shooting ratio?

The shooting ratio in filmmaking and television production is the ratio between the total duration of its footage
created for possible use in a project and that which appears in its final cut.

what is post shooting stage?

The post-shooting stage, also known as post-production, is the final stage of video or film production, where the
raw footage is edited and assembled into a final product:

The post-shooting stage involves:

• Editing: The visual editor reviews the footage, deletes bad takes, and creates an edit decision list (EDL). The
footage is then organized into a timeline to tell the story.

• Adding sound: The sound mixer combines all the audio elements, including dialogue, sound effects, and
music, into a final mix.

• Adding visual effects: Visual effects can be created.

• Adding text: Titles, credits, cards, or other text additions might be added.
What is picture positive or rashes?

It is a film or paper record of a scene that represents the color and luminance of objects in that scene with the
same colors and luminance (as near as the medium will allow).

What is picture negative?

In photography, a negative is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the
lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest.

What is synchronisation?

Synchronization is the process of coordinating the activities or states of multiple processes or threads. It can
also refer to the act of making things happen at the same time.

What is release print?

A release print is a copy of a film that is provided to a movie theater for exhibition.

Who was Guru Dutt?

Guru Dutt was an Indian film actor, director, producer, choreographer, and writer. He is regarded as one of the
greatest filmmakers of Indian cinema. Dutt was lauded for his artistry, notably his usage of close-up shots,
lighting.

What is Hollywood studio and their importance?

A studio is a room or space where an artist either teaches classes or does their work. If you make pottery, you
might dream of one day having a studio in your back yard. A studio is an artist's dedicated space for making art,
whether they're a painter, photographer, or even a writer.

The Importance of a Dedicated Studio Space

Having a dedicated studio space won't just benefit your art – it will boost your mental well-being. A space that's
your own will be quieter and less chaotic than a public setting and can give you the opportunity to concentrate
and tap into your creativity.

Write the name of any two famous studios in Metropolitan cities(Pune,Kolkata, Bombay,Chennai) .

We had the famous Prabhat studio in Pune, New Theatres in Kolkata, Bombay Talkies in Mumbai, AVM, Vijaya
Vauhini, Prasad in Chennai.

When an assistant calls for silence in film shooting?

The Assistant Director tells everyone on set to be quiet because they are ready to record a performance (also
known as "ready to roll.") This should include everyone silencing cell phones and laptops.When the director is
ready to shoot, an assistant calls for silence.

What is blimped camera ?

A blimped camera can refer to a camera that is designed with internal soundproofing or a camera that is
mounted in a blimp

What is clapper board ?

A clapperboard, also known as a dumb slate, clapboard, film clapper, film slate, movie slate, or production slate,
is a device used in filmmaking, television production and video production to assist in synchronizing of picture
and sound, and to designate and mark the various scenes and takes as they are filmed and audio-recorded.
What do you know about dailies or rushes?

Dailies, also known as rushes, are the unedited footage collected at the end of each day of filming a movie or TV
show. The creative team uses dailies to evaluate the quality and progress of the shoot, and to adjust their plans
for the future.

OR

At the end of each day's shooting, the film is developed and the takes the director has selected are printed and
screened for the director and production team. This material is known as the "dailies," or "rushes," and is used
to evaluate the film's progress.

Name the software use for editing.

Final Cut Pro

EDIUS
ClipChamp

What are the foley artists and foley effects?

A Foley artist is a professional who creates sound effects for films, TV shows, video games, and other media:

• What they do

Foley artists create sounds for everyday activities, like footsteps, clothing rustling, and doors opening and
closing. They also create sounds for fictional events, like a dragon's growl.

Foley effects are custom-made sounds that are created in post-production to enhance the audio quality of films,
TV shows, and video games.

Who is boom operator?

A boom operator works to assist the production sound mixer on the set of television, film and music video
productions. They are primarily responsible for operating the boom microphone but also work with other sound
recording equipment on set.

What is linear and nonlinear editing?

Linear and non-linear editing are two different ways to edit video and photos:

• Linear editing

A predetermined order is followed, and each stage is completed in that order. This method is often used with
videotape, where each clip must be recorded onto a master tape. Linear editing is less flexible, and it can be
difficult to correct mistakes.

• Non-linear editing

There is no predetermined order, and the editing can be done nonchronologically. Non-linear editing allows for
direct access to any frame in a video clip, and it preserves the original quality of the source material. Non-linear
editing is also known as NLE, which stands for "non-linear editor".

Differentiate between live and no live broadcasting.

Live Broadcasting refers to online streaming media simultaneously recorded and broadcasted in real-time. Non-
live media such as video-on-demand, vlogs, and YouTube videos are technically streamed, but not live-streamed.
You can livestream through any media nowadays, for example Facebook Live or Youtube Live.
Live videos can not be stopped as per our convenience whereas non live can be started again as per our free
timings
How many stages of TV programs are there?

Regardless of the type of production set (live or taped), a TV program typically includes three steps: Pre-
production (planning and preparation for the project) Production (filming) Post-production (editing, adding
sound and special effects)

What is story board?

A storyboard is a visual representation of a film's storyline, shot by shot, that guides the production process:

• What it is

A storyboard is a series of images and notes that communicates a filmmaker's vision for how a story will play
out. It's similar to a comic book or roadmap for the film.

• It includes

A storyboard includes details like the type of shot, camera movement, character movement, voiceover, and
point of view.

OR

Story boarding is like setting up a comic book of the production you are planning. It gives the actors an idea of
their blocking. It helps the cinematographer plan his camera angles. It lets the person in charge of lighting know
how to position the lights and create a mood. It helps the director know how all the shots will fit together so
that there are less wasted takes. Storyboarding helps bring focus to what everyone is doing

before shooting occurs. Even though story boarding can be a lengthy and consuming process, it will help save
time in the long run.

What is RECCE?

It is the process of visiting and quickly looking around a place in order to find out information about it for
shooting. Or Where and when are good starting points when drafting your schedule. You are expected to go and
hunt for locations to shoot your script which is called doing a RECCE.

Differentiate between interior and exterior location

The main difference between interior and exterior locations is whether they are inside or outside of a building
or structure:

• Interior

Inside a building or structure. Interior environments are usually less affected by weather or other external
factors.

• Exterior

Outside of a building or structure. Exterior locations include areas under a canopy or weather shelter, as long as
they are not enclosed by more than two walls at right angles.

What is the difference between private and public location?

The main difference between a public location and a private location is who has access to it:
• Public
A public location is accessible to all citizens and is intended for their use and enjoyment.
• Private
A private location is only open to those who are permitted by law or custom.
Here are some examples of public and private locations:
• Public property
Land and buildings owned and managed by the public authorities for public use.
• Private property
Land and buildings owned by individuals or institutions.
• Private place
An enclosed area that is not open to the public, such as a personal residence, private social club, or personal
automobile.
• Private road or driveway
A way or place that is privately owned and is used for vehicular travel by the owner and those with permission
from the owner.

Define shot .

In production, a shot is the moment that the camera starts rolling until the moment it stops. In film editing, a
shot is the continuous footage or sequence between two edits or cuts.

What is microphone mic and sound recorder as well as amplifier?

A microphone is a device that converts sound waves into electrical signals. Microphones are used in many
applications

A device that records sound tracks for sound motion pictures on a separate film from the picture film

An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the magnitude of a signal, such as voltage, current, or
power. It uses an external power supply to create an output signal that is a larger version of the input signal.

What are the different departments in newspaper agencies?

Newspapers typically have several departments that work together to produce the publication, including:

• Editorial: Responsible for gathering, selecting, editing, and publishing news and features
• Advertising: Handles advertising sales and publications, which is a major revenue source
• Circulation: Sells and distributes the newspaper
• Production: Handles printing processes
• Administrative: Oversees general administration functions
• Advertising
• Management
• Policy Making Department
• Technical
• Distribution

What are the Responsibilities of editorial department?

Editorial Department that is responsible for the gathering and processing of news. It is also responsible for the
design and layout of the newspaper. It's the Department that turns the name of the paper into a well- known
brand, which goes a long way in increasing the circulation and readership of a newspaper.

The editorial department is the creative organ of a newspaper. It is manned by writers and re-writers. The
writers are the editor and his assistants, as well as reporters and correspondents. The re-writers are called sub-
editors (or

copyreaders).

OR

The editorial department actually has two sides, and usually these are separately responsible to the publisher.
They are "news" and "editorial". The news side is usually under the supervision of a managing or executive
editor. The editorial page crew consists of editorial writers and is directed by a "chief editorial writer," and
"editor'', or "editor-in-chief", or sometimes an "editorial page editor".

The role of an editor involves refining content to ensure it is clear, accurate, and ready for publication. Editors
review and correct grammar, punctuation, and readability issues, verify factual accuracy, and work closely with
writers to improve quality.

What is the role of commercial department?

The commercial department of a newspaper, also known as the advertising department, has many
responsibilities, including:
• Selling ad space
The department sells ad space in the newspaper.
• Helping advertisers
The department helps advertisers create effective ads and provides them with media data, such as circulation
figures and audience demographics.
• Collaborating with the editorial team
The department works with the editorial team to develop special features that attract advertisers.
• Increasing revenue
The department works to increase revenue and expand services by communicating with other departments.
• Advertising and Marketing related work also is completed by this department

What are the different stages of printing newspapers?

The first stage is gathering of the material.

The second is processing it editorially and otherwise.
The third stage would be to arrange it page by page alongside the visuals like photographs.

What is management department in newspaper agency?

A newspaper management department has many responsibilities, including:

• Managing the editorial team

A managing editor leads the editorial team, which includes recruiting and promoting employees, setting
deadlines, and reporting to the editor-in-chief. They may also edit articles and write columns.
• Tracking and analyzing content
A managing editor oversees content creation and tracks how it performs. They may perform content audits and
update older content to meet audience needs.
• Communicating with staff
A manager communicates job expectations and performance standards to employees to reduce
misunderstandings.
• Communicating with the community
A managing editor communicates with community leaders and other department heads.
• Motivating employees
A manager motivates employees to achieve organizational goals and ensures they have the support they need
to excel

What are the duties of technical department in newspaper agency?

The technical department of a newspaper is responsible for the production and printing of the newspaper,
including:
• Printing
The department is responsible for the printing of the newspaper, which includes printing plates, cutting, folding,
and more.
• Quality control
The department ensures that the newspaper is printed accurately and efficiently, and that each print run meets
the publication's standards.
• Machinery
The department is responsible for the installation and maintenance of the printing machines.
• Deadlines
The department ensures that the newspaper is printed and distributed on time.

What are the duties of distribution department in newspaper agency?

The distribution department of a newspaper agency is responsible for delivering newspapers to subscribers and
retail outlets. Their duties include:
• Coordination
Coordinating with delivery personnel to ensure timely distribution to all areas within the newspaper's reach
• Using delivery networks
Using the newspaper's own delivery network or third-party carriers to distribute the newspaper
• Managing transportation
Managing transportation or traffic problems that may arise

What is DTP?

Desktop publishing (DTP) is the process of using a personal computer and specialized software to design and
create documents and other content.

Which department is the creative organ in newspaper agency?

The editorial department is the creative organ of a newspaper.

What is the process in any newspaper agency to print a newspaper?

The process of printing a newspaper involves several steps, including:

• Content gathering: Gathering news stories, articles, opinions, advertisements, and advertorials

• Editorial process: Editors determine the stories and layout, and reporters write the stories

• Manufacturing process: Typesetting the stories, adding images, and approving the pages before printing

• Printing: Using a web offset press to print the pages on rolls of paper

• Folding: Folding the printed pages into bundles for distribution

The printing process can be divided into four parts: content gathering, pre-press, press, and post-press.

The traditional printing process is designed to print thousands of newspapers at a time, so it's not cost-effective
to print less than 500 copies.

What is the difference between circulation ship and readership of a newspaper?

The main difference between circulation and readership of a newspaper is that circulation is the number of
copies distributed, while readership is an estimate of the number of readers:

• Circulation

The total number of copies of a publication that are distributed, including those that are sold and those that are
distributed for free.

• Readership

An estimate of the total number of people who read a publication. Readership is usually higher than circulation
because multiple people can read a single copy of a publication.

*Circulationship is always higher than readership.

 Why do you think that English newspapers command higher advertising rates than Hindi and Marathi
newspapers?

English newspapers have higher advertising rates than Hindi and Marathi newspapers for a number of reasons,
including:
• Wider readership
English newspapers have a wider readership than regional language newspapers in India.
• Advertisers value English readers
Advertisers value people who can read English newspapers.
• Strong sales in key categories
English newspapers have seen strong sales in categories like real estate, e-commerce, consumer durables, and
telecom.
• Local advertisers
Hindi publications often have local advertisers who are affected by factors like price and socio-economic
factors.

What are the differences between the job of a reporter and that of a 'sub-editor'?

The main difference between a reporter and a sub-editor is that a reporter writes news stories, while a sub-editor
edits and prepares them for publication:

• Reporter

A reporter researches and writes news stories about a variety of topics, such as politics, sports, culture, and
entertainment. Reporters are responsible for gathering and presenting news at a particular centre.

• Sub-editor

A sub-editor receives, edits, and prepares news stories for publication. Sub-editors ensure that the stories are
grammatically and factually correct, and that they read well. They also condense lengthy stories to fit the available
space in the publication.

Why is ‘reporting' a more glamorous job than 'subbing'?

Reporting is generally considered more glamorous than subbing because reporters have their own identity and
function, while subbing is often a substitute role:

• Reporting

Reporters gather, arrange, and inspect data, and present news at a particular center. They have their own
identity and function, and their work involves more than just being one-on-one with people.

• Subbing

A sub-editor, or sub, works as a substitute for the original, checking the written text of newspapers, magazines,
or websites before they're published. They look at grammar, spelling, tone, and style, and check facts to make
sure the content suits its target audience.

What is the main source of revenue for a daily newspaper?

The main source of revenue for a daily newspaper is advertising, which typically generates 70–80% of a
newspaper's revenue. The remaining revenue comes from sales and subscriptions.

News media companies have become increasingly dependent on advertising as a primary revenue source since
the 1950s. This is especially true for online news, where news websites offer free content to attract traffic to
their sites
What is News Headline?

A headline is the title of a newspaper story, printed in large letters at the top of the story, especially on the front
page.

What are the different main headlines in newspaper agency?

Headlines are of several types: the 'banner' which stretches across many columns: the 'boxed' headline which is
framed in a small rectangle, the 'flush' headline which is multi-deck and printed flush left; the 'cross' line which
is centred in column; the 'inverted pyramid' headline which as the name suggests is multi- deck, with the decks
below centred with the upper: the hanging indent headline which is also multi-deck but with the lower decks
indented from the left

List three ways in which a feature differs from a 'news story' in terms of its language, structure and statement
of opinions.

News reports present brief write-up son events, issues and people, features present detailed analyses of the
same, often in the form of discussions, narratives of critiques. Further, while news reports are written mostly in
the inverted pyramid formal structure and style, features follow the structure of essays and discussions, and
present a distinct point of view. News reports are written by staff reporters, stringers or correspondents but
features are usually contributed by senior reporters, assistant editors, editors, but also by outside experts who
may be academics, free-lancers, researchers and others.

A feature, then, is an essay-like piece written for publication in a news paper or magazine. News reports
dominate in a news paper, but in magazines features take up most space. 'Cover stories' in magazines are
usually written in the form of features, while in news papers the main or lead story would be written in the
form of a news report. News papers do not usually carry features on the front page, except perhaps in the
'anchor' position. Features also figure on the editorial page and on the op-ed page, as well as in the
Sunday/weekend magazine supplements.

What are the two broad categories of radio programmes?

Two different broad categories of Radio Programmes are Spoken Word and Music Programs

Define the following radio programs

News Bulletin - A bulletin is a brief radio news broadcast, giving the bare facts of news stories before more
depth is added in a full programme. A bulletin (also called a summary) is usually broadcast of 15 minutes or half
an hour.

OR

News bulletins are put out by AIR almost every hour of the day in English and the various regional languages.
The major bulletins are of 15 minutes' duration, while others are of only five minutes' duration. They present
summaries of news stories in order of importance and interest-value. National and international happenings get
pride of place

News reels -Newsreels, generally of 15 minutes' duration, present 'spot' reports, comments, interviews, and
extracts from speeches. A much more complex and expensive format than the news bulletin, it calls for skilled
tape editing and well-written link narrations.

Documentaries/ Radio features -Documentaries or radio features are usually factual, informational in character
and sometimes educational in intent. They bring together the techniques of talks and drama to tell the story of
events, past or present or those likely to happen in the future. They may sketch the biography of a great leader,
or merely offer an interpretation of the world around us, or teach us about peoples and cultures unfamiliar to
us

Radio Play/Drama- Radio drama is a story told through sound alone. The sound is of course that of dialogue
and voices of people, background or mood effects, musical effects, atmospheric effects and the like. Radio
drama, like stage drama is based on conflict, uses characters and has a beginning, a middle and an end.

Radio Talk - Radio talks are not public speeches; rather, they are chats with a friend who does not see you, but
is nevertheless close and attentive to you. Radio talks should give the impression to a listener that the speaker
is addressing him or her alone in an informal manner.

Music Programs -Music programmes enjoy much greater popularity than talk shows, as is evident from the
popularity of FM channels. We enjoy music for its rhythms, melodies and harmonies and above all for the
relaxation it provides

Movie Trailers-Movie trailers are sponsored programmes usually of 15-30 minutes' duration. They are
fastpaced, and packed with extracts of dialogue and songs from the film being

advertised.

Write the name of any two programs on your favourite FM channel .

Mid Day Masala

Radio Mirchi

What are the basic elements of radio production radio script?

These can be divided into three categories: technical, content and presenters. Technical factors are:
Technical are
Sound Quality-
Special Sound
Accents-
In Content-
Opening and Closing
Slogan Theme Logos
Jingles
Humour
Simplicity
Accuracy
Presenters are
Clarity of speech
Sound Credibility
Role Model

The basic elements of a radio script and radio production include:

• Script
The script provides a structured narrative or dialogue. A good radio script includes an introduction, reasons why
listeners should care, talking points, and a summary.
• Sound
Sound effects, music, voice styles, and inflections help create a scene or feeling for the audience. Sound is
especially important in radio spots because there are no visuals to help convey a message.
• Rhythm
Create rhythm and flow in your script by using long and short sentences. Long sentences are relaxed and get
people thinking, while short sentences add tension and drama.
• Production
Radio production involves writing, recording, and producing all the elements needed to create a radio
show. This includes planning a new show or episode concept, and organizing and executing every detail.

What is Internet?

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can
share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.

What are the advantages of internet?

The internet has many advantages, including:

• Communication: The internet allows people to communicate with each other from anywhere in the world.
• Learning: The internet provides access to a variety of learning resources, including online courses, research
papers, and videos.
• Entertainment: The internet offers a large selection of movies, music, and games.
• Shopping: The internet allows people to shop online without leaving home.
• Banking: The internet allows people to monitor their bank accounts, perform transactions, and transfer
funds.
• Research: The internet provides easy access to a lot of information.
• Health: The internet provides better access to health information and options.
• Remote work: The internet allows people to work remotely

What are the drawbacks of internet?

1. A Waste of time
2. Not Safe Place for Children
3. Privacy Exposure
4. Money Frauds
5. Virus/Malware
6. Online Threatening or Harassment
7. Cyberbullying
8. Wrong Information
9. Health Issues
10. Stalking

Define Website .

A website is a collection of multiple webpages and each page provides valuable information. A web site is
hosted on at least one web server.

What is webpage?

A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).

A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server.

Website is a collection of electronic documents and applications that reside on a web server/servers and
present content and interactive features/interfaces to the end user in form of Web pages

Who made the first website and when?

The first web site was built by Tim Berners-Lee at http://info.cern.ch/ and was first put online on August 6,
1991. It provided an explanation about what the internet was, how to get your own browser, how to set up your
own web server and so on.
 Which are the most widely popular and extensively used websites?

Some of the most popular websites in the world include:

• Google
• YouTube
• Facebook
• Wikipedia

Why do companies spend time and money in designing and maintaining their official websites?

Companies spend time and money on their websites for many reasons, including:
• Building trust
A well-designed website can help build trust with your audience. Poorly designed or outdated websites can
make people view your site as shady or seedy.
• Creating a good first impression
A website is often the first point of contact between a business and potential customers. A professional-looking
website can help make a good first impression.
• Standing out from competitors
A strong website design can help your brand stand out from competitors.

What is RSS?

RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication, and is a web feed that allows users to automatically receive
information from a website. RSS is a text-based format that delivers content from regularly updated sites, such
as blogs or news sites. It's a way to stay up to date on important information without having to search for it on a
website.

what is an IP address ?

An IP address (Internet Protocol) is a unique identification of a computer on the network.

What is URL ?

Universal Resource Locator is the complete address to find and search a website on the internet.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path
('/') in an Internet Protocol-based network.

What are the different colours meaning of URL?

In grey. This indicates that we are using HTTP: the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, which is the standard protocol
for serving websites.
In black. This indicates the "family" of websites that this webpage is on.
In blue. This indicates the "path" of directories we travel down to reach the webpage file.
In green. This indicates that the webpage file is called entry1.html, located in the directory specified by the
path.

Define protocol .

A protocol in a computer network is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received between
devices on a network. Protocols are essential for using the internet and digital communications.

What is HTTP?

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an Application Layer protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems.

What is a web browser?

A web browser is a software used to surf internet. Simple used browsers are Mozilla fire fox, Google chrome etc

What is HTML?

HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It
provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings

What is XHTML -Extensible Hypertext markup Language?

XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend
versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written.

What is XML?

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically.

What is HTTPS?

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

What is PHP?

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed
for web development to produce dynamic web pages.

Who was Eric Meyer?

Eric Meyers, a well known educator and developer, is one of many resources who have spear-headed HTML
reset coding.

What is text editor?

A text editor is used for creating and editing the website files. For Windows, get Notepad++. For Mac, get
Smultron or TextWrangler

What is website layout?

Layout refers to the dimensioning of content in a device display, and the delivery of media in a content related
stream. Web design layouts result in visual content frameworks

What is GIF?

The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987

What are the different types of website?

A website could be a personal website, commercial website, government website, a non profit organization
website.

There are two types of websites Static and Dynamic.

Static is when we don’t not change the content daily and dynamic is when we update the data on daily basis.

What is the role of web server?

A web server's primary role is to store, process, and deliver webpages and other information to users. A web
server can be a computer system, software, or a combination of both.

Why is documentation important while making a website?

Documentation is used to visually plan the site while taking into account the purpose, audience and content, to
design the site structure, content and interactions that are most suitable for the website. Documentation may
be considered a prototype for the website – a model which allows the website layout to be reviewed, resulting
in suggested changes, improvements and/or enhancements. This review process increases the likelihood of
success of the website.

What is wire frame?

A "wireframe" is a basic visual representation of a website or app screen, essentially a skeletal layout that
outlines the structure

Is HTML static or dynamic?

HTML page is an example of static content

What Industry sites and blogs do you read regularly?

Here are some industry sites and blogs that you can read regularly:
• AdGully: Covers marketing news, campaigns, and analysis
• Afaqs: A popular marketing blog in India that features news, interviews, and guest articles
• Social Samosa: Covers news, campaigns, awards, and social media platforms

What are the two different types of websites?

Static and Dynamic

What are the client side scripting language?

Client-side scripting languages are JavaScript, JScript, Actionscript, etc.

What are the server side scripting language?

Dynamic content is often compiled on the server utilizing server-side scripting languages (Perl, PHP, ASP, JSP,
ColdFusion, etc

What are the Different languages used in web designing?

Markup languages (such as HTML, XHTML and XML)

• Style languages (such as CSS and XSL)
• Client Side scripting (such as JavaScript)
• server side scripting (such as PHP and ASP)
• database technologies (such as My SQL and Postgre SQL)
What are the multimedia technologies?

Multimedia technologies are like Flash and Silverlight.

What are the different points we need to write while designing a website?

While designing the website we should remember the following point

• Site purpose. ...

• Static or Dynamic
• Target audiences. ...
• Site objectives. ...
• Responsive, mobile-friendly design. ...
• Fresh content. ...
• Engaging content. ...
• Features. ...

Write down the name of any two languages used to make website.

PHP, ASP, HTML

What is the full form of CSS XML PHP ASP?

CSS-Cascade Style Sheet

XML-Extensible Markup Language
ASP-Active Server Pages

What is JPEG?

JPEG compression is used in a number of image file formats. JPEG/Exif is the most common image format used
by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices

What is a web browser? Name any two browser software.

A web browser is a software used to surf internet. Simple used browsers are Mozilla fire fox, Google chrome etc

What is URL structure?

Complete structure of URL is http://www.google.com

Where http and www is a protocol
Google.com is a domain name

Mention any two TV programs of national Television.(Fiction and Non Fiction)

Here are two non-fiction TV programs:

• The Staircase: A high-profile murder trial series about the death of Kathleen Peterson in 2001

• I'll Be Gone in the Dark: A TV series based on a non-fiction book

Here are two fictional TV programs that aired on national television:

• Amrapali: Aired on DD National from 2002–2004

• Bharat Ek Khoj: Aired on DD National from 1988–1989

How to calculate the readership?

Readership is calculated by multiplying the circulation of a publication by the average number of people who
read each copy. The relationship between readership and circulation is called readers-per-copy (RPC), which is
calculated by dividing readership by circulation.

Mid Day format is based on – Berliner/Tabloid/Broadsheet/Public Journalism

What are the different formats of newspapers?

Newspapers come in a variety of formats, including:

• Broadsheet
The most common format, broadsheets are large and formal, and are used for detailed articles.
• Tabloid
A smaller, more compact format, tabloids are often associated with sensational news.
• Berliner
An intermediate size between a broadsheet and a tabloid, this format is popular in Europe.

Name any one community radio channel.

Radio Udaan
Apna Radio
Raio 7

Define film adaptation with example.

A film adaptation is a cinematic work that is based on a non-film source material, such as a book, play, or other
work of literature. The process of adapting a story or literary work into a film can be whole or partial.

OR

A film adaptation is the transfer of a work or story, in whole or in part, to a feature film. A common form of film
adaptation is the use of a novel as the basis of a feature film. Example-Movie -Two states based on Chetan
Bhagat Novel.

How television production is different from film production?

Television and films production have gone through some interesting changes in recent years. Mainstream film
production has devolved into retelling it’s own, or other people’s stories, while television has created some
innovative story telling and production. Differ In some terms like:-
Script
Writing
Budgeting
Production/Shooting
Time

Mention the ways how FM/Radio can bring the change in the society?

FM, Radio changed the society in many ways - almost too many to count - the most important being the rapid
sharing of information. In a way, radio was almost a foreshadowing of the Internet technologies that followed.
FM-Radio has changed the way we communicate with each other, how we share and promote our thoughts,
opinions and creations but not just that, at times, FM- radio is your companion: loyal and enlightening, ever
prepared to share music with you or give you the latest headlines, Business, development of society in terms of
education, creation and many more. Write the name of National News Agency of India.

What is answer print?

An answer print is the first version of a given motion picture that is printed to film after color correction on an
interpositive. It is also the first version of the movie printed to film with the sound properly synced to the
picture

Define call sheet.

A call sheet is a daily document that outlines all the details for a day of filming or shooting

What do you understand by sync sound?

Earlier, when most of the films used to be shot in studio, the dialogues that were recorded at the time of
shooting were the ones finally used in the film. This is called 'Sync sound'.

The studio portions of Guru Dutt's films, all the films of Shyam Benegal, and recently the films Lagaan [2001]
and Swades [ 2004] were shot with sync sound. In India, sync sound is not the norm for a variety of reasons.

During shooting each member is provided with ________?

What are the different type of Journalism? (Page3/Sensitive/etc)

Page 3- Page 3 journalism is a type of celebrity and lifestyle journalism that originated from the British tabloid
newspaper The Sun.

Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American newspapers that use eye-catching headlines and
sensationalized exaggerations for increased sales.

Write the importance of backlight in photography.

Backlight photography emphasizes the depth behind the subject and gives images a greater sense of place.
Dramatic effect. Backlighting can produce a dramatic contrast between the subject and the background.

What is Infomercial? Give two example of infomercial.

An infomercial is a long-form TV commercial or audio recording that promotes a product or service.

• ShamWow: ShamWow towels have created some of the most famous infomercials in the business.
• Proactiv acne system: Featured celebrities such as Justin Bieber and Jessica Simpson.

Define cloud computing.

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of computing resources, such as storage, servers, databases, and
software, over the internet.

What do you understand by digital media?

Digital media is a broad term that refers to any type of media that is stored and distributed electronically,
usually over the internet.

How does radio as a medium become limited in comparison to TV advertising?

Answer- Lack of Visual Attention

Who are foot soldiers?

Journalist and reporters

Which was the first newspaper published in India?

The first newspaper published in India was Hicky's Bengal Gazette, which was first published on January 29,
1780

What is fake news?

Fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information presented as news. Fake news often has
the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity

What is tagline?

In entertainment, a tagline is a short text which serves to clarify a thought for, or is designed with a form of,
dramatic effect.

What is interactive television?

Interactive television is a form of media convergence, adding data services to traditional television technology.
It has included on-demand delivery of content

How to structure the editorial page of broadsheet newspaper?

Quality and serious press is -supplement/broadsheet/Tabloid/Periodicals

Which of these is global news agency-PTI/UNI/Reuters/Bhasha

News is written in which format- Pyramid/Inverted Pyramid/Conversational/Official

Write an example of aural medium.-Radio

__________capsules the entire story in few words.-Headline

A radio presenter should not be -Rigid/Flexible/humorous/Engaging

Which format require skilled tape editing-Newsreels/News Bulletin/Plays/Talk Shows

Which department is involved in space selling- Editorial/Commercial/Admin/Distribution

________is prepared to give actors an idea of their blocking-clapper board/story board/call sheet/dry runs

_______is prepared for all on the production of a film to know when they are required

Dry run /call sheet/schedule/rushes

A well defined structure where all film making operations are conducted- set/setup/studio/location

What is a By-Line?

The byline on a newspaper or magazine article gives the name of the writer of the article. Bylines are commonly
placed between the headline and the text of the article

Name any two-music composer.

Vishal Shekhar
AR Rehmaan

Who is the true author of the film?

Director

A headline with a part of the story continued in the inside page is known as_______Jumplines

What is JPEG?

Joint Picture Expert Group- Photo format

State any four features of documentaries on radio.

• Non-fiction
Radio documentaries are based on real facts and stories, and are presented in a non-fiction narrative.
• In-depth coverage
Radio documentaries cover a topic in depth from multiple perspectives.
• Interviews
Radio documentaries often feature interviews with people involved in the subject.
• Based on evidence
Radio documentaries are based on documentary evidence, such as written records, interviews, and other
sources.

Write about music programs and movie trailers on radio.

Explain two technical and two content factors for the effective radio programming.

Some technical and content factors for effective radio programming include:

• Content

The content should be relevant to the target audience, clear, and accurate. It should be conversational, with
short sentences and accessible language. The script should have personality and be engaging.

• Technical

Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, which means they travel in straight lines at a speed of
about 186,000 miles per second. The frequency of a radio wave is measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number
of cycles per second.

Who is regarded as the pioneer of television?

Philo Taylor Farnsworth invented the first fully functional electronic television system and is considered the
inventor of television

What is blog?

A blog is a website where users can regularly post articles, or entries, in chronological order. The most recent
entry is displayed first, at the top of the page. Blogs can be used for a variety of purposes
Why were 1950 and 60 considered as decade of classical cinema?

Explain the visual aspects of shot.

State the advantages of assimilation of films on TV.

While film remains a highly developed language, television remains a recording medium without any aesthetic
definition of its own. It is a platform medium for various to express themselves. Television has a great
disseminating ability. Once it was possible to transfer optical signals into electronic Signals, film to begin to be
shown on television. On the positive side, it meant that a film could have an unprecedented, huge audience
that go to watch is simultaneously in different countries and different time zones .Films could also be made in
electronics or digital format.

How different are radio plays from stage plays?

Online papers are dying breed in India. Elaborate.

No, online papers are not a dying breed in India, and the newspaper industry is still thriving:
• Revenue
Print newspapers in India have seen a significant increase in revenue, making India the world's largest
newspaper market.
• Digital platforms
Newspaper websites have started to charge for access, and many brands have converted their free e-papers to
paid ones.
• Advertising
Advertisers in India remain loyal to print, and advertising is still the main source of revenue for the newspaper
industry.

What is Euro Pudding?

"Euro pudding" is a derogatory term used to describe European film coproductions that are well-funded but
commonplace.

What are the three stages of convergence?

Elaborate two genres of radio programmes.

Here are two genres of radio programs:

• Radio drama

A radio play that uses human voice, music, and sound effects. Radio dramas are similar to theater or hall plays,
but with only three components.

• News

A popular spoken word format on the radio. News programs include news bulletins, news items, and stories
presented in documentary form. News programs also use formats like interviews, discussions, live reporting,
and direct broadcast.

Virtual journalism holds no charm. Explain.

What is shooting schedule?

Before filming begins, a shooting schedule is prepared. This describes the order in which scenes will be filmed,
which usually differs from the order in which they will appear in the finished film.

Write a short note on shooting ratio.

It is the ratio of the finally finished length of the film to the length of the film that is actually shot. Normally, a
film would have anything between 1:10 to 1:20 as the shooting ratio, depending upon the scale of production.
During the shooting of Apocalypse Now [1979] director Francis Ford Coppola shot nearly 200 hours of film
footage for this 153 minutes' film. This was unprecedented and amounted to 1:97 shooting ratio. While
shooting The Hurt Locker [2008] the director Kathryn Bigelow went even further to end up with 1:100 shooting
ratio. Both these were war

films requiring massive action scenes to be shot. Many cameras were used at a time to shoot the same scene.
This was done to film scenes in documentary style for the sake of authenticity. This cannot be considered as
wastage as the results are brilliant.K Asif's Mughal e Azam was a production on a mammoth scale. While filming
some of the scenes it took three days just to light up the huge sets. For the battle sequence, 2000 camels, 4000
horses and 8000 troops were used, many of them soldiers on loan from

the Indian Army. Altogether the film cost Rs. 1.5 crores (38.29 crores in present terms) in the making.

All low budget films however, are shot between 1:3 and 1:5 ratio.

Who was Akira Kurosawa?

Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese filmmaker who directed 30 films in a career spanning over five decades

What is premixes?

In cinema, premixing, or pre-dubbing, is the process of adjusting the volume levels of different audio families
before adding mixing plugins.

What is “interdupe”?

An interdupe is a color duplicate negative printed from a master positive. It is a type of film copying that can be
done from an original picture negative or picture duplicate negative

Write about MGM studio.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was founded on April 17, 1924 and has been owned by the Amazon MGM Studios
subsidiary of Amazon since 2022.

What is Bi-ligunal movie? Example also.

A bilingual movie is a film that is made in two languages. Some filmmakers create multiple language versions of
their movies by shooting them simultaneously or by dubbing or remaking them later.

Yuva (2004), Raavan (2010)

What is subtitle?

Subtitles are textual representations of a film or video's spoken dialogue, typically displayed at the bottom of

the screen.

When is subtitling required in any movie?

Subtitles are required in movies when the viewer cannot understand the language or audio, or when they
choose not to turn on the audio

If the film has not been dubbed, dialogue subtitles will be needed throughout the film.

What is inter negative?

An internegative is a duplicate negative color film that is created from a positive color element.

Which device converts sound waves into electrical energy or the audio signals ?

Microphone converts sound waves into electrical energy or the audio signals

Who prepare the content for newspaper?

The editor and his team prepare the news content.

Who was Lionel Fieldon?

Lionel Fielden who introduced the present norm of the 30-minute radio play on AIR.

List the programmes you listen to on your favourite FM Channel. Which genre or format do they belong to?

What are the basic principal for radio scripting?

Write for the ear not for the reading

Use Imagery
Keep your language simple and straight forward
Use relevant facts
Think it and write it
Get straight to the point
Be Informal

Name community radio channel.

107.4 FM Awaaz Noida Ki

What is free media?

Freedom of Media - like newspaper, T.V, Radio in term of News

Cloud meeting is an example of___

Cloud meeting is an example of Video Conferencing

Who decides the promotional plans for film release?

Producer

What are the different types of online communication tools?

Zoom, Microsoft Team

Who are the key contributors to the long drawn filmmaking process?

Writer, Director, Producer, Cinematographer

What is database technology?

Database technology means information organize, store and process as per user with the help of technical
aspects.

What proactive person can decide?

A proactive person decides how one must feel regardless of what may be going around or what the day may
bring.

Which technologies contributed towards developing the age of information?

The age of information was brought in, in a major way by the image making technologies of the Nineteenth
century viz. the camera and phonograph. Earlier one could talk about a place or a person only after a first-hand
experience. But, by looking at a photograph one was able to get an analogous idea of the place or the
appearance of the person. This was not a direct experience, but a new experience of information.

Differentiate between radio plays and radio talks.

Radio drama is a story told through sound alone. The sound is of course that of dialogue and voices of people,
background or mood effects, musical effects, atmospheric effects and the like. Radio talks are not public
speeches; rather, they are chats with a friend who does not see you, but is nevertheless close and attentive to
you. Radio talks should give the impression to a listener that the speaker is addressing him or her alone in an
informal manner.

Give the meaning of factor income

Factor income refers to the income received by the factors of production for rendering factor services in the
process of production. Factor income refers to the income received by the factors of production for rendering
factor services in the process of production.

What changes have been brought by the technology in newspaper industry?

The use of internet and LAN has made the process of newspaper production fully automatic. Moreo rer, use of
news making softwares has helped in giving customised look to the newspapers. In this auomatic chain, the use
of paper is completely eliminated.

Define investment.

Investment is expenditure by the producers on the purchase of such assets which help to generate income

What are the radio advertising over internet.

Radio advertising has several advantages over internet advertising, including:

• Cost-effectiveness: Radio is less expensive than TV or print ads, and has a high rate of return.

• Personal connection: Radio is often listened to alone or in small groups, creating a personal connection
with listeners.

• Flexibility: Online radio ads can be analyzed and managed immediately, which is especially helpful for small
businesses.

• Reach: Radio can reach a wide audience, and can be marketed to a local or national audience.

• Selective targeting: Radio ads can be targeted based on specific demographics and market segments.

How are interviews considered as major source of information for a journalist?

A primary source refers to firsthand evidence, raw information, and original research material. This could be an
interview the journalist conducts with a person who witnessed or participated in an event or has direct
knowledge of a subject, or the material written by such an eyewitness (a diary, report, or transcript). As every
journalist knows, interviews make stories real. They bring us closer to the truth, give the news a voice and supply
readers with first-hand experiences that deepen their understanding of the world.