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Molluscan diversity in the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai, west coast of

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 Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Regional Studies in Marine Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rsma

Molluscan diversity in the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai, west

coast of India
G. Kantharajan a , P.K. Pandey b, *, P. Krishnan c , V. Deepak Samuel c , V.S. Bharti a ,
R. Purvaja c
a
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
b
College of Fisheries, CAU (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
c
National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, MoEFCC, Anna University Campus, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India

highlights

• Molluscan diversity of mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai, India has been studied.

• A total of 61 molluscs, represented by 46 gastropods, 14 bivalves and 1 polyplacophora has been documented.
• Two gastropods, Salinator fragilis and Auriculastra subula were reported for the first time from the West Coast of India.
• The results aid in identifying sensitive areas and in preparing region-specific conservation management plan.

article info a b s t r a c t
Article history: Ever increasing human population, habitat destruction and pollution along the Mumbai coast are some
Received 16 December 2016 of the major threats to molluscan fauna. Molluscs form a major group of organisms that makes-up an
Received in revised form 6 June 2017 integral part of mangrove ecosystems. A study, carried out in 8 mangrove areas of Mumbai, west coast
Accepted 6 June 2017
of India, from August 2015 to May 2016, revealed a distribution of 61 molluscan species, represented by
Available online 12 June 2017
46 gastropods, 14 bivalves and 1 polyplacophora. The number of species reported from the study is the
second highest for the mangrove ecosystems of India, after Andaman and Nicobar Islands mangroves. The
Keywords:
Conservation study also reports 2 new distributional records for gastropods, namely Salinator fragilis and Auriculastra
Gastropods subula. The molluscan diversity was the highest in the mangroves of Versova, north-western Mumbai. The
Mangrove molluscs molluscan species diversity from mangrove ecosystem along the Mumbai coast has been documented in
Mumbai detail in order to provide useful baseline data for supporting conservation management.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction waters; of which 215 species occur exclusively in the mangrove

ecosystem (Appukuttan, 2008; Boominathan et al., 2012). This
Mangroves are a group of vascular plants, having special mor- list also includes terrestrial arboreal molluscs that inhabit the
phological, physiological and non-visible adaptations (Ong and mangrove environment. Various studies relating to molluscan di-
Gong, 2013) and support diverse groups of aquatic and terrestrial versity have been carried out in different mangrove environs of
fauna by acting as breeding and feeding grounds (Kathiresan and India viz., Sundarbans (Dey, 2006), Bhavanapadu (Ranjan and Babu,
Qasim, 2005; Aksornkoae, 1989). Mollusca, an important animal 2015), Nuvvalarevu (Chakravarty and Ranjan, 2014), Pondicherry
phylum, which inhabits the mangrove environment, is represented (Satheeshkumar and Khan, 2012), Karangad (Venkatesan et al.,
by predators, herbivores, detritivores or filter feeders in the man- 2010), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Das and Roy, 1989), Gulf of
grove food web (Cannicci et al., 2008). Mollusca is the second Kutch (Saravanakumar et al., 2007), Raigad (Pawar, 2012), Ratna-
largest phylum with a global estimated diversity of around 0.2 giri (Kulkarni and Mukadam, 2015), Coastal estuaries of Karnataka
million species, of which, 85,000 species have been described, (Boominathan et al., 2012), Kerala (Radhakrishnan et al., 2006) and
including 52,525 species from marine, 24,000 from terrestrial Lakshadweep (Susan et al., 2012). However, similar studies in the
and 7,000 from freshwater ecosystems (Chapman, 2009). A to- mangroves of Mumbai are scanty.
tal of 3,271 molluscan species have been reported from Indian Effect of increasing anthropogenic pressure on Mumbai man-
groves, due to various developmental activities like reclamation
for housing, sewage treatment, slums, garbage dumps, and in-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P.K. Pandey). dustrial waste water, is evident (Joshi and Kale, 2013; Singare et

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.06.002
2352-4855/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111 103

al., 2014; Yedla, 2003) and is the biggest threat to the mangrove of recorded bivalves (Fig. 2) belonged to 14 genera of 12 families.
ecosystem and its associated flora and fauna. Even a small scale The most important families in terms of number of species were,
modification in the mangrove ecosystem, for instance, affects the Ellobidae (7), Neritidae (6), Littorinidae (4) among gastropods,
diversity of molluscs and might even lead to local extirpation (Maia whereas Ostreidea (2), Arcidae (2) were the dominant families
and Coutinho, 2013). As development is inevitable, causing threats among bivalves. Members of the family Littorinidae were arboreal
to the molluscs, the mangrove environs of Mumbai need special in nature and were observed in mangrove roots, leaves, barks etc.
attention for protection and conservation. The present study was The highest molluscan diversity was recorded in Versova man-
carried out to obtain an inventory of molluscan fauna from the groves (27 species) and the least in Bandra and Gorai mangroves
unexplored areas of the Mumbai mangroves for biodiversity docu- (10 species) each.
mentation. Among gastropods, species of the following genera: Pirenella,
Cassidula, Melampus, Littoraria, Telescopium, Neripteron, Onchidium,
2. Materials and methods and Elysia bengalensis were observed to occur exclusively in the
mangrove environment. Species of Nerita, Nassarius, and Trochus
2.1. Description of the study area were common to both mangrove and non-mangrove environs.
In case of bivalve species, Geloina erosa, Pharella javanicus, and
Mumbai lies 18◦ 53′ –19◦ 19′ N latitudes and 72◦ 47′ –72◦ 59′ E Glauconome chinensis were observed exclusively in the mangrove
longitudes, in the Ulhas river mouth of central west coast of India. environment.
Creeks like Malad, Manori, Mahim, Mahul, and Thane surround the Telescopium telescopium, Neripteron violaceum, and Onchidium
city and support mangrove growth with an area of about 50 km2 sp. were reported from all the surveyed areas. Clusters of Elysia
(Forest Survey of India, 2015). The mangroves in Mumbai were bengalensis (Mangrove sea slug) were observed in the standing
classified as 8 contiguous areas viz., Gorai (GOR), Versova (VER), water puddles of Sewri and Vikhroli mangroves. Freshwater Pul-
Juhu (JUH), Bandstand (BST), Bandra (BAN), Sewri (SEW), Vikhroli monate species, Macrochlamys sp. and Physella gyrina were ob-
(VIK), and Elephanta Island (ELE) (Fig. 1). Mangrove habitat of served in the marginal area of Vikhroli mangroves. Representa-
Gorai, Versova, Sewri, Vikhroli, and Bandra were characterized by tives from family Ellobidae were observed in all the study sites
creek mudflats, rocky cliffs and bays, whereas rocky cliffs and open except Elephanta Island and no bivalve was documented from the
shorelines were found at Bandstand and Juhu. In case of Elephanta, mangroves in Bandra. Edible oysters like Saccostrea cucullata and
it was an Island category mangrove habitat. Vijay et al. (2005) Crossostrea sp. were found attached on the rocks or mangroves
reported seven species of true mangroves in Mumbai and noted
stems.
the dominance of Avicennia marina.
Collection of rock oysters from Danapani region during the low
tide period by a group of local women for consumption, was ob-
2.2. Collection of samples
served. A heap dead shells of Telescopium telescopium was observed
at Gorai mangroves, indicating shell collection carried out by locals.
For evaluating the molluscan diversity, 25 representative sites
In many surveyed mangrove areas (Juhu, Versova and Bandra),
from the 8 mangrove areas of Mumbai were selected based on
the substratum was completely covered by the domestic wastes
the mangrove diversity and various typical habitat characteristics
(plastic and polyethylene).
following Vijay et al. (2005) and Lakshmi et al. (2012) as shown in
The present study reports two new distributional records for
Fig. 1.
gastropods, Salinator fragilis (Lamarck, 1822) and Auriculastra sub-
A survey was carried out from August 2015 to May 2016 during
ula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832), from the west coast of India. Details
the low tide period. In each of the 25 sites, a 100 m line transect
of the collected specimens are given in Table 2.
was laid perpendicularly from the seaward margin into the man-
grove forest, along which 3 to 4 quadrats (1 × 1 m) were fixed,
covering all the zones of mangroves (Satizabal et al., 2012). Mollusc Discussion
specimens within the quadrats were collected by handpicking and
the arboreal forms were collected from mangrove structures like The higher diversity of gastropods, compared to bivalves in
stem, prop roots, and pneumatophores of mangrove following mangroves, is attributed to the better tolerance capacity of gas-
Sasekumar (1974). Bivalves including mussels and oysters were tropods to hard conditions that prevail in the mangrove ecosystem
collected by scraping surfaces like rocks and shells (Shunmugam (Hogarth, 2015). This feature is in concurrence with many research
and Vairamani, 2008). Identification was carried out, following findings across Indian mangroves (Table 3). Kathiresan and Qasim
the taxonomical descriptions by Apte (2014), Rao (2003) and Dey (2005) attributed low faunal species richness in the west coast
(2006). The specimens of Salinator fragilis and Auriculastra subula, mangroves to lack of proper survey. The present study reports
were identified following keys by Golding et al. (2007), Martins the second highest molluscan diversity in mangrove ecosystems
(1994), and previous descriptions of specimens from elsewhere of India, after Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Table 3), which could
(Woolacott, 1945; Golding et al., 2007). The specimens of the be attributed to intensive surveys carried out in different mangrove
identified uncommon/rare species were provided to the National associated ecosystems like mudflats, creeks, saltmarsh, rock cliffs,
Zoological Collections (NZC) repository in Marine Biological Re- and island areas, as reported by Lakshmi et al. (2012). Mangroves of
search Centre (MBRC), Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Chennai, Mumbai are dominated by Avicennia marina, which supports good
India. diversity of molluscs as the physical structure can create suitable
habitat and provide food materials (Jagtap et al., 2001; Kabir et al.,
3. Results 2014; Printrakoon and Wells, 2008).
The predominant mangrove molluscan families observed in
A total of 61 molluscan species were recorded from Mumbai Mumbai viz., Ellobidae, Littorinidae, Potamididae and Neritidae
mangroves. The class Gastropoda, with 46 species, dominated are also widespread in the Indo-Pacific region and South-East
the mangrove environs while Bivalvia and Polyplacophora were Asia (Hogarth, 2015; Walthew, 2012). Out of these, the families
represented by 14 and 1 species, respectively (Table 1). The total Ellobidae and Littorinidae are of tropical origin (Ellison et al., 1999).
number of species in the surveyed mangrove areas ranged from The distribution of bivalves are generally confined to a very narrow
10 to 27 in each area. The gastropods, represented by 46 species zone of low tide seaward limit, due to feeding and larval settlement
(Figs. 3–5), belonged to 31 genera of 22 families while, 14 species requirements. Very few species, like, Geloina erosa, Glauconome
104 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111

Fig. 1. Map showing the study areas in mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai. Figure Legend: Gorai (1) Bhyander (2) Dahisar (3) Gorai jetty (4) Near Essel World; Versova (5)
Malad Creek (6) Dharavali (7) Aksa Beach (8) Pascalwadi (9) Near CIFE; Juhu (10) Versova Beach (11) Near Rajiv Gandhi Institute; Bandstand (12) Chimbai (13) Shirley (14)
Bandstand; Bandra (15) Near BKC (16) Mithi River; Sewri (17) Chembur-Wadala road (18) Mahul jetty (19) Sewri Flamingo watch; Vikhroli (20) Vikhroli (21) Ghatkopar (22)
Mankhurd; Elephanta Island (23) Mangrove point1 (24) Mangrove point2 (25) Mangrove point3.

chinensis, Pharella sp. and Crassostrea sp. are well adapted to the region (21 species) was greater than that reported in an earlier
spray zones and changing environmental conditions of inter-tidal study from the region (Verma et al., 2004).
Mumbai mangroves are among the severely affected areas due
mangrove areas (Jiang and Li, 1995; Kabir et al., 2014; Morton, to illegal mangrove cutting and inflow of toxic and non-toxic
1983; Nagelkerken et al., 2008). The molluscan diversity of Sewri contaminants, mainly from treated and untreated wastewater,
 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111 105

Table 1
List of molluscan species recorded in mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai.
No. Family Species Mangrove areas in Mumbai
GOR VER JUH BST BAN SEW VIK ELE
Bivalvia
1 Laternulidae Laternula sp. − + − − − − − −
2 Pharidae Pharella javanicus (Lamarck, 1818) − − − − − + − −
3 Donacidae Donax scortum (Linnaeus, 1758) − + − − − − − −
4 Teredinidae Teredo sp. − − − − − + − −
5 Glauconomidae Glauconome chinensis (Gray, 1828) + + + + − − + −
6 Trapezidae Neotrapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819) − − − + − − − −
7 Cyrenidae Geloina erosa (Lightfoot, 1786) − − − − − + − +
8 Veneridae Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791) − + − + − − − −
9 Arcidae Barbatia sp. − − − + − − + −
10 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) − − − − − + − −
11 Noetiidae Noetiella pectunculiformis (Dunker, 1866) − + − − − − − −
12 Mytilidae Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) − + − − − − − −
13 Ostreidae Crassostrea sp. − − + − − + + +
14 Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) − + − − − − − +
Sub-total 1 7 2 4 0 5 3 3
Gastropoda
1 Littorinidae Littoraria carinifera (Menke, 1830) + − + − − − − −
2 Littoraria intermedia (Philippi, 1846) + + − + − + − −
3 Littoraria scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) − + − + − + − +
4 Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839) − − − − − − − +
5 Ranellidae Gyrineum natator (Röding, 1798) − + + − − − − +
6 Assimineidae Assiminea brevicula (Pfeiffer, 1855) − − − − − − − +
7 Assiminea sp1 − − − − − + − −
8 Assiminea sp2 − + − − − − − −
9 Iravadidae Iravadia bombayana (Stoliczka, 1868) − − − − + − − −
10 Buccinidae Cantharus spiralis (Gray, 1839) − − − − − + − +
11 Muricidae Indothais lacera (Born, 1778) − − − − − − − +
12 Indothais sacellum (Gmelin, 1791) +
13 Semiricinula tissoti (Petit de la Saussaye, 1852) − − − + − − − −
14 Cerithiidae Clypeomorus bifasciata (G.B. Sowerby II, 1855) − − + + − − − −
15 Planaxidae Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1778) − + − − − + − −
16 Potamididae Pirenella cingulata (Gmelin, 1791) + + + + − + + +
17 Pirenella conica (Blainville, 1829) − − − − − − + −
18 Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + + + + + +
19 Thiaridae Melanoides tuberculata(O.F. Müller, 1774) − + − − − − − −
20 Haminoeidae Haminoea crocata (Pease, 1860) − − − − − + + +
21 Plakobranchidae Elysia bengalensis (Swennen, 2011) − − − − − + + −
22 Physidae Physella gyrina (Say, 1821) − − − − − − + −
23 Ariophantidae Macrochlamys sp. − − − − − − + −
24 Onchidiidae Onchidium sp. + + + + + + + +
25 Amphibolidae Salinator fragilis (Lamarck, 1822) − − − − − − − +
26 Salinator burmana (Blanford, 1867) − − − − − − − +
27 Ellobiidae Ellobium gangeticum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) + − + − + − + −
28 Melampus sincaporensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) + − + + + + + −
29 Melampus sp. (Linnaeus, 1758) − − − − + − + −
30 Auriculastra subula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) − − − − + − + −
31 Cassidula aurisfelis (Bruguière, 1789) + + + + + + + −
32 Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) − + + + − − − −
33 Pythia plicata (Férussac, 1821) − − − − − − + −
34 Neritidae Neripteron violaceum (Gmelin, 1791) + + + + + + + +
35 Nerita albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) − + − − − − − −
36 Nerita balteata (Reeve, 1855) − + − − − − − −
37 Nerita chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758) − + + − − − − −
38 Nerita oryzarum (Récluz, 1841) − + − + − − − +
39 Nassariidae Nassarius foveolatus (Dunker, 1847) − − − − − + − −
40 Nassarius stolatus (Gmelin, 1791) − − − − − + − −
41 Nassarius sufflatus (Gould, 1860) − − − − − + − −
42 Melongenidae Volegalea cochlidium (Linnaeus, 1758) − + − + − − − −
43 Chilodontidae Euchelus asper (Gmelin, 1791) − − − + − − − −
44 Trochidae Trochus cariniferus (Reeve, 1842) − + − + − − − −
45 Clanculus scabrosus (Philippi, 1850) − + − + − − − −
46 Umbonium vestiarium (Linnaeus, 1758) − − + − − − − −
Sub-total 9 19 13 17 9 16 15 14
Polyplacophora
47 Chitonidae Ischnochiton yerburyi (E. A. Smith, 1891) − + − − − − − −
Total 10 27 15 21 9 21 18 17
GOR — Gorai, VER — Versova, JUH — Juhu, BST — Bandstand, BAN — Bandra, SEW — Sewri, VIK — Vikhroli, ELE — Elephanta Island.
+ → denotes Presence.
− → denotes Absence.
106 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111

Fig. 2. Bivalves collected from the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai.

Table 2
Details of the new distributional records.
Details Salinator fragilis Auriculastra subula
Family Amphibolidae Gray, 1840 Ellobiidae (L. Pfeiffer, 1854 (1822))
Measurements Shell length 3.98–4.47 mm, Shell width 4.04–4.49 mm, Aperture Shell length 9.32–9.34 mm, Shell width 3.52–3.57 mm, Aperture
height 2.80–3.12 mm, Aperture width 1.98–2.56 mm. height 5.62–6.01 mm, Aperture width 2.52–2.56 mm.
Features Shell small to medium in size, transparent, umbilicated and creamy Shell solid, oval-elongate to fusiform in shape, shiny and pale yellow
fawn colored with broad dark brown band surrounding the upper color in appearance and moderately high spire. Aperture forms the
portion of the whorl. The whorls, five in number. Sutures are deeply major portion of the shell (about 50%–65%). Columella truncate and
impressed. Aperture is large and roundly expanded. The Inner having one or two folds. The inner lip with one small twisted
columellar lip, strictly attached to major part of the body wall, creates columellar plicae and sharp outer lip with smooth thickening inside.
wide umbilical cavity.
Habitat Muddy patches in mangrove habitats. Muddy mangrove swamps.
Remarks New record to west coast of India. New record to west coast of India.
 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111 107

Fig. 3. Gastropods collected from the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai.

released into the creeks from the city with high loads of suspended ecosystem of Mumbai city are under stress. However, members
solids (Qasim, 2004; Untawale et al., 1992). This was also witnessed of Ellobidae family were not observed in Elephanta Island in the
in the present survey, especially, in Bandra mangroves. Dhanan- present study, as also reported by Pawar (2012). The effect of de-
jayan et al. (2012) reported higher concentrations of Polycyclic grading environmental conditions of mangrove ecosystem on the
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of Sewri distribution of molluscan species along the Mumbai coast needs to
mudflats than the coastal sediments of USA, China, Egypt, Greece
be studied further.
and Antarctica. Increasing human population results in the in-
Saccostrea cucullata, Crassostrea sp., Geloina erosa and Perna
creased generation of solid wastes, making the management cum-
viridis support inshore fisheries in many countries, including India
bersome and finally affecting the coastal ecosystems. The gastro-
pod, Neripteron violaceum and members of Ellobidae family (Cas- (Hutchison et al., 2014; Ramachandra et al., 2012). The unregulated
sidula and Melampus) are reported as pollution indicators in man- collection of molluscs and severe pollution along the coastal creeks
grove ecosystems of Puducherry (Satheeshkumar and Khan, 2012) of Mumbai may lead to the end of the fishery (Datta et al., 2010;
and Sri Lanka (Dissanayake and Chandrasekara, 2014). Widespread Murthy et al., 2001; Sundaram, 1987; Sundaram and Deshmukh,
distribution of the above said species indicates that the mangrove 2011). In many parts of the world’s mangrove ecosystem, plastic
108 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111

Fig. 4. Gastropods collected from the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai.

and polyethylene are considered as a major threat to the biodiver- occurrence in the west coast of India. Another species, Auriculastra
sity (Dissanayake and Chandrasekara, 2014; Ivar do Sul et al., 2014; subula, is widely distributed along the Indo-pacific region. How-
Sandilyan and Kathiresan, 2012). Tide dominated mangrove creeks ever, distribution in the Western Indian Ocean is reported only
of Mumbai (Vikas et al., 2015), receive huge quantities of plastic from Mauritius (Van Damme and Richter, 2016) and the present
and polyethylene material from the coastal waters as well as direct study confirms the range of this species further to the west coast
of India.
disposal from the surrounding human settlements. The complex
root structures of mangroves retain the above wastes and thus
4. Conclusion
affect the habitat utility of benthic faunal groups, mainly molluscs.
Salinator fragilis is a pulmonate gastropod recently reported in Mangrove ecosystems serve as a habitat for diverse floral and
India, by Abhijna et al. (2015) from the Sundarbans mangroves faunal groups associated with them, thus adding to their con-
and Kakinada Bay, east coast of India. Observation of this species servation significance. Mollusca are one of the dominant faunal
from the muddy mangrove patches of Elephanta Island, Mumbai, groups inhabiting the mangrove ecosystems, the diversity of which
during the current study provides the first evidence on their is not comprehensively studied in India. The present investiga-
 G. Kantharajan et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 14 (2017) 102–111 109

Fig. 5. Gastropods collected from the mangrove ecosystem of Mumbai.

Table 3
Molluscan diversity in different mangrove ecosystems.
Reference Place No. of Gastropods No. of Bivalves No. of Polyplacophorans
Irma and Sofyatuddin (2011) Indonesia 14 5 –
Zvonareva et al. (2015) Central Vietnam 53 – –
Printrakoon and Wells (2008) Thailand 31 16 –
Jiang and Li (1995) China 30 24 –
Hamdard et al. (2016) Karachi (Pakistan) 12 2 –
Ghasemi et al. (2011) Iran 28 –
Dey (2006) Sundarbans 31 25 –
Ranjan and Babu (2015) Bhavanapadu 15 4 –
Chakravarty and Ranjan (2014) Nuvvalarevu 6 3 –
Satheeshkumar and Khan (2012) Pondicherry 21 16 –
Venkatesan et al. (2010) Karangad (Gulf of Mannar) 13 12 –
Das and Roy (1989) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 66 32 –
Saravanakumar et al. (2007) Gulf of Kutch 17 16 –
Pawar (2012) Uran (Raigad) 38 13 –
Kulkarni and Mukadam (2015) Bhayte (Ratnagiri) 4 8 –
Boominathan et al. (2012) Kali, Gangavali, Sharavathi and Aghanashini Estuary 12 4 –
Radhakrishnan et al. (2006) Kerala 14 7 –
Susan et al. (2012) Lakshadweep 9 − –
Present Study Mumbai 46 14 1

tion on molluscan species diversity associated with the mangrove in mangrove field sampling. Help rendered by Dr. Henk Dekker
ecosystems along Mumbai coast, revealed the distribution of 46 (Malacologist) and Mr. P. Marimuthu in identification of specimens
gastropods, 14 bivalves and 1 polyplacophora, totaling to 61 mol- is greatly acknowledged. The authors are grateful to the editor
luscan species with 2 new distributional records for gastropods, and two anonymous reviewers, whose suggestions significantly
namely Salinator fragilis and Auriculastra subula. This comprehen- improved the manuscript.
sive account on the diversity of mangrove molluscs shall serve as
baseline information for future studies on biodiversity assessment
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