Year 9 CAP 5

2024-2025

Guidance, Checklist and Knowledge Organisers

What do I need to know?
Everything that you will be examined on is covered in the Knowledge Organisers for years 7 and 8
and the year 9 Autumn term booklet.
What is the structure of the paper?
1-2 mark short answer questions.
3-4 mark describe/explain questions.
2 longer explain/evaluate/discuss questions (6 and 12 minutes).
What are the COMMAND words and how should I answer them?
A DEFINE question will ask you to give the specific meaning of a key term.
A SUGGEST question means you must use geographical ideas to explain why something has
happened.
An IDENTIFY question means you should give a piece of information.
You will also have some DESCRIBE questions where a graph or map is shown. For this type of
question you should use the TEA/TEE rule.
a) Trend – what is the general pattern shown?
b) Evidence – give some specific data (dates/numbers/percentages/information etc) to back up
your point
c) Anomaly – is there anything that doesn’t fit the pattern? Say what it is. If there is no obvious
anomaly give 2 pieces of evidence instead.

For example. Using figure 1, describe the changes in global population over time. (3 marks)

Figure 1

Trend – global population has increased (1 mark)

Evidence – overall it has increased from 2.5

billion in 1950 to over 7.5 billion in 2020. It is
predicted to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050(1
mark)

Anomaly – the rate of increase varies between

continents. It is predicted to continue to rise in
Africa but in other continents it will stabilise (stay
the same) after 2025. (1 mark).

An EXPLAIN/GIVE REASONS question means you need to say why something has happened or why
a graph/map has the pattern it does.
AN EVALUATE question is asking you to measure the value or success of something. You should
talk about strengths/weaknesses and possible alternatives, using evidence/data from a resource if
you have been given one. You should use this to come to a conclusion.
A TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE with question is asking you to give your views on a
statement, backed up with evidence. Useful phrases to use include;
I partially/fully/do not agree with...
On the one hand....but on the other hand...
A DISCUSS question is asking you to give the strengths and weaknesses of both sides of an
argument.
 KEY WORDS that tell you how to answer the questions.

Distribution = how something is spread out across an area

Trend = pattern
Cause = makes something happen
Effect/impact = the result of something
Negative/disadvantage/problem = a bad thing
Positive/advantage/benefit = a good thing
Using figure 1 = this means you must information on the figure (map/graph/photo etc) to answer the
questions
Characteristic = a feature (e.g. the landscape is mountainous)

UK Landscapes How Flash card

confident? made?
I can describe the characteristics of the three main rock types (igneous, ü ? X
metamorphic, sedimentary)
I can describe the distribution of the UK’s main rock types ü ? X
I can explain the different relief across the UK ü ? X
I can explain the four processes of erosion ü ? X
I can explain the four processes of transport ü ? X
I can explain deposition ü ? X

Development How Flash card

confident? made?
I can define the term ‘development’ ü ? X
I can describe development indicators and their advantages and disadvantages ü ? X
I can describe the global pattern of development ü ? X
I can explain the difference causes of the development gap ü ? X
I can describe the characteristics of developed / emerging / developing countries ü ? X
I can explain the impacts/consequences of uneven development ü ? X
I can assess the effectiveness of aid in closing the development gap ü ? X

Population How Flash card

confident? made?
I can describe global and UK population density ü ? X
I can give reasons why areas are sparse / densely populated ü ? X
I can describe how global population has changed over time ü ? X
I can the advantages of the UK’s growing population ü ? X
I can define birth rate, death rate and natural increase ü ? X
I can explain why birth rates are higher in developing countries and lower in ü ? X
developed countries
I can describe the Demographic Transition Model ü ? X
I can explain how population changes as a country develops ü ? X
I can interpret population pyramids for developing / emerging and developed ü ? X
countries
I can define migration ü ? X
I can describe push and pull factors for migration ü ? X
I can explain the causes for international migration ü ? X
I can explain the impacts of international migration on both the source and host ü ? X
country

Tectonic Hazards How Flash card

confident? made?
I can define what a natural hazard is ü ? X
I can describe the characteristics of the layers inside the earth ü ? X
I can identify the four different types of plate boundary ü ? X
I can explain how tectonic plates move at each plate boundary and what landforms ü ? X
and hazards they create
I can assess the causes and impacts of an earthquake in a HIC (Japan) ü ? X
I can assess the causes and impacts of an earthquake in a LIC (Haiti) ü ? X
I can make a judgement about which type of country suffers most from tectonic ü ? X
hazards
I can explain the formation of tsunamis ü ? X
I can assess the impacts of a tsunami (Japan) ü ? X
I can assess the responses of a tsunami (Japan) ü ? X
I can identify the characteristics of shield and composite volcanoes ü ? X
I can assess the impacts of a volcanic eruption ü ? X
I can assess the hazards caused by a volcanic eruption ü ? X

Energy How Flash card

confident? made?
I can define what energy, fuel and electricity are ü ? X
I can explain why electricity is important ü ? X
I can name the three fossil fuels and assess the advantages and disadvantages of ü ? X
using fossil fuels
I can describe current patterns of energy production in the UK ü ? X
I can assess the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy ü ? X
I can assess the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy ü ? X
I can assess the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy ü ? X
I can make a judgement regarding which type of renewable energy is best for the UK ü ? X
I can interpret flood hydrographs for both rural and urban locations ü ? X
I can explain the advantages and disadvantages of different hard engineering ü ? X
techniques
I can explain the advantages and disadvantages of different soft engineering ü ? X
techniques
 Population and migration

keyterms: Population pyramids:

Population density - is the number of people living in an
area. It is worked out by dividing the number of people in
an area by the size of the area.
Birth rate - the number of live births per thousand of
population per year.
Death rate - the number of deaths per thousand of
population per year.
Natural increase - Births and deaths are natural causes of
population change. The difference between the birth rate
and the death rate of a country or place is called
the natural increase. The natural increase is calculated by
subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. Natural
increase = birth rate - death rate. Population pyramids are graphs that show population structures, i.e.
Migration - Migration is the movement of people from how many males and females of different age groups are in the
one place to another. The reasons for migration can be population in each place. Population structures change from place to
economic, social, political or environmental. There are place and over time. The population pyramids for the countries below
usually push factors and pull factors at work. are different shapes.
Forced migration - the movements of refugees as well as What does this mean?
people displaced by natural or environmental disasters,  A wide base means there are lots of young people, and suggests a
chemical or nuclear disasters, famine. high birth rate.
Voluntary migration - means relocation according to  A narrow base means a smaller proportion of young people,
personal desires. People decide to move to a new place suggesting a low birth rate.
for many reasons, and those who voluntarily migrate are  A wide middle, tall pyramid means an ageing population,
often motivated by economic reasons and are searching suggesting that there is a long life expectancy.
for a better life. Some reasons for high birth rates include:
Rural – Urban migration - the process of people moving  need for large families, eg to work in rural areas
from rural areas to cities  lack of family planning
Push Factors - are those that encourage a population to  people have many children because many infants die
leave its home. Some reasons for falling death rates include:
Pull factors - the pull factor is what draws people to a  increasing wealth
new location.  better hygiene and improved healthcare
 better farming techniques
Why do people migrate? Migration
Sometimes people have a choice Migration can bring advantages and disadvantages to the country which is losing people and
about whether they move, but also to the host country.
sometimes they are forced to Country losing people
move. The reasons people leave a Advantages Disadvantages
place are called the push factors. Money sent home by migrants People of working age move out reducing
The reasons people are attracted the size of the country's potential workforce
to new places to live are called Decreases pressure on jobs and resources Gender imbalances are caused as it is
the pull factors. typically men who seek to find employment
elsewhere. Women and children are left
Migrants may return with new skills 'Brain drain' if many skilled workers leave
Host country
Advantages Disadvantages
A richer and more diverse culture Increasing cost of services such as health
care and education
Helps to reduce any labour shortages Overcrowding
Migrants are more prepared to take on low Disagreements between different religions
paid, low skilled jobs and cultures

UK migration
Migrants come to the UK from a variety of countries. People from the UK also emigrate to countries around the world. Immigration
is not new and the UK has been a multicultural society for thousands of years. Many people in the UK are descended from previous
settlers and invaders such as the Romans, Vikings, Saxons and Normans.
Recent migrants include people from other European countries such as Poland. Any European Union resident is usually free to work
in other European Union countries. This freedom of movement has encouraged migration.
Another type of migrant is an asylum seeker, someone who has been forced to leave their own country because they are in danger,
eg fleeing as a result of their religious beliefs or the danger of war.
Natural hazards

Destructive plate boundary Collision zones Constructive plate Conservative plate boundary
A destructive plate boundary occurs Collision zones boundary A conservative plate boundary,
when oceanic and continental plates form when two A constructive plate sometimes called a transform plate
move together. The oceanic plate is continental plates boundary, sometimes called margin, occurs where plates slide
forced under the collide. Neither a divergent plate margin, past each other in opposite
lighter continental plate. Friction plate is forced occurs when plates move directions, or in the same direction
causes melting of the oceanic plate under the other, apart. Volcanoes are but at different speeds.
and may trigger earthquakes. Magma and so both are formed as magma wells up Friction is eventually overcome and
rises up through cracks and erupts forced up and to fill the gap, and the plates slip past in a sudden
onto the surface. form fold eventually new crust is movement. The shockwaves created
An example of a destructive plate mountains. formed. produce an earthquake.
boundary is where the Nazca plate is An example of a This occurs at the San Andreas Fault
forced under the South American constructive plate boundary in California.
Plate. is the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Effects (impacts) and responses to an earthquake in an HIC and an LIC

Social effects Economic effects Environmental effects Responses
Japan Over 15,000 people Shops and business The built landscape was The rescue services and army were
Earthquake died. Homes were were destroyed by damaged by the able to clear roads quickly.
2011 damaged. However, the earthquake and earthquake and The rebuilding of the worst
some buildings were tsunami wave. The tsunami. Lots of roads affected areas began almost
High Income earthquake proof. total damages from and buildings destroyed. immediately. The government had
Country Transport and the earthquake and The tsunami that a budget of over 300 billion to
(richer) communication links tsunami are occurred after the rebuild.
were disrupted. Around estimated to have earthquake flooded the In the long term, over £70 million
4.4 million households cost $300 billion coastal area. was spent on lasers that are used
in North-East Japan dollars. to monitor even the slightest
were left without earthquake movement.
electricity.
Haiti Over 220,000 people Businesses were Important natural and United Nations troops and police
Earthquake died and 1.3 million destroyed and lots of human landmarks were were sent to help
2010 people were made people lost their lost through landslides distribute aid and keep order.
homeless as their income. 30,000 Temporary field hospitals were set
Low Income houses were destroyed commercial buildings up to look after the wounded and
Country by the earthquake. Very collapsed. This is emergency shelters were built.
(poorer) few of the building were because a lot of the Haiti received $1 billion in aid, but
earthquake proof. building were poorly the Haitian government said that
built. they would need $1.5 billion for
the country to fully recover.

Effects are often classified as primary and secondary impacts. Primary effects occur as a direct result of the ground shaking, eg
buildings collapsing. Secondary effects occur as a result of the primary effects, eg tsunamis or fires due to ruptured gas mains.
Parts of a volcano Volcanic hazards
Lava flows: A greater threat to property than human life due to opportunity
for evacuation. Lava flows are more dangerous when released very quickly.
They usually cause large but localised economic losses.
Pyroclastic flows: These are hot rock fragments, lava particles ash and hot
gases. Volcanic gases: Gases emitted from volcanoes include, water vapour,
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, helium and carbon monoxide.
Ash and Tephra fall: Ash is material below two millimetres in diameter whilst
tephra is anything above this. Ash or tephra can stay in the atmosphere
causing global variations in weather patterns. Ash fall does not cause many
deaths but can lead to breathing difficulties.
 Energy

Non-renewable energy: is energy that comes from sources that will run out. The most known UK energy use: The UK
of these are fossil fuels - a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from The UK government wants to reduce its
the remains of living organisms. carbon dioxide emissions. It also wants to
Disadvantages of using fossil fuels Advantages of Fossil fuels increase the amount of energy which
 A major advantage of fossil fuels is comes from renewable sources.
 Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy By 2020 European Union targets state that
their capacity to generate huge
resources. Their supply is limited and 20% of energy must come from renewable
amounts of electricity in just a
they will eventually run out. Fossil fuels single location. sources. Each member state of the EU may
 Fossil fuels are very easy to find. have a different target, as 20% is an
do not renew themselves, while fuels
 When coal is used in power plants, average figure for the EU.
such as wood can be renewed endlessly. The UK has a target of 15% of its energy
they are very cost effective. Coal
 Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide when is also in abundant supply. consumption being sourced from
they burn, which adds to the greenhouse  Transporting oil and gas to the renewable energy. (In 2009 only 3% of
power stations can be made energy came from renewable sources in
effect and increases global warming. Of
through the use of pipes making it the UK). Sweden has a target of nearly 50%
the three fossil fuels, for a given amount whereas Malta has a target of 10%.
an easy task.
of energy released, coal produces the  Power plants that utilize gas are very The EU also aims to reduce greenhouse
most carbon dioxide and natural gas efficient. gas emissions by 80-95% below 1990 levels
 Power stations that make use of by 2050.
produces the least. There are two ways the energy use can
fossil fuel can be constructed in
 Coal and oil release sulphur dioxide gas change in the UK:
almost any location. This is
when they burn, which causes breathing possible as long as large  Reducing the demand for energy
quantities of fuel can be easily  Increasing the supply of renewable
problems for living creatures and
energy
contributes to acid rain.
Renewable energy - is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale,
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

The advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources.

Type of energy Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages

Solar Energy from sunlight is Potentially infinite energy supply. Manufacture and implementation of
captured in solar panels and Single dwellings can have own solar panels can be costly.
converted into electricity. electricity supply.
Wind Wind turbines (modern Can be found singularly, but usually Manufacture and implementation of
windmills) turn wind energy many together in wind farms. wind farms can be costly.
into electricity. Potentially infinite energy supply. Some local people object to on-shore
wind farms, arguing that it spoils the
countryside.
Tidal The movement of tides drives Ideal for an island such as the UK. Construction of barrage is very costly.
turbines. Potential to generate a lot of energy. Only a few estuaries are suitable.
A tidal barrage (a kind of dam) Tidal barrage can double as a bridge, Opposed by some environmental groups
is built across estuaries, forcing and help prevent flooding. as having a negative impact on wildlife.
water through gaps. May reduce tidal flow and impede flow
of sewage out to sea.
Wave The movement of seawater in Ideal for an island country. Construction can be costly.
and out of a cavity on the shore More likely to be small local May be opposed by local or
compresses trapped air, driving operations, rather than done on a environmental groups.
a turbine. national scale.
Hydroelectric Energy harnessed from the Creates water reserves as well as Costly to build.
Power (HEP) movement of water through energy supplies. Can cause the flooding of surrounding
rivers, lakes and dams. communities and landscapes.
Dams have major ecological impacts on
local hydrology.