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Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter 10

Problem-Set Solutions
10.1 a. In Arrhenius acid-base theory, the H+ ion is responsible for properties of acidic
solutions.
b. In Arrhenius acid-base theory, the OH— ion is responsible for properties of basic solutions.

10.2 a. ionization b. dissociation

10.3 a. A sour taste is a property of an Arrhenius acid.

b. A bitter taste is a property of an Arrhenius base.

10.4 a. Arrhenius acid b. Arrhenius base

10.5 In water, Arrhenius acids ionize to form H+ ions and Arrhenius bases ionize to form OH— ions.

H2O _ H2O _
a. HI H+ + I b. HClO H+ + ClO

H2O _ H2O + + _
c. LiOH Li + + OH d. CsOH Cs OH

H2O _ H2O _
10.6 a. HBr H+ + Br b. HCN H+ + CN
H2O + _ H2O _
c. RbOH Rb + OH d. KOH K+ + OH

10.7 a. HF functions as a Brønsted-Lowry acid because it donates a proton to H2 O.

b. S2— functions as a Brønsted-Lowry base because it accepts a proton from H2 O.
c. H2CO3 functions as a Brønsted-Lowry acid because it donates a proton to H2O.
d. HCO3— functions as a Brønsted-Lowry acid because it donates a proton to H2 O.

10.8 a. acid b. base c. acid d. base

10.9 In these equations the Brønsted-Lowry acid donates protons to a Brønsted-Lowry base; the
Brønsted-Lowry base accepts protons from a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
a. HClO + H2 O → H3 O+ + ClO– b. HClO4 + NH3 → NH4+ + ClO4–
c. H3 O+ + OH– → H2O + H2 O d. H3 O+ + NH2– → H2 O + NH3

10.10 a. H2PO4– + NH3 → NH4+ + HPO42– b. H2 O + ClO4– → HClO4 + OH–

c. HCl + OH– → H2 O + Cl– d. HC2H3 O2 + H2 O → H3 O+ + C2 H3 O2–

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 113
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
114 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.11 A conjugate acid-base pair is two species, one an acid and one a base, that differ from each
other through the loss or gain of a proton (H+ ion).
a. Yes, HCl and Cl− are a conjugate acid-base pair. HCl, the acid, loses a proton to become
Cl−, the conjugate base.
b. Yes, NH4+ and NH3 are a conjugate acid-base pair. NH4 +, the acid, loses a proton to become
NH3, the conjugate base.
c. No, H2CO3 and CO32– are not a conjugate acid-base pair. H2CO3 is an acid but its conjugate
base is HCO3–, not CO32–.
d. Yes, H2PO4– and HPO42– are a conjugate acid-base pair. H2PO4–, the acid, loses a proton to
become HPO42–, the conjugate base.

10.12 a. yes b. no c. yes d. yes

10.13 A conjugate acid-base pair is two species, one an acid and one a base, that differ from each
other through the loss or gain of a proton (H+ ion).
a. The conjugate base of H2SO3 is HSO3–. (The acid loses a proton.)
b. The conjugate acid of CN— is HCN. (The base gains a proton.)
c. The conjugate base of HC2O4— is C2O42–. (The acid loses a proton.)
d. The conjugate acid of HPO42— is H2PO4–. (The base gains a proton.)

10.14 a. NH3 b. H2 O c. HS— d. HNO2

10.15 An amphiprotic substance is a substance that can either lose or accept a proton and thus can
function as either a Brønsted-Lowry acid or a Brønsted-Lowry base.
a. HS– + H2 O → H3 O+ + S2–; HS– + H2 O → H2S + OH–
b. HPO42– + H2 O → H3 O+ + PO43–; HPO42– + H2O → H2PO4– + OH–
c. NH3 + H2 O → H3 O+ + NH2–; NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH–
d. OH– + H2O → H3 O+ + O2–; OH– + H2O → H2 O + OH–

10.16 a. H2PO4– + H2 O → H3 O+ + HPO42–; H2PO4– + H2 O → H3PO4 + OH–

b. HSO4– + H2O → H3 O+ + SO42–; HSO4– + H2 O → H2SO4 + OH–
c. HC2O4– + H2 O → H3 O+ + C2 O42–; HC2 O4– + H2 O → H2C2O4 + OH–
d. PH3 + H2 O → H3O+ + PH2–; PH3 + H2 O → PH4+ + OH–

10.17 a. H3PO4 loses a proton (H+ ion) in water. It is both an Arrhenius acid and a Brønsted-Lowry
acid.
b. NaOH, in water, produces hydroxide ions, which can accept a proton to become water.
NaOH is both an Arrhenius base and a Brønsted-Lowry base.
c. NH3, in water, can accept a proton to become NH4+. It is a Brønsted-Lowry base.
d. Br–, in water, can accept a proton to become HBr. It is a Brønsted-Lowry base.

10.18 a. Arrhenius acid, Brønsted-Lowry acid b. Brønsted-Lowry base

c. Arrhenius base, Brønsted-Lowry base d. Arrhenius acid, Brønsted-Lowry acid

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or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 115

10.19 Acids can be classified according to the number of protons (H+ ions) they can transfer per
molecule during an acid-base reaction: a monoprotic acid supplies one proton, a diprotic acid
supplies two protons, and a triprotic acid supplies three protons.
a. HClO4 is a monoprotic acid. b. H2C2 O4 is a diprotic acid
b. HC2H3 O2 is a monoprotic acid d. H2SO4 is a diprotic acid

10.20 a. monoprotic b. triprotic c. monoprotic d. diprotic

10.21 Citric acid is a triprotic acid; it supplies three protons per molecule during an acid-base
reaction with water.
H3C6 H5O7 + H2O → H3O+ + H2 C6H5 O7–
H2C6 H5O7– + H2 O → H3 O+ + HC6H5 O72–
HC6H5 O72– + H2 O → H3 O+ + C6H5 O73–

10.22 H3 AsO4 + H2 O → H3 O+ + H2AsO4–

H2 AsO4– + H2O → H3 O+ + HAsO42–
HAsO42– + H2O → H3 O+ + AsO43–

10.23 The way the formula for an acid is written indicates which hydrogen atoms are acidic. Acidic
hydrogen atoms are written first, thus separating them from the other hydrogen atoms in the
formula.
a. HNO3 has 1 acidic hydrogen atom, 0 nonacidic hydrogen atoms.
b. H2C4 H4O4 has 2 acidic hydrogen atoms, 4 nonacidic hydrogen atoms.
c. HC4H7 O2 has 1 acidic hydrogen atom, 7 nonacidic hydrogen atoms.
d. CH4 has 0 acidic hydrogen atoms, 4 nonacidic hydrogen atoms.

10.24 a. 2, 0 b. 2, 2 c. 0, 3 d. 1, 5

10.25 Acidic hydrogen atoms are written first in the formula of an acid, thus separating them from
the other hydrogen atoms in the formula. There is one hydrogen atom at the beginning of the
chemical formula (HC3 H5 O3) indicating that this is a monoprotic acid.

10.26 to show that it is a diprotic acid

10.27 From the structure of pyruvic acid we can see that there is only one H atom that is involved in
a polar bond, making this a monoprotic acid.

10.28 diprotic; two H atoms are involved in polar bonds

10.29 In an aqueous solution, a strong acid transfers nearly 100% of its protons to water, and a weak
acid transfers a small percentage (usually less than 5%) of its protons to water. Table 10.1 lists
commonly encountered strong acids.
a. HClO4 is a strong acid. b. H2C2 O4 is a weak acid.
c. HC2H3 O2 is a weak acid. d. H2SO4 is a strong acid.

10.30 a. weak b. weak c. strong d. weak

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116 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.31 In aqueous solution a strong acid transfers very nearly 100% of its protons (H+ ions) to water,
while a weak acid transfers only a small percentage of its protons to water. See Table 10.1 for
a list of some commonly encountered strong acids.
a. Yes, both HCl and HBr are strong acids.
b. No. HClO3 is a strong acid; H2CO3 is a weak acid.
c. Yes, both HC2H3 O2 and H2C3O4 are weak acids.
d. Yes, both H3PO3 and H3PO4 are weak acids.

10.32 a. no b. no c. yes, both weak d. yes, both weak

10.33 The equilibrium position is far to the right for strong acids and far to the left for weak acids.
10.34 The equilibrium position is far to the right for strong bases and far to the left for weak bases.
10.35 The molar concentrations are 0.10 M in both H3 O+ and Cl– ions and zero in HCl.
10.36 0.50 M in both H3 O+ and NO3– ions and zero in HNO3
10.37 The strongest acid is the one in diagram IV; it has the greatest relative amount of HA
molecules ionized.
10.38 The acid in diagram III; it has the least relative amount of HA molecules ionized.

10.39 An acid is monoprotic if it supplies one proton per molecule in an acid-base reaction, diprotic
is it supplies two protons, and triprotic if it supplies three protons. See Table 10.1 for a list of
some commonly encountered strong acids.
a. H3PO4 is a weak triprotic acid. b. H3PO3 is a weak triprotic acid.
c. HBr is a strong monoprotic acid. d. HC2H3 O2 is a weak monoprotic acid. (The
other three hydrogen atoms are not acidic.)
10.40 a. weak, monoprotic b. weak, monoprotic
c. strong, diprotic d. weak, diprotic

10.41 The acid ionization constant for a monoprotic weak acid is obtained by writing the equilibrium
constant for the reaction of the weak acid with water.

⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ F − ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ C 2 H 3O-2 ⎤⎦
a. K a = b. K a =
[ HF ] [ HC H O ]
2 3 2

⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣CN- ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣C6 H 7 O-6 ⎤⎦

10.42 a. K = b. Ka =
a
[ HCN ] [ HC6 H 7O6 ]
10.43 The base ionization constant for a weak base is obtained by writing the equilibrium
constant for the reaction of the weak base with water.

⎡⎣ NH +4 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ C 6 H 5 NH +3 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ OH- ⎤⎦
a. K b = b. K b =
[ NH ] 3 [ C H NH ]
6 5 2

⎡CH 3NH +3 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣OH- ⎤⎦ ⎡C2 H 5 NH +3 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣OH- ⎤⎦

10.44 a. Kb = ⎣ b. Kb = ⎣
[CH 3NH 2 ] [C2 H 5 NH 2 ]

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or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 117

10.45 The strength of an acid is indicated by the magnitude of its Ka; the larger the Ka, the stronger
the acid. Table 10.3 gives the ionization constant values for selected weak acids.
a. H3PO4 is a stronger acid than HNO2. b. HF is a stronger acid than HCN.
c. H2CO3 is a stronger acid than HCO3—. d. HNO2 is a stronger acid than HCN.

10.46 a. H3PO4 b. H3PO4 c. H2PO4– d. HC2H3 O2

10.47 Since the acid, HA, is 12% ionized, the concentration of H3O+ is 12% of the molarity of HA.
The ionization of HA produces 1 H3 O+ ion and 1 A– ion per molecule, so the concentration
of the two ions will be the same.
[H3 O+] = [A–] = (0.12)(0.00300 M) = 0.00036 M
The concentration of HA is equal to the original concentration minus the amount that ionizes.
[HA] = (0.00300 – 0.00036) M = 0.00264 M
Substitute these values in the equilibrium expression to calculate the value of Ka.

Ka =
[ 0.00036 ][ 0.00036 ] = 4.9 × 10 −5
[ 0.00264 ]

10.48 [BH+] = [OH– ] = (0.075)(0.0500 M) = 0.0038 M

B= (0.0500 – 0.0038) M = 0.0462

Kb =
[ 0.0038 ][ 0.0038 ] = 3.1 × 10 −4
[ 0.0462 ]
10.49 A strong acid dissociates almost completely; a weak acid dissociates to a small degree.
a. Since Y dissociates to a greater extent than Z in water, Y transfers more protons to water; Y
is a stronger acid than Z.
b. Acid strength increases as Ka increases. The Ka for Z is larger than the Ka for Y; Z is a
stronger acid than Y.
c. In the equilibrium equation for an acid, the equilibrium lies further to the right if the acid
produces more protons. Y produces more protons than Z does, so Y is a stronger acid.
d. Y is a stronger acid because proton transfer occurs to a greater extent than it does for Z.

10.50 a. Z b. Z c. Y d. Z

10.51 An Arrhenius acid must contain hydrogen, written first in the molecular formula. An
Arrhenius base must have OH– present. A salt is an ionic compound containing a metal or a
polyatomic ion as the positive ion and a nonmetal or polyatomic ion (except hydroxide ion) as
the negative ion.
a. acid b. salt c. salt d. base

10.52 a. salt b. base c. acid d. acid

10.53 a. base b. salt c. acid d. salt

10.54 a. base b. acid c. salt d. acid

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or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
118 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.55 All common soluble salts are completely dissociated into ions in solution.

H2O _
a. Ba(NO3)2 Ba 2 + + 2NO3
H2O _
b. Na2SO4 2Na + + SO4 2

H2O + _
c. CaBr2 Ca 2 + 2Br

H2O _
d. K2CO3 2K + + CO3 2

H2O _
10.56 a. CaS Ca 2 + + S 2
H2O _
b. BeSO4 Be 2 + + SO4 2

H2O + _
c. MgCl2 Mg 2 + 2Cl

H2O _
d. NaC2H3O2 Na + + C2H3O2

10.57 A neutralization reaction is the chemical reaction between an acid and a base in which a salt
and water are the products.
a. No, this reaction is not a neutralization reaction because only salts are present.
b. Yes, this reaction is a neutralization reaction.
c. Yes, this reaction is a neutralization reaction.
d. No, this reaction is not a neutralization reaction because there is no hydroxide base present.

10.58 a. no b. yes c. yes d. no

10.59 The molecular ratio to which these acid-base pairs will react is the inverse of the ratio of the
number of H atoms in the chemical formula to the number of OH groups in the chemical
formula.
a. 1 HNO3 molecule to 1 NaOH molecule b. 1 H2SO4 molecule to 2 NaOH molecules
c. 1 H2SO4 molecule to 1 Ba(OH)2 molecule d. 2 HNO3 molecules to 1 Ba(OH)2 molecule

10.60 a. 1 to 1 b. 1 to 2 c. 2 to 1 d. 1 to 1

10.61 In an acid-base neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.
The chemical equations for the neutralization reactions between the given acid-base pairs can
be balanced by using the ratio between acidic hydrogen atoms and hydroxide groups.
a. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O

b. HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

c. H2SO4 + 2LiOH → Li2SO4 + 2H2O

d. 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6H2 O

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or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 119

10.62 a. HCl + LiOH → LiCl + H2 O

b. 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2 O
c. H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2 O
d. H3PO4 + 3KOH → K3PO4 + 3H2 O
10.63 Write these balanced chemical equations by working backwards from the salt: The positive
metal ion in the salt comes from the base; the negative ion in the salt comes from the acid.
1) Write the formula for the acid, using the number of H+ ions needed to balance the charge on
the negative ion. 2) Write the chemical formula for the base, using the number of OH— ions
needed to balance the charge on the positive ion. 3) Balance the equation using the ratio
between the acidic hydrogen ions and the hydroxide groups.
a. H2SO4 + 2LiOH → Li2SO4 + 2H2O
b. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O
c. HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O
d. 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6H2 O

10.64 a. HNO3 + LiOH → LiNO3 + H2 O b. 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2 O

c. H3PO4 + 3KOH → K3PO4 + 3H2 O d. H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2 O

10.65 Use Chemical Connections 10-A to determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. False. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is approximately 0.03 M.
b. True. An antacid is a substance that is capable of neutralizing an acid.
c. False. Pepcid is a heavily used acid inhibitor.
d. True. The active ingredient in Alka-Seltzer is NaHCO3.

10.66 a. true b. true c. true d. false

10.67 [H3 O+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 To solve this mathematical equation for [H3 O+],
1 1.00 × 10 −14
multiply each side of the equation by so that: ⎡ H 3O + ⎤ =
⎡OH −⎤ ⎣ ⎦ ⎡ OH − ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
10.68 [OH—] = 1.00 × 10—14/[H3 O+]

10.69 The ion product constant for water (1.00 × 10—14) is obtained by multiplying the molar
concentrations of H3 O+ ion and OH— ion present in pure water. If the OH— ion concentration
of an aqueous solution is known, the H3 O+ ion concentration can be calculated by rearranging
the ion product expression. [H3 O+] × [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14
1.00 × 10 −14 M 1.00 × 10 −14 M
a. ⎡⎣ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = = = 3.3 × 10 −12 M
⎡⎣ OH ⎤⎦
-
3.0 × 10 −3
M
−14 −14
1.00 × 10 M 1.00 × 10 M
b. ⎡⎣ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = = = 1.5 × 10 −9 M
⎡⎣ OH- ⎤⎦ 6.7 × 10 −6 M
1.00 × 10 −14 M 1.00 × 10 −14 M
c. ⎡⎣ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = = = 1.1 × 10 −7 M
⎡⎣ OH- ⎤⎦ 9.1 × 10 −8 M

1.00 × 10 −14 M 1.00 × 10 −14 M

d. ⎡⎣ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = = = 8.3 × 10 −4 M
⎡⎣ OH- ⎤⎦ 1.2 × 10 −11 M

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120 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

1.00 × 10 −14 M
10.70 a. −4
= 2.0 × 10 −11 M
5.0 × 10 M
1.00 × 10 −14 M
b. −7
= 1.3 × 10 −8 M
7.5 × 10 M
1.00 × 10 −14 M
c. −12
= 4.3 × 10 −3 M
2.3 × 10 M

1.00 × 10 −14 M
d. −10
= 9.1 × 10 −5 M
1.1 × 10 M

10.71 Since the ion product constant for water is 1.00 × 10—14, the [H3O+] and the [OH–] are the same
in a neutral solution: [H3O+] = [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–7 M. In an acidic solution, [H3 O+] is higher
than 1.00 × 10–7M; in a basic solution, [OH–] is higher than 1.00 × 10–7 M.
a. The solution is acidic: [H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10–3; [H3O+] is larger than 1.00 × 10–7
b. The solution is basic: [H3 O+] = 3.0 × 10–11; [H3 O+] is smaller than 1.00 × 10–7
c. The solution is basic: [OH–] = 4.0 × 10–6; [OH–] is larger than 1.00 × 10–7
d. The solution is acidic: [OH–] = 2.3 × 10–10; [OH–] is smaller than 1.00 × 10–7

10.72 a. acidic b. basic c. neutral d. acidic

10.73 Use the following relationship to complete the table: [H3O+] × [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14
If [H3 O+] is larger than [OH–], the solution is acidic; if [OH–] is larger than [H3 O+],
the solution is basic.
[H3 O+] [OH–] Acidic or Basic
–2 –13
2.2 × 10 4.5 × 10 acidic
a. 3.0 × 10–12 3.3 × 10–3 basic
b. 6.8 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–7 basic
c. 1.4 × 10–7 7.2 × 10–8 acidic
d. 4.7 × 10–5 2.12 × 10–10 acidic

10.74 a. 1.6 × 10–7, basic b. 2.4 × 10–9, acidic

c. 3.0 × 10–5, acidic d. 3.0 × 10–10, basic

10.75 If the [H3O+] is given, and its coefficient in the exponential expression is 1.0, the pH can be
obtained from the relationship:
[H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10—x
pH = x
If the [OH–] is given, first calculate the [H3 O+] using the ion product constant for water. Then
determine pH from the relationship above.
a. [H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10—4; pH = 4.00
b. [H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10—11; pH = 11.00
c. [OH–] = 1.0 × 10–3; [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10–11; pH = 11.00
d. [OH–] = 1.0 × 10–7; [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10–7; pH = 7.00

10.76 a. 6.00 b. 2.00

c. [H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10–5; 5.00 d. [H3 O+] = 1.0 × 10–9; 9.00

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Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 121

10.77 Use an electronic calculator to find pH when [H3 O+] is given: Enter the exponential number
giving the [H3 O+], press the LOG key, and change the sign of the logarithm (pH is the negative
logarithm of the [H3 O+]). If the [OH–] is given, first calculate the [H3O+] using the ion product
constant for water. Then determine pH, using a calculator.
a. [H3 O+] = 2.1 × 10—8; pH = 7.68
b. [H3 O+] = 4.0 × 10—8; pH = 7.40
c. [OH–] = 7.2 × 10–11; [H3 O+] = (1.0 × 10–14)/ (7.2 × 10–11) = (1.4 × 10–4); pH = 3.85
d. [OH–] = 7.2 × 10–3; [H3O+] = (1.0 × 10–14)/ (7.2 × 10–3) = (1.4 × 10–12); pH = 11.85

10.78 a. 4.48 b. 4.12

c. [H3 O+] = 1.2 × 10–5; 4.92 d. [H3 O+] = 1.2 × 10–11; 10.92

10.79 Since pH has an integral value for each of these problems, [H3O+] is 1.0 × 10–x, where x is
the pH.
a. pH = 2.0; [H3 O+] = 1 × 10–2 M b. pH = 6.0; [H3 O+] = 1 × 10–6 M
c. pH = 8.0; [H3 O+] = 1 × 10–8 M d. pH = 10.0; [H3 O+] = 1 × 10–10 M

10.80 a. 1 × 10–3 M b. 1 × 10–5 M c. 1 × 10–9 M d. 1 × 10–12 M

10.81 Since pH = –log[H3 O+], find the antilog of the –pH using your calculator. The result is the
desired [H3 O+].
a. pH = 3.67; antilog (–3.67) = 2.1 × 10–4 M
b. pH = 5.09; antilog (–5.09) = 8.1 × 10–6 M
c. pH = 7.35; antilog (–7.35) = 4.5 × 10–8 M
d. pH = 12.45; antilog (–12.45) = 3.5 × 10–13 M

10.82 a. 8.9 × 10–3 M b. 1.3 × 10–5 M c. 1.8 × 10–7 M d. 4.7 × 10–12 M

10.83 Use the following relationships to complete the table: [H3 O+] × [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14
If [H3 O+] is larger than [OH–], the solution is acidic; if [OH–] is larger than [H3 O+],
the solution is basic. pH = –log[H3 O+]
[H3 O+] [OH–] pH Acidic or Basic
6.2 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–7 7.21 basic
a. 7.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–5 9.14 basic
b. 5.0 × 10–6 2.0 × 10–9 5.30 acidic
c. 1.4 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–8 4.85 acidic
d. 5.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–6 8.23 basic

10.84 a. 1.4 × 10–10, 9.86, basic b. 1.6 × 10–12, 2.20, acidic

c. 1.0 × 10–2, 1.0 × 10–12, acidic d. 1.0 × 10–12, 1.0 × 10–2, basic

10.85 a. As acidity decreases, pH increases. In order of decreasing acidity: A, D, C, B.

b. Since pH = –log[H3 O+], as [H3 O+] increases pH decreases.
In order of increasing [H3 O+]: B, C, D, A
c. As [OH–] decreases, pH decreases. In order of decreasing [OH–]: B, C, D, A
d. Increasing basicity means increasing [OH–] and increasing pH.
In order of increasing basicity: A, D, C, B

10.86 a. B, D, C, A b. A, C, D, B c. A, C, D, B d. B, D, C, A

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122 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.87 Use Table 10.3 to determine the strength of the acids. The stronger the acid, the lower the pH.
In order of increasing pH: HCl (a strong acid), HC2 H3O2 (a weaker acid, Ka = 1.8 × 10–5),
HCN (a still weaker acid, Ka = 4.9 × 10–10). NaOH (a strong base)
10.88 HNO3, HF, HNO2 , KOH
10.89 Use Chemical Connections 10-B to determine whether each of these statements is true or false.
a. True. Independent of air pollution, rainfall is always acidic.
b. False. Acid rain is rainfall with a pH lower than 5.6.
c. True. The most observable effect of acid rain is corrosion of limestone building materials.
d. True. Lemon juice is 50 times more acidic than commonly encountered acid rain.

10.90 a. true b. false c. true d. true

10.91 Ka, the acid ionization constant, is a measure of acid strength. Another method for expressing
the strengths of acids is in terms of pKa units (pKa = –log Ka). The pKa for an acid is calculated
from Ka in the same way that pH is calculated from [H3 O+].
a. Ka = 4.5 × 10–4; pKa = 3.35 b. Ka = 4.3 × 10–7; pKa = 6.37
c. Ka = 6.2 × 10–8; pKa = 7.21 d. Ka = 1.5 × 10–2; pKa = 1.82
10.92 a. 2.12 b. 3.17 c. 12.38 d. 4.89
10.93 The acid with the larger Ka (more ionization) is the stronger acid. Since pKa = –log Ka, we can
see that an acid with a larger Ka has a smaller pKa. Acid B has a smaller pKa than Acid A does;
therefore, Acid B is the stronger acid.

10.94 acid A

10.95 Use the definition pKa = –log Ka. Since pKa = 8.73, use your calculator to find the antilog
of –8.73. The answer is 1.9 × 10–9.

10.96 6.2 × 10–8

10.97 Analyze each salt to determine which acid contributed the negative ion and which base
contributed the positive ion to the salt.
a. NaCl is the salt of a strong acid (HCl) and a strong base (NaOH).
b. KC2H3 O2 is the salt of a weak acid (HC2H3 O2) and a strong base (KOH).
c. NH4Br is the salt of a strong acid (HBr) and a weak base (NH4 OH).
d. Ba(NO3)2 is the salt of a strong acid (HNO3) and a strong base (Ba(OH)2).
10.98 a. weak acid – strong base salt b. strong acid – strong base salt
c. strong acid – strong base salt d. weak acid – strong base salt
10.99 In water, the negative ion of a weak acid or the positive ion of a weak base will undergo
hydrolysis (reaction with water).
a. Neither of the ions of NaCl undergoes hydrolysis because NaCl is the salt of a strong acid
and a strong base.
b. The C2 H3 O2– ion undergoes hydrolysis; HC2H3 O2 is a weak acid.
c. The NH4+ ion undergoes hydrolysis; NH4 OH is a weak base.
d. Neither of the ions of Ba(NO3)2 undergoes hydrolysis because Ba(NO3)2 is the salt of a
strong acid and a strong base.

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Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 123

10.100 a. PO43– b. none c. none d. C2O42–

10.101 Guidelines for determining whether a salt solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral are given in
Table 10.7.
a. A NaCl solution will be neutral; the salt of a strong acid and a strong base does not
hydrolyze, so the solution is neutral.
b. A KC2 H3 O2 solution will be basic; the salt of a weak acid and a strong base hydrolyzes to
produce a basic solution.
c. An NH4 Br solution will be acidic; the salt of a strong acid and a weak base hydrolyzes to
produce an acidic solution.
d. A Ba(NO3)2 solution will be neutral; the salt of a strong acid and a strong base does not
hydrolyze, so the solution is neutral.

10.102 a. basic b. neutral c. neutral d. basic

10.103 Table 10.7 gives the pH of a 0.1 M NH4CN as 9.3. The hydrolysis equations for two ions are:
NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3 O+ and CN– + H2 O → HCN + OH–
The strength of NH3 as a base is greater than the strength of HCN as an acid. Therefore, the
CN– ion hydrolyzes to a greater extent than the NH4+ ion, and more OH– ion is produced than
H3 O+ ion.

10.104 NH4+ and C2H3 O2– ion hydrolyze to the same extent.

10.105 The pHs of the four aqueous solutions in order of increasing pH are:
HCl (acidic), HCN (weakly acidic), NaCl (neutral), and NaCN (weakly basic).

10.106 HNO3, HF, NaNO3, NaF

10.107 Use Chemical Connections 10-C to determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. True. Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood.
b. True. The most abundant positive ion present in blood plasma is Na+ ion.
c. True. Blood plasma is a basic substance primarily because of the hydrolysis of several
negative ions that it contains.
d. False. Water is responsible for most of the mass of blood plasma.

10.108 HPO42– + H2 O → H2PO4– + OH–

10.109 A buffer is an aqueous solution containing substances that prevent major changes in solution
pH. Buffer solutions contain either a weak acid and a salt of that weak acid or a weak base
and a salt of that weak base.
a. No. HNO3 is a strong acid and NaNO3 is a salt of a strong acid.
b. Yes. HF is a weak acid, and NaF is a salt of that weak acid.
c. No. Both KCl and KCN are salts. KCN is the salt of a weak acid, but no weak acid is
present.
d. Yes. H2CO3 is a weak acid, and NaHCO3 is the salt of a weak acid.

10.110 a. no b. yes c. no d. no

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124 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.111 The active species in a buffered system are the substance that reacts with and removes added
base and the substance that reacts with and removes added acid.
a. HCN reacts with added base; CN– reacts with added acid.
b. H3PO4 reacts with added base; H2PO4– reacts with added acid.
c. H2CO3 reacts with added base; HCO3– reacts with added acid.
d. HCO3– reacts with added base; CO32– reacts with added acid.

10.112 a. HF and F– b. HPO42– and H2PO4–

c. CO32– and HCO3– d. NO2– and HNO2

10.113 Buffering actions are the reactions that take place in the buffer system with the addition of a
small amount of acid or base.
a. Addition of acid to HF/F– buffer: F– + H3 O+ → HF + H2O
b. Addition of base to H2CO3/HCO3– buffer: H2 CO3 + OH– → HCO3– + H2 O
c. Addition of acid to HCO3– /CO32– buffer: CO32– + H3O+ → HCO3– + H2O
d. Addition of a base to H3PO4/H2PO4– buffer: H3PO4 + OH– → H2PO4– + H2O

10.114 a. HPO42– + OH– → PO43– + H2 O b. HF + OH– → F– + H2 O

c. CN– + H3 O+ → HCN + H2O d. H2PO4– + H3 O+ → H3PO4 + H2O

10.115 The buffer equation is NO2– + H3O+ → HNO2 + H2 O

When acid is added, it reacts with NO2– using some of it up and producing more HNO2;
therefore, [NO2–] decreases and [HNO2] increases.

10.116 HNO2 decreases and NO2– increases.

10.117 All four diagrams; HA and A– are present in each case.

10.118 a. Diagram II; buffer capacity against added acid depends on the amount of A– present, and
solution II has the greatest amount of A– ion.
b. Diagram IV; buffer capacity against added base depends on the amount of HA present and
solution IV has the greatest amount of HA.

10.119 Buffer solutions contain a conjugate acid-base pair, that is, either a weak acid and a salt of
that weak acid or a weak base and a salt of that weak base.
a. The acid HCN and the salt KCN are a weak acid and the salt of that weak acid; the buffer
system is HCN and CN–.
b. The acid HNO2 and the salt NaNO2 are a weak acid and the salt of that weak acid; the
buffer system is HNO2 and NO2–. (H2CO3 is also a weak acid, but removal of one proton
gives HCO3–, not CO32–.)

10.120 a. HF/F– b. H3PO4/H2PO4–

10.121 The four given species are: Cl–, HPO42–, CO32–, and H2SO3.
a. An amphiprotic substance can either lose or accept a proton. Of the four given species,
only HPO42– is amphiprotic.
b. The salt of a strong acid does not hydrolyze in solution. Cl– is the negative ion of a salt of
HCl and so does not hydrolyze in solution.

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Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 125

c. The equation for hydrolysis to give a basic solution is: A– + H2 O HA + OH–

where A is the negative ion of a weak acid. This description fits two of the given species,
HPO42– and CO32–.
d. A buffer sytem consists of either a weak acid and a salt of that weak acid or a weak base
and a salt of that weak base. H2SO3 (a weak acid), CO32– (the negative ion of a weak acid),
and HPO42– (a weak acid and also the negative ion of a weak acid) can all function as
buffer system components. Only Cl– (the salt of a strong acid) cannot.

10.122 a. HCO3– b. NO3– c. HCO3–, F– d. HCO3–, H3PO4, F–

10.123 Use Chemical Connections 10-D to determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. True. The primary blood buffer system is the H2CO3/HCO3– buffer system.
b. False. Higher than normal levels of CO2 in the blood can cause respiratory acidosis.
c. True. Lower than normal levels of HCO3– in the blood can cause metabolic acidosis.
d. True. The kidneys have a major role in regulating HCO3– concentrations in the blood.

10.124 a. true b. false c. true d. true

10.125 To calculate the pH of a buffer solution, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. In
this equation, HA is the weak acid and A– is the acid’s conjugate base.
⎡⎣ A- ⎤⎦ ⎡ 0.500 M ⎤
pH = pKa + log = 6.72 + log ⎢ = 7.06
[ HA ] ⎣ 0.230 M ⎥⎦

⎡ 0.260 M ⎤
10.126 pH = 5.53 + log ⎢ = 5.55
⎣ 0.250 M ⎥⎦

10.127 First change the Ka to pKa (pKa = –log Ka). Then use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to
calculate the pH of the buffer solution.
⎡⎣ A- ⎤⎦ ⎡ 0.150 M ⎤
pH = pKa + log = − log ⎡⎣ 6.8 x 10 -6 ⎤⎦ + log ⎢ = 5.17
[ HA ] ⎣ 0.150 M ⎥⎦

⎡ 0.200 M ⎤
10.128 pH = − log ⎡⎣ 5.7 x 10 -4 ⎤⎦ + log ⎢ = 3.30
⎣ 0.175 M ⎥⎦

10.129 In water solution, a strong electrolyte completely dissociates into ions; a weak electrolyte
ionizes only slightly.
a. H2CO3 is a weak acid and is therefore a weak electrolyte.
b. KOH is a strong base and is therefore a strong electrolyte.
c. NaCl is a soluble salt and is therefore a strong electrolyte.
d. H2SO4 is a strong acid and is therefore a strong electrolyte.

10.130 a. weak b. strong c. strong d. strong

10.131 a. both; a weak acid does not dissociate 100%

b. molecules; a nonelectrolyte does not dissociate at all
c. ions; soluble salts dissociate 100%
d. both; a weak electrolyte does not dissociate 100%

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126 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10

10.132 a. ions b. ions c. ions d. molecules

10.133 a. 2 (Na+ and Cl–) b. 3 (Mg2+ and two NO3–)
c. 3 (two K+ and S2–) d. 2 (NH4+ and CN–)

10.134 a. 2 b. 3 c. 3 d. 4

10.135 a. NaCl → Na+ + Cl– b. Mg(NO3)2 → Mg2+ + 2NO3–

c. K2S → 2K+ + S2– d. NH4CN → NH4+ + CN–

10.136 a. KNO3 → K+ + NO3– b. Na2 CO3 → 2Na+ + CO32–

c. MgCl2 → Mg2+ + 2Cl– d. K3 N → 3K+ + N3–

10.137 Diagram 3; this solution contains the greatest number of ions.

10.138 Diagram 2; this solution contains the least number of ions.
10.139 One equivalent is the amount of ions needed to supply one mole of charge.
a. 1 Eq b. 1 Eq c. 2 Eq d. 1 Eq

10.140 a. 1 Eq b. 1 Eq c. 2 Eq d. 2 Eq

⎛ 1 Eq K + ⎞
10.141 a. 2 moles K + × ⎜ +⎟
= 2 Eq K +
⎝ 1 mole K ⎠
⎛ 1 Eq H 2 PO−4 ⎞
b. 3 moles H 2 PO−4 × ⎜ = 3 Eq H 2 PO−4
⎝ 1 mole H 2 PO−4 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 Eq HPO 24 − ⎞
c. 2 moles HPO 24 − × ⎜ = 4 Eq HPO 24 −
⎝ 1 mole HPO 24 − ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 Eq Ca 2+ ⎞
d. 7 moles Ca 2+ × ⎜ 2+ ⎟
= 14 Eq Ca 2+
⎝ 1 mole Ca ⎠

10.142 a. 4 Eq b. 2 Eq c. 6 Eq d. 5 Eq

⎛ −⎞ ⎛ −3 −⎞ ⎛ −⎞
10.143 2.00 L solution × ⎜ 47 mEq Cl ⎟ × ⎜ 10 Eq Cl− ⎟ × ⎜ 1 mole Cl− ⎟ = 0.094 mole Cl
−
⎝ 1 L solution ⎠ ⎝ 1 mEq Cl ⎠ ⎝ 1 Eq Cl ⎠

⎛ +⎞ ⎛ −3 +⎞ ⎛ +⎞
10.144 1.50 L solution × ⎜ 49 mEq Na ⎟ × ⎜ 10 Eq Na+ ⎟ × ⎜ 1 mole Na = 0.074 mole Na +
⎝ 1 L solution ⎠ ⎝ 1 mEq Na ⎠ ⎝ 1 Eq Na + ⎟⎠

10.145 Use Chemical Connections 10-E to determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. True. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds cells.
b. True. The body contains more intracellular fluid than interstitial fluid.
c. True. Blood plasma and interstitial fluids have very similar compositions.
d. False. The most abundant positive ion in blood plasma and interstitial fluid is Na+ ion; in
intracellular fluid, it is K+ ion.

10.146 a. true b. true c. false d. false

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Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 10 127

10.147 In the following problems, an acid neutralizes 25.0 mL of a NaOH solution of unknown
molarity. To determine the molarity of the NaOH solution:
1) Convert mL of acid solution to moles of acid using the molarity of the acid solution as a
conversion factor. 2) Write the balanced equation between the acid and the base
(neutralization). Use the ratio of the coefficients of the acid and base as a conversion
factor to change moles of acid to moles of NaOH. 3) Use the definition of molarity
(moles/L) to calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.
⎛ 0.250 mole HNO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞
a. 5.00 mL HNO 3 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.00125 mole NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL HNO 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole HNO 3 ⎟⎠
0.00125 mole NaOH
= 0.0500 M
0.0250 L solution
⎛ 0.500 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles NaOH ⎞
b. 20.00 mL H 2 SO 4 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.0200 mole NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL H 2 SO 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎟⎠
0.0200 mole NaOH
= 0.800 M
0.0250 L solution

⎛ 1.00 mole HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞

c. 23.76 mL HCl × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜
⎝ 1 mole HCl ⎟⎠
= 0.02376 mole NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL HCl ⎠
0.02376 mole NaOH
= 0.950 M
0.0250 L solution

⎛ 0.100 mole H 3PO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles NaOH ⎞

d. 10.00 mL H 3PO 4 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.00300 mole NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL H 3PO 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole H 3PO 4 ⎟⎠
0.00300 mole NaOH
= 0.120 M
0.0250 L solution

⎛ 0.500 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles KOH ⎞

10.148 a. 5.00 mL H 2 SO 4 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.00500 mole KOH
⎝ 1000 mL H 2 SO 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎟⎠
0.00500 mole KOH
= 0.200 M
0.0250 L solution
⎛ 0.250 mole HNO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole KOH ⎞
b. 20.00 mL HNO 3 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.00500 mole KOH
⎝ 1000 mL HNO 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole HNO 3 ⎟⎠
0.00500 mole KOH
= 0.200 M
0.0250 L solution
⎛ 0.100 mole H 3PO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles KOH ⎞
c. 13.07 mL H 3PO 4 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.00392 mole KOH
⎝ 1000 mL H 3PO 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole H 3PO 4 ⎟⎠
0.00392 mole KOH
= 0.157 M
0.0250 L solution

⎛ 1.00 mole HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole KOH ⎞

d. 10.00 mL HCl × ⎜ × ⎜
⎝ 1000 mL HCl ⎟⎠ ⎝ 1 mole HCl ⎟⎠
= 0.0100 mole KOH

0.0100 mole KOH

= 0.400 M
0.0250 L solution

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