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Title Pages
Title Pages
Sudha Pai
Sajjan Kumar
(p.iv)
Published in India by
Oxford University Press
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Title Pages
2/11 Ground Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002,
India
ISBN-13: 978-0-19-946629-0
ISBN-10: 0-19-946629-7
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Endorsement
Endorsement
Sudha Pai
Sajjan Kumar
(p.ii) ‘A very insightful study showing how the Right-wing political party
the BJP and its outfits have invented new ways and means for
manufacturing communalism in everyday life among subaltern
communities in Uttar Pradesh. Ethnographically rich and well written, the
major strength of the book is that the authors unfold the process in the
context of the present political economy.’
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Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Photos of the old building of the Gorakhnath Math when Digvijaynath
was the mahanth, 1962. It was much smaller than it is today. 119
3.1 Muslims passing through the communally sensitive road near the
Sanskrit Pathshala, the scene of many riots in Mau town. 138
3.2 The Sanskrit Pathshala at Mau, the three stairs on which the persons
carrying the Taziya during Moharram are allowed to climb are visible.
142
3.3 Muslim power loom weaver in Mau; the community was badly
affected by the 2005 Mau riots. 147
5.1 A Jat stands in his sugarcane field in Fugana village which he claims
was burnt by Muslims during the riot. 238
5.2 Jat men in Fugana village against the backdrop of a destroyed Muslim
house. The Jat sitting in front on the charpoy on the right has bought the
property after the Muslim family fled the village. Many such properties
were bought by the Jat villagers after the riots were over. 239
5.3 Angry Jat women in village Fugana armed with sticks and knives
holding a protest demanding ‘justice’ from the government and the police
who they held had wrongly arrested their menfolk for participating in the
riots. 251
(p.viii) 5.4 A mosque vandalized in Fugana village during the riots. 254
5.5 Muslims leaving Fugana village with their belongings with the help of
the police for the resettlement camps. 255
5.6 The Muslim resettlement colony in Khampur established by the Jamiat
leader Syed Arshad Madani. Living conditions remain very poor but the
Muslims do not want to return to their native villages. 256
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Figures and Tables
Tables
A3.1 List of communal incidents involving Yogi Adityanath and the HYV in
eastern UP since 1999 172
A3.2 List of 29 FIRs filed in the wake of 2007 Gorakhpur riots accusing
Yogi Adityanath and HYV members 175
E.1 Percentage of votes cast by various castes for BJP in UP election 2017
post poll 292
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Preface
(p.ix) Preface
Sudha Pai
Sajjan Kumar
One of the most important developments in the 2000s has been the resurgence
of communalism and incidents of Hindu–Muslim riots in the state of Uttar
Pradesh (UP). While the state experienced a wave of communal riots following
the Ram Temple movement and the destruction of the Babri Masjid on 6
December 1992, the second half of the 1990s was a relatively peaceful period
with no major riots. This book attempts to understand the reasons for a new
‘saffron wave’ and communal tension and riots in UP after a long interval. It
examines the creation of deep-seated polarization by the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP)–Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) leading to Hindu–Muslim riots in
Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013. More importantly,
it moves beyond the riots to analyse the ‘new ways and means’ whereby
communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right in
UP. The study argues that the state is experiencing a post-Ayodhya phase of
communalism currently, markedly different from the earlier phase of the late
1980s and early 1990s. A fusion of rising cultural aspirations and deep economic
anxieties in UP, which remains an economically backward state, and where a
deepening agrarian crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inequalities are
widespread, has created fertile ground for a new kind of communal mobilization.
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Preface
the 2000s have been preceded by a long period of sustained mobilization at the
grass roots and once the riots are over, they are used to install a new
antagonistic relationship that remains on the ground causing constant tension.
The phenomenon of everyday communalism is analysed based on extensive
fieldwork in selected districts, towns, and villages within eastern and western
UP that experienced major riots. Further, the book examines how this strategy of
everyday communalism, and the riots which followed, was deftly combined by a
new generational BJP leadership with the use of electoral politics, to mount a
communally charged and divisive electoral campaign in the 2014 national
elections to gain 73 Lok Sabha seats in UP and obtain power at the centre. The
agenda of the BJP–RSS is hence twofold: political, to gain state power and
establish majoritarian rule, but equally important, cultural, because India is
viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense, while Muslims and
other non-Hindus were and will remain alien, and the Indian state a ‘culturally
alien’ construction imposed on India by anglicized intellectuals. It is through this
lens of the new ‘avatar’ of the BJP, its ideology and strategies, and its impact on
society and polity, that an attempt is made to understand the current round of
communalism in UP.
(p.xi) This book could not have been written without the help of many
individuals, only some of whom we are able to personally acknowledge here. In
the conceptualization of the study and its scope, discussions were held with
many colleagues and friends, particularly Professor C.P. Bhambhri, Professor
Badri Narayan, and Rakesh Batabyal. We are grateful to the Centre for the Study
of Developing Societies (CSDS), particularly Director Sanjay Kumar and
Himanshu Bhattacharya, for providing us data on the 2017 UP assembly
elections, which was very helpful. Extensive fieldwork was possible due to
contacts provided by many individuals. In western UP Shahid Siddiqui, who
belongs to the region, put us in touch with many journalists of Hindi newspapers
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Preface
and heads of organizations that had knowledge about and had witnessed the
Muzaffarnagar riots, and had later provided help to the Muslim families living in
the camps. Many local political workers of different political parties and local
journalists were also willing to talk about the long-term mobilization prior to the
Muzaffarnagar riots in the region. The fieldwork in eastern UP was more
difficult as there is little secondary material available; here Professor Badri
Narayan and the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute, Uttar Pradesh, provided much
help on the ground. Most important are the respondents in the selected towns
and villages in both eastern and western UP who spared time to talk and give us
rich information that enabled us to formulate the model of ‘institutionalization of
everyday communalism’ and write in detail about the riots in our selected
districts. We remain grateful to them, as without their inputs much of the details
provided on communalism at the grass roots would not have been available to
the reader. Professor Niraja Gopal Jayal generously read parts of the manuscript
and gave comments, which were both helpful and provided confidence that the
book was moving in the right direction.
We would also like to acknowledge the help of the librarian and staff of
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for help in locating material, both print
and digital, which gave us access to important documents and information we
could not have located on our own.
We are personally grateful to Oxford University Press for their valuable inputs,
guidance, and help through the stages of production of the book.
SUDHA PAI
SAJJAN KUMAR
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Abbreviations
(p.xiii) Abbreviations
Sudha Pai
Sajjan Kumar
ABVP
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
AIBMM
All-India Backward Muslim Morcha
AICC
All India Congress Committee
BHU
Banaras Hindu University
BJP
Bharatiya Janata Party
BJS
Bharatiya Jan Sangh
BJYM
Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
BKD
Bharatiya Kranti Dal
BKU
Bhartiya Kisan Union
BLD
Bharatiya Lok Dal
BMAC
Babri Masjid Action Committee
BMU
Bharatiya Mazdoor Union
BPL
below poverty line
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Abbreviations
BRGF
Backward Regions Grant Fund
BSP
Bahujan Samaj Party
CPI
Communist Party of India
CPI(M)
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
CrPC
Code of Criminal Procedure
DM
District Magistrate
HYV
Hindu Yuva Vahini
ICDS
Integrated Child Development Services Scheme
INC
Indian National Congress
IPC
Indian Penal Code
IRS
institutionalized riot system
JP
Janata Party
JUH
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
(p.xiv) KCC
Kisan Credit Cards
MAJGAR
Muslims, Ahirs, Jats, Gujjars, and Rajputs
MBCs
most backward classes
MNREGA
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MSME
Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises
NCMEI
National Commissioner for Minorities’ Educational Institutions
NDA
National Democratic Alliance
NHRC
National Human Rights Commission
OBC
other backward class
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Abbreviations
PAC
Provincial Armed Constabulary
PCR
police control room
PPI
Peace Party of India
PSP
Praja Socialist Party
PUCL
People’s Union for Civil Liberties
QED
Quami Ekta Dal
RJBBM
Ram Janma Bhoomi Babri Masjid
RLD
Rashtriya Lok Dal
RSS
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
RUC
Rashtriya Ulema Council
SAP
state advised price; Structural Adjustment Programme
SC
Scheduled Caste
SDM
Sub-Divisional Magistrate
SEIAA
State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority
SHO
Station House Officer
SIT
Special Investigation Team
SP
Samajwadi Party; Superintendent of Police
SSP
Samyukta Socialist Party
STF
Special Task Force
UP
Uttar Pradesh
UPPCB
UP Pollution Control Board
UPUDF
Uttar Pradesh United Democratic Front
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Abbreviations
VHP
Vishva Hindu Parishad
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Introduction
Introduction
Everyday Communalism in Uttar Pradesh
Sudha Pai
Sajjan Kumar
DOI:10.1093/oso/9780199466290.003.0001
One of the most important developments in the 2000s has been the resurgence
of communalism and incidents of Hindu–Muslim riots in the state of Uttar
Pradesh (UP). While the state experienced a wave of communal riots from the
late 1980s onwards due to the Ram Janma Bhoomi Babri Masjid (RJBBM) dispute
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Introduction
and the destruction of the Babri Masjid on 6 December 1992, the second half of
the 1990s was a relatively peaceful period with no major riots. There was little
response to various attempts by both Hindu and Muslim leaders to mobilize their
respective communities during the 1990s. Examples are the attempt by the
Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) to launch the Mathura and Kashi temple
movements around 1995–6, their pressure to pass new laws to hand over the
Ayodhya site to the Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas, or the scrapping of the Place of
Worship (Special Provisions) Act. Similarly Muslim leaders, who had once
launched the Shah Bano movement aggressively and formed the Babri Masjid
Action Committee, were on the defensive or were marginalized. The Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP) included most of the issues raised by the VHP in its electoral
agenda for the 1996 Lok Sabha elections but they elicited little response from
the people in UP (Engineer 1997: 323). Pointing out that the number of riots had
come down drastically in the post-Babri period and even the small incidents that
occurred were due to local reasons, Asghar Ali Engineer argued that ‘organizing
riots does not seem to be a paying proposition, at least for the
present’ (Engineer 1997: 326).
(p.2) However, in the 2000s a new ‘saffron wave’ was witnessed in UP. Riots
took place in the eastern districts of Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and in the
capital city of Lucknow in 2006; communal tension started in some western
districts from 2011 onwards leading to the violent riots in Muzaffarnagar and
surrounding districts in September 2013 whose aftermath is still being felt
(Graff and Galonnier 2013b). These incidents show that the BJP has revived its
fundamentalist agenda in UP and brought communalism back to the centre
stage in the state and the country. The immediate reason was the shocking
defeat of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in the 2004 Lok Sabha
elections that led to demands within the BJP to return to their core agenda of
Hindutva, which had been set aside during the ‘responsible national
government’ led by Atal Behari Vajpayee. However, even before that, the Gujarat
riots of 2002 had revealed the desire of a section of the party to return to its
programme of communal polarization of the late 1980s/early 90s. At the same
time, some commentators have argued that in the 2000s with the rise of the
‘Arab Spring’ and Muslim fundamentalism in West Asia there are visible signs of
Muslim restiveness described as ‘India’s Muslim Spring’ due to which we are
witnessing greater confrontation between the two communities and religion-
based politics (Suroor 2014).
The present study is an attempt to understand the reasons for the resurgence of
communalism and riots in UP in the 2000s after a long interval. The significance
of our study lies in its attempt to examine the creation of deep-seated
polarization between the Hindu and Muslim communities by the BJP–RSS
(Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [RSS]) leading to Hindu–Muslim riots. More
importantly to move beyond them to analyse the ‘new ways and means’ whereby
communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right in
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Introduction
This model has many new and significant elements, which show the manner in
which communalism is being manufactured and institutionalized today. Elements
such as a shift in the location of riots from earlier classic and endemic sites to
new ones, the recruitment of local BJP–RSS cadres/leaders who carry out
sustained everyday grass roots mobilization using local, mundane issues and
imaginary threats, and the spread of communalism and riots into villages in the
rural and semi-rural areas. A key feature of everyday communalism, which has
contributed to its success, is the second round of experimentation with ‘non-
Brahminical Hindutva’ in eastern UP under the leadership of Yogi Adityanath
since the early 2000s, from where it has spread to other regions including
western UP. The idea is not new and arose during (p.4) the 1990s when the BJP
leadership realized that in order to expand its vote share there was need to
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Introduction
Further, we examine how this strategy of everyday communalism and the riots
which followed, particularly in the case of western UP, were deftly combined by
the BJP leadership with use of electoral politics, to mount a communally charged
and divisive electoral campaign in the 2014 national elections. This enabled
them to gain 73 Lok Sabha seats in UP and obtain power at the centre. The
agenda of the BJP–RSS is hence twofold: political, to gain state power and
establish majoritarian rule, but equally important cultural, because India is
viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense, Muslims and other
non-Hindus, were and will remain alien and the Indian State a ‘culturally alien’
construction imposed on India by anglicized intellectuals (Hansen 1999: 11).
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Introduction
weaving industry and rise of mafia dons, which make both communities
vulnerable to mobilization.
In western UP, economic fault-lines are more important as the Jats identity
themselves primarily through their occupational identity as peasants, and are
deeply unhappy over the deepening agrarian crisis in the region and the lack of
reservation in government jobs. However, in recent years caste and religious
identities have become important, causing conflict with the Muslim community.
Simultaneously, a perception has grown that a section of the Muslims have taken
to non-agricultural business and prospered, creating antagonism. Hence, as our
study shows the main aim of the BJP has been to mobilize the Jats and break the
alliance between them and the Muslims, an attempt that began through grass
roots mobilization much before the Muzaffarnagar riots of 2013 and the national
elections of 2014.
Communal mobilization in our study means the strategies and means devised
and used by parties or organizations to create divisions between communities
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Introduction
and create riots. Both state and society have a role in fostering or preventing
communalism and communal mobilization leading to riots. The state has a role
to both prevent the development of communalism and communal divides by
fostering secularism and actions, which lead to secularization of society. It also
has the responsibility of protecting the minority community particularly when a
riot occurs. Society has the responsibility of creating a composite culture, and a
sense of freedom, harmony, and equal rights where diverse religious
communities live together within a nation-state. Thus, communalism is a
subversive ideology that encourages separatism, hatred, violence, and fratricide
and is often used by the political elite to exploit the sentiments of the people.
The new notion of communities arose in the latter half of the nineteenth century
and early twentieth century due to a number of developments that promoted
communal ideas. The political competition leading to reformulation of Hinduism
from a segmented community to a single community united across language and
region, attempted in various socio-religious reform movements in the nineteenth
century. The writings/work of Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and others which gave a definite shape to the Hindu
ideology through glorification of ancient Hindu culture. The resurgence of
militant Hinduism advocated by communal organizations—such as the RSS, the
Hindu Mahasabha, etc.—who put forward the concept of Hindi, Hindu, and
Hindustan and conversion of religious minorities. Furthermore, there was a need
in the nineteenth century to postulate an overarching and distinct Hindu and a
Muslim community as political representation and mobilization or the ‘politics of
numbers’ became important (Gupta 1985). New entities arose such as the
nation, which could be defined in various ways: as a political entity inclusive of
all those living within its geographical boundaries or as a cultural entity
consisting of all those who belonged to a particular culture, religion, or language
community.
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Introduction
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Introduction
that provided a stable and secular system, or the economic crisis of 1991 and
the opening of the economy (Van de Veer 1994).
A few scholars argue that revival of ‘Hindutva’ in the 1980s was possible due to
years of systematic, well–organized, and imaginative political strategies
(Jaffrelot 1996). The wings of the Sangh Parivar such as the RSS, VHP, Bajrang
Dal, and various Vidya Niketans and Shishu Mandirs have been able to spread
the Hindu ideology through material, social, (p.9) and spiritual mobilization (S.
Gupta 2007). However, Thomas Blom Hansen has pointed out that while much
effort has been made to spread the ‘Hindutva’ ideology, the larger goal in the
1990s has been—as it has been from the beginning—to transform the wider
sphere of ‘public culture’ through political discourse, commercial and cultural
expressions, and representations of the state and civic organizations. The Hindu
nationalists desire to transform Indian public culture into a sovereign,
disciplined, national culture rooted in what is claimed to be a superior ancient
Hindu civilization. This can only happen when its rightful heirs the Hindu
majority resurrect a strong sense of ‘Hindutva’ or Hinduness (Hansen 1999: 4).
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Introduction
It has also been pointed out that this resurgence in the Hindi heartland in the
1980s is due to ‘pressure from below’. This has led to a rise of the lower castes
who have challenged the caste and class position that the upper castes have
long occupied, which has given them control over not merely the social
hierarchy but also political and economic power making them a dominant elite
(Pai 2002). The minorities have also become more demanding. They expect the
government to provide not just protection to life and property as in the past, but
also education, jobs, and well-being as equal citizens of the country. The
emergence of a post-independence, educated, politically conscious, and more
aggressive middle and lower-middle class among the lower castes and minorities
has created anxieties among the upper castes/classes, which explains their
response to the call of ‘Hindutva’ over the last few decades and a desire to
create a strong Hindu nation based on order and collective strength. The Hindu
middle classes at the same time with exposure to global culture and
consumerism following globalization have also felt the desire to be recognized
and respected in the community of nations as a strong nation with economic
power and political standing (Fernandes 2007). However, the Hindu nationalist
groups could not capture political power by mobilizing only the poorer sections;
as our work will reveal, it was among the rising, urban, middle classes belonging
to the upper, middle, and the lower castes/classes that they found a constituency.
Against this understanding of (p.11) communalism as an ideology, we move to a
discussion on the site selected for our study.
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Introduction
‘powerhouse’ due to its long Islamic tradition. This was particularly true of the
1930s ending with the tragic event of Partition (S. Mishra 2001).
The rise of the BJP and its construction of the ideology of Hindutva in the 1980s
in UP has rekindled an interest among scholars in exploring the roots of this
phenomenon in the colonial period. This has led to new literature in recent years
on the ‘creation’ of Hindu and Muslim identities, their relationship, and the
reasons for the rise of communalism in the colonial period. Much scholarship
suggests that until the late eighteenth century, the categories described as
Hindu and Muslim in north India were malleable, not clearly defined, and
marked by immense internal differentiation. The emergence of religious
communalism was a gradual and progressive development in this region,
reaching a peak only in the late colonial period, an end-product of the
experience of colonialism and the fundamental socioeconomic changes that it
unleashed in Indian society. However, this subject has not been free from
controversy, especially in the context of UP. Scholars such as Francis Robinson,
writing in the early 1970s argued that there were ‘fundamental’ religious
differences between Hindus and Muslims in the nineteenth century ‘before’
community-based mobilization began. These differences were based on issues
such as idol worship, cow protection, and monotheism, which created a ‘basic
antipathy’ between the two communities, set them apart, made assimilation
unthinkable, and contributed to the rise of communalism (Robinson 1975).
However, more recent literature has held that religious communities began to be
defined more sharply during the colonial period, making (p.12) communalism
largely a ‘colonial construct’ in north India (Pandey 1990: 3). It contained both
modern and traditional aspects, making it a hybrid phenomenon. Communalism
arose out of the false totalities of ready-made religious communities of ‘Hindu’,
‘Muslim’, and ‘Sikh’, which ignored existing internal differentiation within these
communities (Pandey 1990). Brass has argued that while there were differences
between the Hindu and the Muslim communities that cannot be ignored, the
roles played by particular elite groups also played a very important role. Brass
talks about the balance between the rates of social mobilization and assimilation
between different communities, the setting up of political organizations for
promoting group identities and interests, and the influence of colonial policies as
important factors (Brass 1991). Jaffrelot’s study also points out that Hindu
nationalism was constructed and crystallized as an ideology between the 1870s
and the 1920s (Jaffrelot 1996).
Page 10 of 31
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Introduction
tensions within both communities at the time. The context for Hindu revivalism
was provided by the emergence of a vital mercantile culture in the early
nineteenth century together with the rapid expansion of the railways and
communication networks (posts and telegraphs); the emergence of the
professions; the founding of public bodies; and the growth of the press and
vernacular newspapers in the northern plains. Prominent members of the Arya
Samaj, who owned many of the important publishing houses and newspapers
published in UP in the early twentieth century, carried out a massive campaign
against Muslims and Islam in print. The central role played by the rising Hindu
middle class in towns such as Lucknow made religious categories politically
salient in new ways in the colonial milieu. There was a marked increase in the
religious rituals and activities of the Arya Samaj and the Hindu Mahasabha
(Freitag 1989), together with a more aggressive Hinduism based on Vaishnav
reforms and an attempt by many lower castes to move upwards in the caste
hierarchy (Dalmia 1997). Gooptu has (p.13) shown how increased population,
economic dislocation, and absence of opportunities in the villages led to the
migration of thousands of low-caste Hindus to a ghettoized existence in towns,
resulting in their consolidation as defenders of Hinduism against Muslims. This
new force, she suggests, provided the material required for organized Hindu
communalism (Gooptu 1997). Thus, by the early twentieth century, being Hindu
or Muslim became politically significant in ways quite different from the time
when the nawabs of Oudh held power.
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Introduction
Left parties were also active in eastern UP and parts of western UP after
independence, but declined later. Politically from the 1950s to the 1980s the
Congress party was in power in UP and it was a phase of comparative peace and
harmony, when it is argued a composite culture began to develop, punctuated at
times by tension. However, the tendency towards communalism at the societal
level remained dormant at the subterranean level where Hindu communal ideas
mingled with strong and powerful socially (p.14) conservative forces existing at
the state level. It was the weakening and collapse of the Congress party in the
1980s and the formation of the BJP and its politics of communal mobilization
that brought it to the fore in the early 1990s and now during more recent times.
While such tendencies undoubtedly exist in other states particularly in the Hindi
heartland, in UP they have been central to the functioning of its society and
polity.
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Introduction
(p.15) Dhulipala shows how once the Muslim League introduced the Resolution
for Pakistan at Lahore in 1940, it was talked about, debated, and fought over in
the popular press, through books and pamphlets, in public meetings, and
political conferences held in cities, towns, bazaars, and qasbahs (small towns)
across India, but most particularly in the United Provinces (Dhulipala 2015: 17).
The debates were both for and against the formation of an ‘autonomous and
sovereign’ Muslim homeland that would leave a large section of the Muslims in
the United Provinces outside it. Those in favour repeated the ideas of the
Muslim League that Pakistan would possess adequate territory and natural
resources, a hardworking, enterprising, and martial population, and adequate
resources and immense potential for developing into a great power (Dhulipala
2015: 18). There was, Dhulipala alleges, collaboration between the elites in the
League and sections of the Ulama in the United Provinces such as the Deobandi
ulama led by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani that developed steadily after the
Lahore Resolution which proved critical for creating Pakistan (Dhulipala 2015:
21). Based on the work of Francis Robinson, he points to the existence of an
‘incipient’ print capitalism involving the mass publication of the Quran and new
methods of Muslim mass education through revamped madrassas and the rise of
a new autonomous Muslim self that began to directly access the holy texts. This
enabled Muslims to be part of politics and to read in the Urdu press the debates
about Pakistan and be part of it. Paul Brass attributes the popularity of the idea
of Pakistan in UP to the Ashraf Muslims quest for political power through symbol
manipulation and myth creation while claiming to defend the rights of north
Indian Muslims (Brass 1974). Dhulipala points to Robinson’s work which argues
that the acute sense of separate religio-political identity and a new sense of self-
conscious community among the ordinary UP Muslims in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries provided the fundamental rationale and impetus to the
Pakistan movement (Dhulipala 2015: 12).
The relevance of Dhulipala’s work is that during our field study in western UP,
there are statements by respondents or other villagers that Muslims ‘should go
to Pakistan’ if they cannot live within the social values espoused by the majority
Hindu community. The ruling BJP at the centre under Narendra Modi has
whipped up the sentiment of Hindu nationalism against Pakistan through its
‘surgical strikes’ particularly in western UP where a substantial number of
families of army men (p.16) reside. Party members and MPs have questioned
the patriotism of the Muslim community on many occasions implying that they
support Pakistan.1 Through such tactics the party hopes to gain the support of
the Hindus in the 2017 assembly elections in UP. This shows that the much
written about ‘composite culture’ described as developing during the Nehruvian
period, particularly in the Hindi heartland, had stored beneath it unhappy
memories of Partition riots which could be revived six decades after
independence by the communal mobilization of the BJP, creating antagonism
afresh between the Hindu and Muslim communities. This is evident today in the
Page 13 of 31
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Philemon és Baucis.
(1899.)
REGÉNYTÁRGYAK.
I.
14. III. 9.
Nevelőm, Mentorovicz báró javaslatára, naplót fogok vezetni. Ő
bebizonyitá nekem ez intézmény szükségességét. Tényeimet
bizonynyal fel fogja jegyezni a világtörténet, de megfoszthatom-e az
utókort lelkem fejlődésének történetétől? E czélból a
legkényelmesebb az volna, ha sztenográfok és ujságirók által
örökittetném meg mindazt, a mi elmémben felrajzik. Persze e nép
nem bocsájtható környezetembe. Igy nem marad más hátra,
minthogy személyesen jegyezzem fel benyomásaimat, s mindama
kisebb jelentőségü tényeimet, melyek felsorolása életrajzom
teljességéhez feltétlenül szükségessé váland.
E napló formájára nézve megjegyzem, hogy mellőzöm a szokásos
jelzést. Nem az a fontos, hogy mely napon történik a följegyzés,
hanem az, hogy e napon hány éves, hány hónapos és hány napos
vagyok. Ebből „14. III. 9.“ vagyis tizennégyéves, háromhónapos,
kilencznapos koromban – az életrajziró ugyis tudni fogja, hogy mely
napon irtam a bevezető passzust, mert hisz a góthai almanach
mindenkinek elmondja születésem napját.
II.
14. III. 10.
Tegnap nevelőmmel a szinházban voltunk. Előadásra „A szerelmi
bájital“ volt kitüzve, de nevelőm ugy mondá, hogy nekem erre még
nincs szükségem s üzen az igazgatónak, hogy azon jeles darabot
adják, melyben egy derék nemes megmenti a király életét. Az
igazgató kétségbeesetten jelentette, hogy a jeles darab most nincs
raktáron, erre nevelőm a „Lumpáczius“ czimü mulattató szinmü
előadását kivánta.
A darab a helyeslés érzelmeivel töltött el. Valóban igen
kielégitőnek találom, hogy vannak szegény szabók és csizmadiák, a
kik a legrosszabb sorban élnek s mégis folyton vigadnak csak azért,
hogy a magasranguakat mulattassák.
Midőn kijöttünk, az igazgató ismét megjelent, de tányér nélkül.
„Köszönöm, igen szép volt“ – mondám neki, s megvallom, igen jól
esett, hogy a szegény embernek örömet okozhattam. A portásnak is
megköszöntem, hogy oly sokáig állott a kapuban a kedvemért, de
nevelőm kijelentette, hogy ez a köszönetnyilvánitás már fölösleges
volt.
Pedig én a szinészeknek is meg akartam köszönni, hogy annyit
fáradoztak értünk, valamint szerettem volna megköszönni a
lámpagyujtóknak is, hogy kedvemért az utczát kivilágitották.
Már az ágyban voltam, mikor eszembe jutott egy nagy
megfeledkezésem. Elfelejtettem ugyanis megköszönni a napnak,
hogy feljött a kedvemért. „Sebaj! – szólt nevelőm – azért fel fog
kelni holnap is, és ez a fő“ – amiben persze megnyugodtam.
III.
IV.
V.
1. A tudós nő.