REVIEWS

UDC 759.873.088.5:661.185 http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech9.03.007

MICROBIAL SURFACE-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

AS ANTIADHESIVE AGENTS
T. P. PIROG, I. V. SAVENKO, D. A. LUTSAY

National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Ukraine

E-mail: [email protected]
Received 19.04.2016

The literature data of recent years about capacity of biosurfactants synthesized by bacteria
(Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Bacillus) and fungi (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces) not only to
avert the adhesion of microorganisms on the different materials, but also to destroy formed biofilms
on them were presented. The perspective of biosurfactants to prevent pathogens colonization on biot-
ic and abiotic surfaces, that is known, can be a reason of cause and spread of infectious diseases was
discussed. The data of our researches about antiadhesive properties of biosurfactants synthesized by
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241, Nocardia vaccinii IMV B-7405 and Rhodococcus erythropolis
IMV Ac-5017 were presented.

Key words: surface-active substances of microbial origin, microbial adhesion, biofilm disruption.

Surfactants synthesized by microorganisms Since 1990s, microbial biosurfactants have

(MS) are widely used in different branches of been massively studied as alternatives for the
industry. The applying of microbial surfactants preparations that disrupt biofilms on various
in biology and medicine as an alternative to materials used in medicine and in food industry.
synthetic disinfectants or drugs is promising Microorganisms colonizing surfaces are known
due to their antimicrobial and antiadhesive to be a fairly dangerous phenomenon, resulting
properties. in spoilage of food and facilitating the spread
MS are amphiphilous compounds that lower of infectious diseases. Many studies proved
the surface and interfacial tension in liquids. the possibility of using inorganic (for example,
Due to the advantages of MS over their synthetic silver [5]) and other chemical substances (ellagic
analogues (biodegradability, lack of toxicity, acid, esculetin, fisetin [6]) to prevent adhesion,
stability of physicochemical properties in a wide antibiotics and bacteriophage therapy [7] to
range of temperatures and pH), as well as their fight various infections. However, emergence of
unique biological properties, these substances resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and
keep attracting more and more interest [1]. Thus other biocides, and the high costs of methods
MS have already been tried and shown promise in of adhesion prevention and biofilm disruption
petroleum production and mining, in chemical stimulated the search of new substances with
and food industries, in agriculture, and in necessary properties.
nature-friendly technologies for environmental Compared to accepted anti-adhesive agents,
remediation [2]. MS have a range of advantages [1–4]:
In 2011, a review of practical applying of – they do not pollute the environment, since
MS for biology and medicine [3] analyzed their they are biodegradable;
antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial and – they do not induce allergic reactions,
antifungal) and anti-adhesive activities, as because are non-toxic;;
well as the possibility of using these products of – because they are can be used in various
microbial synthesis for therapeutic purposes. environmental conditions due to stable
In 2014, Mulligan et al. published a monograph physicochemical properties;
[4] summarizing the information on microbial – their highly specific mechanisms of
biosurfactants, including their anti-adhesive action prevent the emergence of resistant
properties. microorganisms.

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The aim of this review is to summarize the rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa DS10-129 and
current reports on anti-adhesive potential of established that the number of the attached
biosurfactants, synthesized by different groups bacterial (Staphylococcus epidermidis GB 9/6,
of microorganisms, and on their ability to Staphylococcus aureus GB 2/1, Streptococcus
disrupt biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. salivarius GB 24/9, Rothia dentocariosa GBJ
52/2B) and yeast (Candida tropicalis GB 9/9,
Anti-adhesive properties of Candida albicans GBJ 13/4A, C. tropicalis GB
surfactants synthesized by bacteria of 9/9) cells decreased to 40 and 30% respectively
Pseudomonas genus if the silicon was pretreated by a surfactant
Rhamnolipids. First reports of these preparation at 4 mg/ml. Also, Janek et al. [20]
surfactants come from as early as 1940-es demonstrated the influence of di-rhamnolipids
[8]. The rhamnolipids consist of one or two and phosphatidylethanolamines synthesized by
rhamnose molecules bound to one, two (seldom Pseudomonas putida BD2 on the attachment
three) molecules of hydroxyaliphatic acids. of microorganisms to polystirol, which is the
Depending on the number of the carbohydrate material of most medical prostheses. Surfactant
molecules and fatty acids they are usually preparations were obtained by extracting the
classified as mono-rhamno-mono-lipids, mono- supernatant of cultural liquid of P. putida
rhamno-di-lipids, di-rhamno-mono-lipids and BD2 with ethyl acetate. As test cultures,
di-rhamno-di-lipids. Over 60 homologues bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, E. coli
of rhamnolipids are synthesized by bacteria 17-2, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212,
of Pseudomonas genus (Pseudomonas E. faecalis JA/3, Enterococcus hirae ATCC
chlororaphis, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, 10541, S. epidermidis KCTC 1917, Proteus
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, mirabilis ATCC 21100 and yeasts C. albicans
etc.), yet the main producers are strains of ATCC 20231, C. albicans SC5314, isolated from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4, 9–11]. Wrocław hospitals were used. If the polystirol
Despite the long history of research, biological was pretreated with di-rhamnolipids (0.5 mg/
properties of rhamnolipids started not that ml), the amount of the attached bacterial and
long ago. Thus, in 2001, Abalos et al. found yeast cells decreased to 21–57 and 10–11%,
the antifungal action of seven homologues of respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamines
rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa АТ10, which in were less efficient anti-adhesive agents: their
low concentrations (16–32 μg/ml) inhibited presence inhibited the adhesion of bacteria and
the growth of Aspergillus, Penicillium yeasts only to 77 and 21%, respectively [20].
and Aureobasidium fungi, as well as the The authors of [21] established the efficiency
phytopathogenic Botrytis and Rhizoctonia [12]. of using rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa LCD12
In 2003, antimicrobial action of rhamnolipids to prevent the attachment of cells of Bacillus
of P. aeruginosa 47T2 NCBIM 40044 was subtilis RI6, E. coli PJ3, S. aureus FD5,
published [13]. Thus, minimal inhibitory S. epidermidis LK8 to a polystirol surface.
concentrations (MIC) of these surfactants Adhesion of test cultures was 50–80% if the
against some bacteria of genera Serratia, wells of microplate were pre-treated with
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus surfactant of LCD12 strain at the concentration
were 0.5–32 μg/ml. Studies [12, 13] inspired of 8–64 μg/ml [21].
the following research directed at the possibility The role of rhamnolipids in biofilm
of using microbial surfactants as antimicrobial destruction. The research of the last years is
agents [14–16]. After several years (in 2005) it notable for having not only established not only
was established that besides the antimicrobial the anti-adhesive properties of rhamnolipids
action, rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa PAO1 but also their role in biofilm destruction on
alsopossess anti-adhesive properties [17]. medical materials. Since S. aureus cause various
It was found that the surfactants prevented infectious diseases, Gomesa and Nitschke
biofilm formation by Bordetella bronchiseptica [22] studied the effect of rhamnolipids of
ТК-4 on glass and silicon surfaces. Data P. aeruginosa S5 on the destruction of biofilm
on antimicrobial and anti-adhesive action of this pathogen. Experiments showed that as
of surfactants produced by Pseudomonas soon as two hours later, rhamnolipids caused
representatives are summarized in reviews biofilm destruction by 40–55% (depending
[10, 11, 18]. We provide results which were not on the surfactant concentration), and after
included in those works. twelve hours exposure, by 70–80%. In
The effect of rhamnolipids on attachment of [21], Das et al. showed that rhamnolipids of
microorganisms to various surfaces. Rodrigues P. aeruginosa LCD12 were able not only to
et al. [19] studied anti-adhesive properties of prevent the attachment of S. aureus FD5,

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S. epidermidis LK8, B. subtilis RI6, E. coli Table 1. Destruction of C. albicans GH103 biofilm
PJ3 cells to polystirol surface, but to destroy on polystirol surface in the presence
of P. aeruginosa DSVP20 di-rhamnolipids [25]
biofilms formed by the test cultures on the
material. Thus, in the presence of surfactant Surfactant
Exposure,
Biofilm
of LCD12 strain (8–64 μg/ml) the biofilms of concentration, degradation,
hours
the test cultures were destroyed by 35–50%. mg/ml (%)
A collective of scientists [23] studied the 0.16 2 50
ability of rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa HG3 to 0.31 2 55
destroy the biofilm of yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
NCIM 3589. Their contribution is rather 0.62 2 60
important since it had been established that Y. 1.25 12 65
lipolytica is an opportunistic microorganism, 2.5 12 70
able to cause invasive candidiasis in patients
who are fed parenterally [24]. Thus, Dusane et 5.0 12 90
al. [23] showed that an hour after the biofilm
on a polystirol surface was treated with oorganisms of Pseudomonas genus and their
preparations of P. aeruginosa HG3 surfactants role in biofilm destruction on medical materials
(3.0–100 mg/ml) the degree of its destruction are shown in Table 2.
was 40–50%, and after three hours, in the Lipopeptides. In early 1990-es [28] it was
presence of 6–12 mg/ml rhamnolipids it established that bacteria of Pseudomonas genus
reached 75%. Singh et al. studied the ability are able to produce not only rhamnolipids,
of di-rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa DSVP20 but also lipopeptides. Lipopeptides consist of
to destroy the structure formed by yeast C. a lipid part connected with a short linear or
albicans GH103 on polystirol [25]. Before cyclical oligopeptide. They differ by the length
that [26], it was established that these and composition of the lipid residue, the type,
microorganisms easily colonize surfaces number and configuration of the amino acids in
of prostheses (larynx, knee, heart valves), the peptide [4, 29]. The [4] and [29] provide the
implants (especially breast), endotracheal generalized information about the lipopeptide
tubes, leading to the infection spreading producers among the bacteria of Pseudomonas,
throughout the organism. In the experiment pathways of surfactant synthesis, their
they used a solution of the surfactant, obtained antimicrobial and antifungal properties,
by extracting it from the supernatant of the practical use. However, these reviews mostly
cultural liquid of P. aeruginosa DSVP20 with lack info on the anti-adhesive properties of
ethyl acetate. The efficiency of the destruction lipopeptides of the bacteria of Pseudomonas
process for the biofilm of C. albicans GH103 genus. Until quite recently, anti-adhesive
in the wells of a microplate depended properties were studied only for glycolipids of
on the concentration of di-rhamnolipids Pseudomonas sp., but in 2010, Raaijmakers
(0.04–5.0 mg/ml) and exposure [25]. Thus, et al. [30] established that lipopeptides
experiments showed that 50–60% yeast cells viscosin and massetolide А, synthesized by
remained in the biofilm on polystirol surface P. fuorescens НТ7, disrupted the process of
two hours after treatment with surfactant plastic surface colonization by P. aeruginosa
(0.16–0.62 mg/ml) produced by DSVP20 PAO1. Unfortunately, the article doesn’t
strain. However, at higher concentrations state at which concentration they applied the
of P. aeruginosa DSVP20 surfactant, after lipopeptides.
twelve hours the biofilm was practically In 2012, a study showed isolation from
totally destroyed (Table 1). Turbhekar et al. Swalbard archipelago of a strain P. fluorescens
[27] established the ability of P. aeruginosa BD5, able to synthesize pseudofactin ІІ (cyclical
RT rhamnolipids to destroy the biofilm of lipopeptide). Janek et al. [31] extracted
C. albicans BT107. A single hour after the pseudofactin ІІ with ethyl acetate from the
surface was treated with the surfactant cultural liquid of P. fluorescens BD5. The
preparation, the degree of destruction of BT107 scientists conducted a number of experiments
strain biofilm on the polystirol surface was, on which showed that the lipopeptide, produced
average, 52%, and after three hours of exposure by strain BD5, prevents the attachment of E.
at the surfactant concentration of 25–100 mg/ coli FR47, E. faecalis UD35, E. hirae KB73,
ml it reached 70%. S. epidermidis DS41, P. mirabilis GD87 and
An overview of data on anti-adhesive C. albicans HU34 to various surfaces (glass,
properties of rhamnolipids, synthesized by polystirol, silicon). Pretreating polystirol
plates with pseudofactin ІІ (0.5 mg/ml)

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Table 2. Еffect of rhamnolipids on the adhesion of microorganisms and biofilm destruction

Surfactant Adhesion/
Surfactant Studied
concentra- Test cultures destruction Source
producers material
tion, mg/ml (%)
Anti-adhesive properties
P. aeruginosa Glass, sili-
– B. bronchiseptica ТК-4 – [17]
PAO1 con
S. epidermidis GB 9/6, S. salivarius GB
P. aeruginosa 24/9, S. aureus GB 2/1, R. dentocariosa
4 Silicon 30–40 [19]
DS10-129 GBJ 52/2B; C. tropicalis GB 9/9, C. albi-
cans GBJ 13/4A, C. tropicalis GB 9/9
E. coli ATCC10536, E. coli 17-2, E. faeca-
lis ATCC 29212, E. faecalis JA/3, E. hirae
21–57
P. putida BD2 0.5 ATCC 10541, S. epidermidis KCTC 1917, Polystirol [20]
P. mirabilis ATCC 21100

C. albicans ATCC20231, C. albicans SC5314 10–11

P. aeruginosa 0.008– B. subtilis RI6, E. coli PJ3, S. aureus FD5,

Polystirol 50–80 [21]
LCD12 0.064 S. epidermidis LK8
Biofilm destruction
P. aeruginosa
2.5–10.0 S. aureus АТСС 25923 Polystirol 70–80 [22]
S5
P. aeruginosa 0.008– B. subtilis RI6, E. coli PJ3, S. aureus FD5,
Polystirol 35–50 [21]
LCD12 0.064 S. epidermidis LK8
P. aeruginosa
6–12 Y. lipolytica NCIM 3589 Polystirol 75 [23]
HG3
P. aeruginosa
1.25–5.0 C. albicans GH103 Polystirol 65–90 [25]
DSVP20
P. aeruginosa
25–100 C. albicans BT107 Polystirol 70 [27]
RT

Note: – not reported.

inhibited adhesion of bacteria and yeast by Bacteria of Bacillus genus as producers of

36–90 and 92–99%; silicon ones — by 18–37 lipopeptides with anti-adhesive properties
and 8–9%, respectively. Adhesion of cells to Of the most studied lipopeptide producers,
glass did not exceed 26–70% for all studied one can name the genus Bacillus, in particular
bacteriae and yeast [31]. Therefore, each year strains of B. subtilis. These lipopeptides
brings more and more information on the are divided into three families of cyclical
surfactants of the bacteriae of Pseudomonas compounds: surfactin, iturin and fengicin,
not only as efficient anti-adhesive agents to differing by the position, length and isomers
prevent microbes colonizing various surfaces of fatty acids in their molecules [4, 29, 34]. The
[10, 11, 17–21], but as compounds able ability of B. subtilis AMS-H2O-1 to synthesize
to destroy biofilms formed on abiotic and surfactin was first established in 1968 [32],
biotic materials [21–23, 25, 27]. However, and in 1977 B. subtilis DS-104 was found to
rhamnolipids are still the most studied, since produce iturin [33]. The reports [29, 34] and
about lipopeptides we have to date only single [4] provide summaries on most producers of
reports. If surfaces of different materials lipopeptides, cultivation conditions and media,
(glass, silicon, polystirol) are treated with and practical applications. The first reports on
rhamnolipid preparations (0.008–4 mg/ml), the antimicrobial action of B. subtilis OKB105
microorganism adhesion decrease more than surfactin go back to 1997. Vollenbroich et al.
by 50%. Rhamnolipids (1.25–100 mg/ml) are showed that the lipopeptide of OKB105 strain
also able to practically utterly destroy biofilms (0.032 mg/ml) could inhibit the growth of
formed on polystirol. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma orale,

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able to cause infectious diseases of the urinary surfaces were treated with superficially
tract [35, 36]. active substances of strain V19T21, the
In 2001, the surfactin produced by B. subti- number of E. coli CFT073 cells attached to
lis HT73 was for the first time shown to prevent polyvinyl chloride surface, as well as cells of
attaching Salmonella enterica SJW1103 cells S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa РА14
to polystirol and silicon [37]. It was established and S. epidermis TІ23, did not exceed 10%.
that the lipopeptide (5–50 μg/ml) lowered the The ability of strain Bacillus cereus NK1 to
number of the test culture cells attached to synthesize lipopeptides with expressed surface
polystirol surface by 60–85%. These authors activity has also been investigated [40]. The
also established the efficiency of using the authors found that these surfactants are able
lipopeptide of the strain HT73 (100 μg/ml) to prevent formation of biofilms of P. aeruginosa
for the total destruction of the biofilms of НР1 and S. epidermidis РІ5 on plastic. At 15 mg/
S. enterica SJW1103, E. coli TH5, P. mirabilis ml, the preparations of surfactants inhibited
GI7 on urethral catheters. The data on biologic by 55–65% adhesion on abiotic surface both
properties of the lipopeptides of bacteria P. aeruginosa НР1 and S. epidermidis РІ5. In
Bacillus genus are given in [29, 34]. Let us the study [41] they showed that lipopeptides
consider the results on anti-adhesive properties of B. subtilis AC7 are efficient against the
which were not included in those reviews. formation of biofilm of C. albicans OD1. Thus,
if the silicon surface of the urethral catheters
The effect of lipopeptides on the attachment was treated with preparations of surfactants of
of microorganisms to different surfaces AC7 (20–200 μg/ml), the number of adherent
Zeraik and Nitschke [38] found the ability cells of C. albicans OD1 dropped by more
of surfactin, synthesized by B. subtilis LB5a, than 70%.
to prevent attaching to polystirol cells of In 2013, Ajesh et al. [42] isolated strain
S. aureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes B. cereus AK1, capable of synthesizing a
ATCC 19112 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC lipopeptide which by its chemical composition
4698 surface. Lipopeptide (10 mg/ml) of the was different from surfactin and iturin. It was
strain LB5a decreased adhesion of the studied proposed to be called kannurin. The authors
cells by 63–66%. The authors compared the managed to find the ability of kannurin
efficiency of using surfactin of B. subtilis LB5a (0.25–512 μg/ml) to prevent the attachment
(10 mg/ml) and rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa of yeasts C. albicans LK3 and Cryptococcus
LВ1 (40 mg/ml) as anti-adhesive preparations. neoformans ВМ8 to silicon surface. Thus,
Studies showed that lipopeptides of strain when the material was treated with surfactant
LB5a are more efficient anti-adhesive agents: preparations (2–64 μg/ml), the adhesion of test
adhesion of bacteria to the polystirol surface cultures reduced by 25–75%.
when treated with the rhamnolipids of strain
LВ1 was 2–3 times higher, then in the presence The role of lipopeptides in the destruction of
of surfactin. biofilms
Rivardo et al. [39] described the effect Recent years showed increasing attention
of lipopeptides, synthesized by B. subtilis the researchers pay to the search of new
V19T21 and Bacillus licheniformis V9T14, lipopeptide surfactants capable not only of
on the attachment of S. aureus ATCC 29213, biofilm formation prevention but also of
E. coli CFT073, P. aeruginosa РА14 and S. destroying those already established on medical
epidermis TІ23 to polyvinyl chloride, which materials, since microorganisms in their
is used for primary packing of medical structure there are resistant practically to all
preparations. Adhesion of E. coli CFT073 known antimicrobial preparations [43]. Sriram
was efficiently reduced after treatment et al. [40] studied the ability of lipopeptides of
by surfactant preparation of strain V9T14 B. cereus NK1 to destroy formed biofilms of
(2.6 μg/ml): number of attached cells did P. aeruginosa НР1 and S. epidermidis РІ5 on
not exceed 7%. However, lipopeptide of B. polystirol surface. Experiments showed that as
licheniformis V9T14 did not prevent the soon as two hours later, lipopeptides (5.0–15.0
colonization of surface by other test cultures mg/ml) disrupted the biofilm on average by
(S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa РА14, 25–55% (Table 3).
S. epidermis TІ23). The authors established The highest level of P. aeruginosa НР1
that the surfactants of B. subtilis V19T21 and S. epidermidis РІ5 biofilm destruction
(5–25 μg/ml) showed anti-adhesive activity (54–58%) was reached by using maximal
against a wider range of bacteria than those (15 mg/ml) of the studied concentrations of
of B. licheniformis V9T14: thus, after the surfactant preparations. Song et al. showed

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Table 3. The destruction of P. aeruginosa НР1 and S. epidermidis РІ5 biofilms after treatment
of polystirol surfaces with B. cereus NK1 lipopeptides [40]
Biofilm destruction, %
Surfactant concentration, mg/ml
P. aeruginosa НР1 S. epidermidis РІ5
0.1 2.5 ± 0.2 2.56 ± 0.3
0.2 2.63 ± 0.15 3.56 ± 0.5
0.4 4.5 ± 0.26 5.33 ± 0.5
0.8 7.56 ± 0.2 9.43 ± 0.5
1.6 13.5 ± 0.3 12.5 ± 0.6
5.0 22.7 ± 0.52 26.46 ± 0.4
10.0 31.76 ± 0.35 33.35 ± 0.12
15.0 54.21 ± 0.04 57.52 ± 0.55

that lipopeptides of B. amyloliquefaciens [46, 47]. In 1993, Blomberg et al. [46] found the
GH7 (25–75 μg/ml) are able to destroy, on ability of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus
polystirol surfaces, formed biofilms of the (Lactobacillus crispatus 152, Lactobacillus
fungi Metschnikowia bicuspidata 2Е00088, fermentum 104R, Lactobacillus murinus
C. tropicalis 2Е00879, Y. lipolytica 2Е00856 C39 and others) to produce substances, able
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2Е01006: the to prevent adhesion of cells of E. coli K88.
level of disruption was 35–50% [44]. The report In time (1996), it was established that these
inspired Rautela et al. [45], who studied the substances have high content of proteins,
ability of lipopeptides of B. amyloliquefaciens polysaccharides, phosphates. Nowadays,
AR2 to disrupt already formed on polystirol there is still next to nothing on the chemical
biofilms of the yeasts C. albicans (MTCC 1637, composition of the surfactants synthesized by
MTCC 4748 and MTCC 183). After three hours bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus [47–49].
of treating the surface with lipopeptides of The established ability of L. fermentum B54
B. amyloliquefaciens AR2 (1–6 mg/ml) they and Lactobacillus acidophilus RC14 to produce
observed destruction of biofilms on it. The most surfactants which at 20 mg/ml prevented
efficient (up to 80%) was the process of biofilm adhesion of E. faecalis 1131 on glass surfaces:
destruction by surfactants at the concentration after 4 hours, the amount of adherent cells did
of 6 mg/ml. The researchers found that if the not exceed 30–33% [47]. Studying biological
polystirol surface was treated with lipopeptides properties of surface-active substances of the
at lower concentration (1–4 mg/ml), the representatives of the genus Lactobacillus is
exposure necessary to destroy the biofilm, was an urgent task, since they are the most suitable
longer (6–12 hours). Table 4 summarizes data anti-adhesive agents for medicine due to lack
on anti-adhesive properties of lipopeptides of of pathogenicity. Unfortunately, by now there
representatives of the genus Bacillus and their are but few single data points suggesting the
role in the destruction of biofilms on medical ability of these surfactants to prevent microbial
materials. Therefore, data prove the efficiency colonization of various surfaces. Below we give
of using lipopeptides of the genus Bacillus as an overview of latest years’ research on anti-
anti-adhesive agents [35–45]. If the surfaces adhesive potential of surfactants synthesized
were treated with preparations of lipopeptides by bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus.
(0.002–15.0 mg/ml), microbe adhesion
decreased by more than 60%. The experiments The effect of surface-active substances
showed that lipopeptides (0.025–15.0 mg/ml) on the adhesion of microorganisms to various
are also able to practically utterly (80–90%) surfaces
destroy biofilms formed on polystirol. As the authors of [48] report, the
surfactants of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp.
Surfactants of Lactobacillus genus bacteria paracasei A20 are able to prevent adhesion of
as anti-adhesive agents some microorganisms to plastic. So, if plastic
Data on surfactants, synthesized by was treated with surfactant preparations
representatives of the genus Lactobacillus, are (3–50 mg/ml), the amount of adherent cells of
scarce. Initial research appeared in 1990-es E. coli E-8 and P. aeruginosa L-7 was 11 and 21%,

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Table 4. The effect of the lipopeptides of the genus Bacillus on microbial adhesion and biofilm destruction

Surfactant Mate- Adhesion/

Surfactant pro-
concentra- Test cultures rial under destruc- Source
ducers
tion, mg/ml study tion (%)
Anti-adhesive properties
Polysti-
B. subtilis HT73 0.005–0.05 S. enterica SJW1103 rol, sili- 60–85 [37]
con
S. aureus ATCC 25923, L. monocytogenes
B. subtilis LB5a 10 Polystirol 63–66 [38]
ATCC 19112, M. luteus ATCC 4698
B. subtilis S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli CFT073, Polyvinyl
0.005–0.025 10 [39]
V19T21 P. aeruginosa РА14, S. epidermis TІ23 chloride
B. licheniformis Polyvinyl
0.0026 E. coli CFT073 7 [39]
V9T14 chloride
B. cereus NK1 15 P. aeruginosa НР1, S. epidermidis РІ5 Plastic 35–45 [40]
B. subtilis AC7 0.02–0.2 C. albicans OD1 Silicon 30 [41]
B. cereus AK1 0.002–0.064 C. albicans LK3, C. neoformans ВМ8 Silicon 25–75 [42]
Biofilm destruction
S. enterica SJW1103, E. coli TH5, P. mi-
B. subtilis HT73 0.1 Polystirol ~ 90 [37]
rabilis GI7
B. cereus NK1 5–15 P. aeruginosa НР1, S. epidermidis РІ5 Polystirol 23–58 [40]
M. bicuspidata 2Е00088, C. tropicalis
B. amyloliquefa-
0.025–0.075 2Е00879, Y. lipolytica 2Е00856, S. cere- Polystirol 35–50 [44]
ciens GH7
visiae 2Е01006
B. amyloliquefa- C. albicans (MTCC 1637, MTCC 4748,
1–6 Polystirol 80 [45]
ciens AR2 MTCC 183)

respectively. However, adhesion of S. aureus (by 85%) decreased adhesion of A. baumannii

H-3, S. epidermidis R-7, Streptococcus sanguis 12 BV230 and E. coli RT347. It should be noted
and Streptococcus agalactiae K-9 was much that for maximal adhesion of S. aureus EI171
higher (67–76%). The amount of adherent cells, a lower (25 mg/ml) concentration
cells of the yeast C. albicans Е-7 and the fungus of surfactants of strains GJ107 and FD45
Trichophyton mentagrophytes К-5 reached is needed; under the treatment, adhesion
75–80%. Brzozowski et al. [49] studied the doesn’t exceed 10% [50]. Fracchia et al. [51]
anti-adhesive potential of surfactants of strains studied the ability of surfactants synthesized
L. rhamnosus ССМ 1825 and Lactobacillus by Lactobacillus sp. CV8LAC, to prevent the
fermenti 126. The studies used surfactants attachment of two strains of С. аlbicans (CA-
at the concentrations of 2.0–12.5 mg/ml, and 2894 and DSMZ 11225) to polystirol surface.
treatment led to the decrease in adhesion of They used surfactant solutions of different
E. coli 22, P. aeruginosa W2 and K. pneumoniae concentrations (2.5–78 μg/ml), obtained be
2 on polystirol surface. Surfactants of strain extraction with a mixture of ethyl acetate
ССМ 1825 were more efficient and decreased and methanol (4:1) of the supernatant of the
the test cultures’ adhesion by 43–56% after 5 cultural liquid of Lactobacillus sp. CV8LAC.
hours after treatment, while in the presence The maximal decrease in adhesion (by 82%)
of surfactants of strain 126 the number of of С. аlbicans CA-2894 was observed if the
adherent cells of the microorganisms was higher surfactant were used at concentration of
and reached 67%. A study [50] established the 25 μg/ml. If the surfactant concentration
efficiency of using surfactants of Lactobacillus was further raised to 62.5 μg/ml, there was
jensenii GJ107 and L. rhamnosus FD45 to practically no change in adhesion. Meanwhile,
prevent adhesion of E. coli RT347, S. aureus adhesion of cells of another strain, С. аlbicans
EI171 and Acinetobacter baumannii BV230 DSMZ 11225, was 19% if the researchers used
on polystirol surface. Surfactants (50 mg/ a much lower concentration (10 μg/ml) of
ml) of both strains of Lactobacillus efficiently Lactobacillus sp. CV8LAC surfactant [51]. The

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Table 5. Effect of biosurfactants of Lactobacillus genus bacteria on the adhesion of the microorganisms
and the biofilm destruction

Surfactant Mate- Adhesion/

Surfactant
concentra- Test cultures rial under destruction Source
producers
tion, mg/ml study (%)
Antiadhesive properties
L. fermentum B54 20 E. faecalis 1131 Glass 30 [47]
L. acidophilus RC14 20 E. faecalis 1131 Glass 33 [47]
E. coli E-8, P. aeruginosa L-7 11–21
S. aureus H-3, S. epidermidis R-7,
L. paracasei A20 3–50 Plastic 67–76 [48]
S. sanguis 12, S. agalactiae K-9
C. albicans Е-7, T. mentagro-
75–80
phytes К-5
L. rhamnosus E. coli 22, P. aeruginosa W2,
2.0–12.5 Polystirol 43–56 [49]
ССМ 1825 K. pneumoniae 2
E. coli 22, P. aeruginosa W2,
L. fermenti 126 2.0–12.5 Polystirol 67 [49]
K. pneumoniae 2
E. coli RT347, S. aureus EI171,
L. jensenii GJ107 25–50 Polystirol 10–15 [50]
A. baumannii BV230
E. coli RT347, S. aureus EI171,
L. rhamnosus FD45 25–50 Polystirol 10–15 [50]
A. baumannii BV230
Lactobacillus sp. 0.0025– С. аlbicans CA-2894,
Polystirol 16–19 [51]
CV8LAC 0.078 С. аlbicans DSMZ 1225
L. acidophilus GF4 0.001–0.01 P. mirabilis FKJ347 Silicon 20–30 [52]
Biofilm destruction
L. acidophilus GF4 0.006 P. mirabilis FKJ347 Polystirol 50 [52]
Lactobacillus sp. P. aeruginosa НР1,
0.8 Polystirol 70 [51]
CV8LAC S. epidermidis РІ5
L. аcidophilus ATCC
0.1 С. аlbicans SDC284 Polystirol 55 [54]
4356

authors of [52] established that it was possible Conglomerates of cells and salts are formed,
to prevent colonization of FKJ347 urethral which later on leads to biofilm formation.
catheters by Proteus mirabilis, if the catheters Abd Ulkareem Ali [52] studied the efficiency
were treated with surfactants of strain of using preparations of surfactants of strain
L. acidophilus GF4. The experiments showed L. acidophilus GF4 to destroy the biofilm of
that if the surfactant was used at a much lower P. mirabilis, formed on urethral catheters,
concentration of 1–10 μg/ml, the number of and to prevent the formation of a new one. The
the adherent cells was as low as 20–30%. first round of experiments established that
45 clinical isolates of the bacteria (94% of the
The role of surface-active substances in studied) formed biofilms. Later experiments
biofilm destruction showed that surfactants of L. acidophilus
One of the problems of bladder GF4 (6 μg/ml) caused 50% destruction of
catheterization in medical practice is the P. mirabilis FKJ347 biofilm, formed on plate
organ’s easy colonizability by microorganisms wells. In [51] they showed that the surfactants,
which are able to cause infectious diseases. One synthesized by Lactobacillus sp. CV8LAC, at
of the pathogens is P. mirabilis, which is able the concentration of 17.5–800 μg/ml destroyed
to hydrolyze urine using its own urease [53]. on polystirol surface the biofilm of С. аlbicans
A consequence of this is the sedimentation CA-2894 and С. аlbicans DSMZ 11225. It was
of magnesium phosphate and calcium found that at the concentration of 800 μg/ml,
phosphate on the inside of the catheter, the degree of the destruction of yeast biofilm
which blocks the urine flow from the bladder. reached 70%. These are the first studies which

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 Reviews

show that surfactants of L. аcidophilus showed the ability of sophorolipid lunasan, synthesized
high ability to disrupt the structure of biofilms by Candida sphaerica UCP0995, at 10 mg/ml
on biotic surface. to lower adhesion to plastic of the bacteria of
A continuation of the work by Fracchia et the genus Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus casei
al. [51] was the study by Simone et al. [54], G43 — by 90%, Lactobacillus reuteri 104R —
which established the ability of surfactants 55%), Staphylococcus (S. aureus S27 — 90%,
(10–1 000 mkg/ml) of L. аcidophilus ATCC 4356 S. epidermidis GB — 22%), Streptococcus
to destroy biofilms of the yeast Candida. At the (Streptococcus oralis J22 — 91%, Streptococcus
concentration of the surfactant of 100 μg/ml mutans HG985 — 50%) and P. aeruginosa
they observed the destruction of the biofilm CS34 — by 90%. An influential article
С. аlbicans SDC284 by 55%. Generalized data of Rufino et al. [60], shows anti-adhesive
on anti-adhesive properties of the surfactants, properties of rufisan — a sophorolipid produced
synthesized by representatives of the genus by C. lipolytica UCP0988. If polystirol surface
Lactobacillus, and their role in the destruction is treated with a preparation of the surfactant
of biofilms are presented in Table 5. Analysis of the strain UCP 0988 at the concentration
shows that using surfactants, synthesized by of 0.75 mg/l, the number of adherent cells of
bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus as anti- Streptococcus agalactiae LNM103, L. сasei
adhesive agents and to destroy biofilms is G43, S. mutans NS27 and S. aureus H75 are
efficient [46–54]. Treating abiotic and biotic 80–90%; Streptococcus sanguis 12, S. oralis
materials with surfactants (0.003–50.0 mg/ml) J22 and S. mutans HG985 — 60–75%, and
was accompanied by decrease of adhesion P. aeruginosa Р351 — 49%. Under conditions
of microorganisms to 30–80%. However, of increased concentration of rufisan
currently there are only single reports of the (12 mg/l), decreased (by 20–50%) adhesion of
anti-adhesive properties of the surfactants of the cells of E. сoli NH471, S. epidermidis B41
the bacteriae of the genus Lactobacillus. and C. albicans ТР31 has also been observed.
The articles [11, 61–63] provide an overview
Fungi as producers of surfactants with anti- of data on surfactant producers among fungi,
adhesive properties optimal conditions of their biosynthesis and
In the beginning of the ХХІ century, their biological properties. Let us review the
there was a marked increase in the research of data on anti-adhesives which were left out of
surfactants produced by organisms belonging these reviews.
to the genera Саndida and Pseudozyma. It is
explained by the ability of fungi to produce, The influence of fungal surfactants on
on cheap substrates, substantially higher microorganism adhesion to various surfaces
concentrations of surfactants compared to Padmapriya and Suganthi [64] established
bacteria, which is economically profitable the ability of surfactants synthesized by
[55]. In 1970–80-ies, Candida bogoriensis FT6-1 C. tropicalis CTY 25H and C. albicans FGY 25H
was first found to synthesize sophorolipids, to prevent attachment of cells of P. aeruginosa
which contain disaccharide sophorose, linked JC92, K. рneumoniae GH107, E. coli ATCC
by glycosidic bond to the penultimate atom of 20743, P. mirabilis РJ502, S. aureus ATCC
the carbon chain of the fatty acid С16–С19, 25923, C. albicans HY103 and bacteriae
however the research of biological properties belonging to genera Citrobacter and Bacillus,
of fungal surfactants started later [56–58]. isolated from hospitals of Coimbatore (India),
In 2001, Golubev et al. [57] showed that to urethral catheters. The surfactants were
glycolipids of Pseudozyma fusiformata VKM obtained by twice extracting supernatant of
Y-282 have an antifungal activity [57]. By the cultural liquid of C. tropicalis CTY 25H and
their chemical composition these glycolipids C. albicans FGY 25H with dichloromethane.
are mannosyl erythritol lipids, which as the According to the data of infrared spectroscopy,
basic structure have 4-O--D-mannopyranosyl these surfactants contain alkenes, hydroxyl,
meso-erythritol, linked with fatty acid and/ carbonyl, aromatic nitro- and amino residues.
or acetyl groups. In their further studies, the More efficient for prevention of test cultures’
authors established the ability of glycolipids adhesion were surfactants of C. tropicalis CTY
of the strain VKM Y-282 to inhibit the 25H (0.1–1.0 mg/ml): if the catheters were
growth of fungi of the genera Cryptococcus, treated so, the number of adherent cells of
Filobasidiella, Candida and Saccharomyces at P. aeruginosa JC92, K. рneumoniae GH107 and
low concentrations (0.13–1.6 mg/ml) [58]. First E. coli ATCC 20743 was 50–60%, P. mirabilis
studies of the anti-adhesive properties of fungi РJ502 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 — 15–20%,
occurred in 2011 [59, 60]. Luna et al. [59] found C. albicans HY103, and of bacteria of the

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BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA, V. 9, No 3, 2016

genera Citrobacter and Bacillus — 5–12%. were isolated from the oil polluted samples of
Using surfactant preparations of C. albicans soil, identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis
FGY 25H (0.2–1.5 mg/ml) lead to higher cell ЕК-1, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus К-4 and
adhesion (15–90%). The authors of [65] studied Nocardia vaccinii К-8 [67] and registered in
the ability of the surfactants of Trichosporon the Microorganisms Depositary of the Institute
montevideense CLOA72 to prevent adhesion of Microbiology and Virology the National
of yeast C. albicans CC to plastic. Thus, under Academy of Sciences of Ukraine under the
treatment with surfactant (4–16 mg/ml), the numbers IMV Ac-5017, IMV B-7241and IMV
amount of test culture cells adherent to plastic В-7405 respectively. We found they were
was as low as 10–25%. The authors showed that able to produce surfactants on hydrophilic
using lower (0.5–2.5 mg/ml) concentrations and hydrophobic substrates [68–70]. By their
of surfactants of T. montevideense CLOA72 is chemical nature surfactants of R. erythropolis
less efficient: the adhesion of C. albicans CC ІМV Ас-5017 are a complex of glyco-,
cells reached 95%. They note that surfactants phospho- and neutral lipids with compounds
synthesized by T. montevideense CLOA72 are of polysaccharide-protein nature, surfactants
glycolipids but their chemical composition of A. calcoaceticus ІМV В-7241 and N. vaccinii
isn’t stated. ІМV В-7405 are complexes of glyco-, amino-
and neutral lipids. Glycolipids of all strains are
The role of surface-active substances of represented by trehalosomycolates [11].
fungi in the destruction of biofilms It was shown [71] that surfactants of strain
We managed to find only a single report A. calcoaceticus ІМV В-7241, N. vaccinii IMV
[66] describing the ability of surfactants B-7405 and R. erythropolis IMV Ac-5017 at
of S. cerevisiae D1, D2 and D3 strains the concentrations of 0.003–0.12 mg/ml were
(0.1–1.0 mg/ml) to destroy bacterial and yeast able to decrease adhesion of some bacteriae
biofilms on polystirol. It was established that (E. coli IEМ-1, B. subtilis BT-2), yeast (C.
the most efficient were the preparations of albicans D-6) and micromycetes (Aspergillus
S. cerevisiae D3 surfactants (0.1–0.2 mg/ml), niger P-3, Fusarium culmorum T-7) on abiotic
in the presence of which the observed (plastic, glass, tile, linoleum) and biotic
destruction of C. albicans СА107 biofilm was (catheters, dental prostheses) surfaces by
by 10–20%. The surfactants of S. cerevisiae 75–90, 50–80 and 20–40%, respectively.
D3 at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml caused Later, the ability of the surfactants of
the destruction of B. subtilis BТ37 biofilm А. calcoaceticus ІМV В-7241, synthesized
by 30%. A comparison of S. cerevisiae D3 on ethanol, glycerol and n-hexadecane to
surfactants with sodium dodecyl sulphate destroy formed bacterial biofilms, was also
(SDS), which is widely used as a component studied. The data provided in Table 7 suggest
of disinfectants, showed that at higher (up to that regardless of the nature of the carbon
1.0 mg/ml) concentrations of SDS the biofilm source (ethanol, glycerol, n-hexadecane)
of C. albicans СА107 is destructed by 30% and and the degree of purification (supernatant,
B. subtilis BТ37 — by 40% [66]. There are, surfactant solution), all surfactants at the
however, no data on the chemical composition concentrations of 0.04–1.28 mg/ml destroyed
of S. cerevisiae D3 surfactants. Therefore, the biofilm of S. aureus BMC-1 by 21–88%, and
the results support the notion that fungal the destruction increased with the increase in
surfactants (Table 6) are a fairly efficient surfactant concentration. The highest degree
agent preventing adhesion of microbial of biofilm destruction of the S. aureus BMC-1
cells [59–65]. If materials were treated with (88%) was obtained with 1.28 mg/ml solution
surfactants (0.00075–16.0 mg/ml), adhesion of surfactant synthesized on n-hexadecane. At
of microorganisms did not, on average, exceed the concentration of 0.04 mg/ml we already
40–90%. Currently, fungal surfactants are observed destruction of the biofilm of the test
little researched as to their ability to destroy culture by 54 and 58%, respectively. Further
microbial biofilms. research showed that unlike of S. aureus
BMC-1, biofilm of B. subtilis BT-2 and E. сoli
Anti-adhesive potential of the surfactants ІЕМ-1 were more efficiently destroyed by
of Аcinetobacter calcoaceticus ІМВ В-7241, surfactants (0.04–1.28 mg/ml) synthesized
Nocardia vaccinni IMB B-7405 and on ethanol. Thus, the maximal degree of biofilm
Rhodococcus erythropolis IMB Ac-5017 destruction of test cultures after treatment with
Earlier, in the Department of Biotechnology surfactant solution (1.28 mg/ml) was 86 and
and Microbiology of the National University of 53%, respectively. Surfactants synthesized
Food Technologies the oil-oxidizing bacteria by strain ІМV В-7241 were more efficient

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 Reviews

Table 6. The effect of surfactants, produced by fungi, on adhesion of microorganisms and destruction
of biofilms
Surfactant
Material Adhesion/
Surfactant pro- concentra-
Test cultures under destruction Source
ducers tion, mg/
study (%)
ml
Anti-adhesion properties
L. casei G43, L. casei VF59, L. reuteri
C. sphaerica 104R, L. reuteri ML1, S. aureus S27,
10 Plastic 10–80 [59]
UCP0995 S. epidermidis GB, S. oralis J22, S. mu-
tans HG985, P. aeruginosa CS34

S. agalactiae LNM103, L. сasei G43,

80–90
S. mutans NS27, S. aureus H75
C. lipolytica 0.00075–
S. sanguis 12, S. oralis J22, S. mutans Polystirol 60–75 [60]
UCP 0988 0.012
P. aeruginosa Р351, E. сoli NH471,
20–50
S. epidermidis B41, C. albicans ТР31

P. aeruginosa JC92, K. рneumoniae

50–60
GH107, E. coli ATCC 20743
Polystirol
C. tropicalis
0.1–1.0 P. mirabilis РJ502, S. aureus ATCC (urethral 15–20 [64]
CTY 25H
catheters)
C. albicans HY103, genera Citrobacter,
5–12
Bacillus
P. aeruginosa JC92, K. рneumoniae
65–90
GH107, E. coli ATCC 20743
Polystirol
C. albicans
0.2–1.5 P. mirabilis РJ502, S. aureus ATCC (urethral 35–65 [64]
FGY 25H
catheters)
C. albicans HY103, genera Citrobacter,
15–35
Bacillus
T. montevideense
4.0–16.0 C. albicans CC Plastic 10–25 [65]
CLOA72
Biofilm destruction
S. cerevisiae D3 0.1–0.2 C. albicans СА107, B. subtilis BТ37 Polystirol 10–30 [66]

destructors of bacterial biofilms compared of microbial surfactants is the fact that

to rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa LBI and synthesis of some of these compounds
surfactin of B. subtilis RT7 [72], which (rhamnolipids of the bacteria belonging
supports the possibility of using them as to the genus Pseudomonas, sophorolipids
novel disinfectants to eliminate bacterial of the yeast Саndida and surfactants of
biofilms. A. calcoaceticus ІМV В-7241) is possible on
The analyzed literature of the recent the waste of food industry (fried vegetable
years concerning anti-adhesive properties of oil, soap stock) and biodiesel production
surfactants synthesized by various groups (technical glycerol). Notably, most currently
of microorganisms and their role in the known microbial surfactants have high anti-
destruction of bacterial biofilms on biotic adhesive properties towards a wide range of
and abiotic surfaces, demonstrated the test cultures at fairly low concentrations.
possibility to use these products of microbial As to most disadvantages of microbial
synthesis to develop novel efficient surfactants as anti-adhesive agents,
disinfectants. Comparative analysis of the eliminating them is only a question of time
well-known microbial surfactants is given and optimization of bio-surfactant synthesis
in Table 8. These data show that microbial using both intensification of the production
surfactants have their own advantages and technologies and improvement of strains by
disadvantages. A substantial advantage genetic and metabolic engineering.

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Table 7. Effect of A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 surfactants synthesized on various substrates

on the destruction of S. aureus BMC-1 biofilm

Test culture biofilm destruction (%) after treatment

Carbon source with surfactant of certain concentration, mg/ml
Preparations
in medium
0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.64 1.28

Supernatant 21 25 27 31 38 42
Ethanol
Surfactant solution 31 35 46 50 54 54

Supernatant 31 42 54 58 62 65
Glycerin
Surfactant solution 42 50 54 56 58 62

Supernatant 54 58 61 62 69 73
n-Hexadecane
Surfactant solution 58 65 67 69 73 88

Table 8. Advantages and disadvantages of various microbial surfactants —

potential anti-adhesive agents

Refe-
Peculiarities of production and using the surfactants
Surfac- rences
Producers
tants
Advantages Disadvantages

Bacteria of the Synthesis on waste of food indus- Producers are opportunistic [4, 10,
Rhamno- try (oil-fat, alcohol, dairy); high pathogenic microorganisms 11, 17,
genus Pseudomo-
lipids surfactant content (1.5–50 g/l) 19–21]
nas
Bacteria of the Sufficiently low efficient concen- Low concentrations of pro- [4,
genus Pseudomo- tration duced surfactants 9–31]
Lipo- nas
peptides Efficient towards a wide spectrum Limited range of substrates [4, 29,
Bacteria of the of pathogenic microbes for surfactant synthesis 34,
genus Bacillus (mostly carbohydrates) 37–42]
Surfac- Lack of pathogenicity of the pro- Expensive media cultivation; [47–
Bacteria of the ducers; low concentration of surfac- 52]
tants of
genus Lactobacil- high anti-adhesive potential of sur- tants
lactic
lus factants at low concentrations (20–100 mg/l)
bacteria
Synthesis on cheap substrates Low (<18%) yield of product [11,
Sophoro- Yeasts of the ge- (fried vegetable oil, waste of vege- from substrate; 59–65]
lipids nus Саndida table oil production) producers are opportunistic
pathogens
A com- Synthesis on waste (fried vegetable Low anti-adhesive potential [69, 70,
plex of Acinetobacter oil, glycerol); high anti-adhesive towards fungi 71]
amino- calcoaceticus potential at low surfactant concen-
and gly- ІМВ В-7241 trations
colipids

18
 Reviews

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МІКРОБНІ ПОВЕРХНЕВО-АКТИВНІ МИКРОБНЫЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНО-АКТИВНЫЕ

РЕЧОВИНИ ЯК АНТИАДГЕЗИВНІ ВЕЩЕСТВА В КАЧЕСТВЕ
АГЕНТИ АНТИАДГЕЗИВНЫХ АГЕНТОВ

Т. П. Пирог Т. П. Пирог
І. В. Савенко И. В. Савенко
Д. А. Луцай Д. А. Луцай

Національний університет харчових Национальный университет пищевых

технологій, Київ, Україна технологий, Киев, Украина

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Наведено дані літератури останніх років Приведены данные литературы послед-

щодо здатності поверхнево-активних речо- них лет о способности поверхностно-актив-
вин, синтезованих бактеріями (Pseudomonas, ных веществ, синтезированных бактериями
Lactobacillus, Bacillus) та грибами (Candida, (Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Bacillus) и гриба-
Trichosporon, Saccharomyces), не лише запо- ми (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces), не
бігати адгезії мікроорганізмів на різних мате- только предотвращать адгезию микроорганиз-
ріалах, а й руйнувати утворені на них біоплів- мов к различным материалам, но и разрушать
ки. Обговорюється перспектива використання образовавшиеся на них биопленки. Обсуждает-
мікробних поверхнево-активних речовин для ся возможность использования микробных по-
унеможливлення колонізації патогенами абіо- верхностно-активных веществ для предотвра-
тичних і біотичних поверхонь, що є однією з щения колонизации патогенами абиотических
причин виникнення і поширення інфекційних и биотических поверхностей, являющейся од-
захворювань. Подано результати власних дослі- ной из причин возникновения и распростране-
джень авторів стосовно антиадгезивних власти- ния инфекционных заболеваний. Приведены
востей поверхнево-активних речовин, синтезо- результаты собственных исследований авто-
ваних Аcinetobacter calcoaceticus ІМВ В-7241, ров относительно антиадгезивных свойств по-
Nocardia vaccinii IMB B-7405 та Rhodococcus верхностно-активных веществ, синтезирован-
erythropolis IMB Ac-5017. ных Аcinetobacter calcoaceticus ИМВ В-7241,
Nocardia vaccinii ИМВ B-7405 и Rhodococcus
erythropolis ИМВ Ac-5017.

Ключові слова: поверхнево-активні речовини Ключевые слова: поверхностно-активные

мікробного походження, адгезія мікроорганіз- вещества микробного происхождения, адгезия
мів, руйнування біоплівки. микроорганизмов, разрушение биопленки.

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