Chapter 2 ? (Chemistry.9) ? Lite

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Chapter 2 - Atoms,
Elements and Compounds
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By
Ved Kulkarni [Creator]
Chapter 1 - Atoms, Elements

and Compounds
1.1 Elements
Elements
- It is a substance that cant be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
- It is only made of 1 type of atom

- Each atom of an element have the same atomic number
Out of 118 elements

→ 20 do not occur in nature and have been made artificially
eg curium and flerovium
→98 elements occur naturally
The elements also have chemical properties, which are
characteristics or behaviours that may be observed when the
substance undergoes a chemical change or reaction.
Metals Non-Metals
→ Usually solid → Solid , liquid or gas

Except mercury
→ Malleable , Ductile → Soft or brittle
→ Lustrous(Shiny) → Dull
→ High M.P and B.P → usually Low M.P and B.p
→ Highly Dense → Low Density
→ Good conductor of heat and → weak conductors of heat and

electricity electricity
Except graphite
Atoms
- All substances are made up of tiny particles of matter
called atoms which are the building blocks of all matter
- The smallest atom is hydrogen

- The diameter is 7 x 10 raised to -8
- And mass is 1.67 x 10 raised to -24 gm
1.2 Compounds
Compounds:
A pure substance made of two or more elements chemically
combined
- There is an ∞ number of compounds

- Compounds cannot be separated into their elements by
physical means
- In compounds original elements do not retain their

original properties
- A compounds is made of di erent elements combined in

fixed ratios by mass
- A compound is homogenous by nature
- Compounds have a fixed melting and boiling point
Oxidation:
- When a substance reacts with oxygen they are said to
be oxidised and the process is known as oxidation
- It is the gain of oxygen
OR
- Removal of hydrogen from a substance
OR
- Loss of electrons by an atom
Combustion:
A chemical reaction in which any substance reacts with
oxygen and gives out heat is called combustion
Reduction:
- Reduction is the process in which oxygen is lost from a
compound
OR
- A reaction in which there is a gain of hydrogen
OR
- A reaction in which an atom gains electrons
Redox Reaction:
- Any chemical reaction that includes reduction and
oxidation
Oxidising agent:
- Is a substance that helps to oxidise other substance and
is itself reduced
Law of constant composition:

- In any particular chemical compound all samples of that
compound will be made up of the same elements in the
same proportion or ratio.
Balancing Equations:
- During chemical reactions atoms cannot be created or
destroyed
- The atoms at the start of the reaction must equal the

number of atoms at the end
1.3 Mixtures
Mixtures:
- A combination of two or more substances
(elements and/or compounds) that are not chemically
combined
- Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as

filtration or evaporation
1.4 Inside atoms
In all nearly seventy subatomic particles…
Protons + Neutrons
→ The protons and neutrons are found in the centre of
the atom which is called the nucleus
→ Protons have positive charge
→ Neutrons does not have any charge
Electrons
→ Electrons are found in the space surrounding the
nucleus
→ The electrons are negatively charged and move

around the nucleus ver quickly at a specific distance
from the nucleus in electron shells or energy levels
→ The electrons are held in the shells within an atom by
an electrostatic force of attraction between themselves
and positive charge of protons in nucleus
Particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charge
Proton p 1 + 1
Neutron n 1 0
Electron e 1/1837 - 1
The Positive charge on protons cancels the negative charge

of the electrons and since neutrons don't have any charge the
atom does not have any overall charge
Proton Number - (Atomic number)

- It is the number of protons in the nucleus
- It determines the position of an element in the periodic
table
- It has the symbol Z
Mass number (Nucleon number)

- It is the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus
- The symbol is A
- Eg
X - x is the element symbol
Z
Electronic configuration
- 1st method(Diagram)
- 2nd method(Electronic configuration)
Na = (2,8,1)
Or 23
Na
11
Valence electrons
- The number of electrons in the last shell are called
valence electrons
- It determines which group the lament is in
Molecules
- The atoms of some elements are joined together in small
groups. These small groups are called molecules.
- The atoms of some elements are always joined in pairs
They are known as diatomic molecules
Eg Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc
- Noble games are composed of separate , individual

atoms
- When an element exists as separate atoms then the
molecules are said to be monatomic
Ions:
- An ion is an electrically charged particles
- When an atom loses one or more electrons,and it

becomes no longer electrically neutral and becomes a
positively charged ion
- This is called a Cation
- When an atom gains 1 or more electron it becomes a

negatively charged ion
- This is called an Anion
Ionisation
- The process of gaining or losing electrons is known as
ionisation
Some common Ions
Lithium - Li + Lead (II) - Pb + 2

Sodium - Na + Magnesium - Mg + 2
Potassium - K + Zinc - Zn + 2
Calcium - Ca + 2
Copper (I) - Cu + Iron (II) - Fe + 2
Hydrogen - H + Copper (II) - Cu + 2
Ammonium - NH4 + Carbonate - CO3 - 2

Fluoride - Li - Oxide - 0 - 2
Chloride - Cl -
Bromide - Br - Sulfide - S - 2
Hydroxide - OH - Sulfate - SO4 - 2
Nitrate - NO3 - Chromate - CrO4 - 2
Hydrogen carbonate - HCO3 - Sulfite - SO3 - 2
Aluminium - Al + 3
Iron(III) - Fe + 3
Nitride - N - 3
Phosphate - PO4 - 3
Isotopes:
In some elements
- All atoms are not identical
- Some of the atoms of the same element contain
di erent number of neutrons
- Some have di erent mass numbers
● Isotopes are the atoms of elements that have the same

number of protons but di erent number of neutrons
- Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical

properties because they have the same number of
electrons and same electronic configuration
Isotopes change the…

- It can alter the mass of the atom
- It can alter density (since density = mass/volume)
- It also can change b.p and m.p\
2 Types of Isotopes
I) Those which are stable
II) Unstable Isotopes

- When there are isotopes that have extra neutrons in
their nuclei they are Radioactive and are called
RadioIsotopes
- The nuclei of these atoms break up spontaneously with

the release of not only large amounts of energy ,
- They also release certain types of dangerous radiations
that in some cases can be useful to society
Uranium 235 → source of power in nuclear reactor in nuclear

power station
Cobalt 60 → it is used in radiotherapy in hospitals
(Here 1 beam of gamma rays produced by the radioisotope is

directed into the patient's body to kill turner tissue)
- Water made from deuterium oxide is known as ‘heavy

water’ and has a relative formula of mass 20, compared
to 18 of water so it is heavier but it would look taste and
feel just like normal water
- But it is toxic and interferes with biochemical reactions

in our body cells
Fun Fact!
- Water made from deuterium oxide is known as heavy water
- It has a relative formula of mass 20 compared to 18 of
water
- It is heavier but it looks , taste and feels like normal water
- But it is toxic and it interferes with biochemical reactions in
our body
Relative atomic mass:
Average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12th of

the mass of an atom 12C
Ar = Average mass of the isotope of the element
1/12 x mass of one atom carbon - 12
- The symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar
- The relative atomic mass of each element can be

found in the periodic table along the atomic number
- Atoms are too small to accurately weigh but scientists

need a way to compare the masses of atoms
- The carbon -12 is used as the standard atom and has a

fixed mass of 12 units
- It is against this atom which the masses of all other
atoms are compared
Atom = 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
● The Ar of carbon is 12
Ar of magnesium is 24 which means that magnesium is
twice as heavy as carbon
● Ar of Hydrogen is 1 which means it has 1/12th the mass if

one carbon -12 atom
Formula for Relative atomic mass
Ar = (% of isotope x mass number of isotope 1

+
% of isotope x mass number of isotope 2)
100

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Property of [ ]

Ved Kulkarni [Creator]

Chapter 1 - Atoms, Elements

- It is only made of 1 type of atom

Out of 118 elements

→ Usually solid → Solid , liquid or gas

→ Malleable , Ductile → Soft or brittle

→ High M.P and B.P → usually Low M.P and B.p

→ Highly Dense → Low Density

→ Good conductor of heat and → weak conductors of heat and

- The smallest atom is hydrogen

- There is an ∞ number of compounds

- In compounds original elements do not retain their

- A compounds is made of di erent elements combined in

Law of constant composition:

- The atoms at the start of the reaction must equal the

- Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as

1.4 Inside atoms

In all nearly seventy subatomic particles…

→ Protons have positive charge

→ Neutrons does not have any charge

→ The electrons are negatively charged and move

Particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charge

The Positive charge on protons cancels the negative charge

Proton Number - (Atomic number)

Mass number (Nucleon number)

X - x is the element symbol

- 2nd method(Electronic conﬁguration)

- Noble games are composed of separate , individual

- When an atom loses one or more electrons,and it

- When an atom gains 1 or more electron it becomes a

Lithium - Li + Lead (II) - Pb + 2

Ammonium - NH4 + Carbonate - CO3 - 2

- Some have di erent mass numbers

● Isotopes are the atoms of elements that have the same

- Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical

Isotopes change the…

II) Unstable Isotopes

- The nuclei of these atoms break up spontaneously with

Uranium 235 → source of power in nuclear reactor in nuclear

Cobalt 60 → it is used in radiotherapy in hospitals

(Here 1 beam of gamma rays produced by the radioisotope is

- Water made from deuterium oxide is known as ‘heavy

- But it is toxic and interferes with biochemical reactions

Average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12th of

Ar = Average mass of the isotope of the element

1/12 x mass of one atom carbon - 12

- The symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar

- The relative atomic mass of each element can be

- Atoms are too small to accurately weigh but scientists

- The carbon -12 is used as the standard atom and has a

Atom = 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

● Ar of Hydrogen is 1 which means it has 1/12th the mass if

Ar = (% of isotope x mass number of isotope 1

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